по

See also: По, ПО, по-, and Appendix:Variations of "po"

Bulgarian

Pronunciation 1

• (unstressed) IPA^(key): /po/

Preposition

по • ‎(po)

1. used to indicate movement over a surface or movement bound to certain limits (usually continuous or repeating in time), on, over, through, along

   Вървя по улицата.‎ ― Vǎrvja po ulicata. ― I am walking on the street.

2. introducing the object of a targeted action or for an action related to certain state, on, over, for

   Потупaх го по рамото.‎ ― Potupah go po ramoto. ― I tapped him on the shoulder.

   Ударих го по главата.‎ ― Udarih go po glavata. ― I hit him on/over the head.

   Тъгувам по лятото.‎ ― Tǎguvam po ljatoto. ― I long for the summer.

3. in conjunction with countable nouns for price or quantity, expressing quantity, expressing distribution, by

   По евро за книга.‎ ― Po evro za kniga. ― A euro for a book.

   Двама по двама.‎ ― Dvama po dvama. ― Two by two.

   Тичам по малко (всеки ден).‎ ― Tičam po malko (vseki den). ― I am running a little (every day).

4. expressing approximate time

   По обед.‎ ― Po obed. ― Around lunchtime.

   По Коледа.‎ ― Po Koleda. ― Around Christmas.

5. used to describe attire, with ... on

   Ходя по чорапи.‎ ― Hodja po čorapi. ― I am walking with my socks on.

6. used to indicate means, by, via, on

   Пращам го по автобус.‎ ― Praštam go po avtobus. ― I am sending it by bus.

   Пращам го по въздушна поща.‎ ― Praštam go po vǎzdušna pošta. ― I am sending it via airmail.

   Говоря по телефона.‎ ― Govorja po telefona. ― I am talking on the phone.

7. indicating an activity or it's domain, of

   Учител по история.‎ ― Učitel po istorija. ― History teacher.

   Факултет по физика.‎ ― Fakultet po fizika. ― Faculty of physics.

8. according to, based on, by, of

   Съдя го по външността му.‎ ― Sǎdja go po vǎnšnostta mu. ― I am judging him by his appearance.

   Работя по усмотрение.‎ ― Rabotja po usmotrenie. ― I work of my own accord.

9. used to indicate cause, by

   Пропуснато е по погрешка.‎ ― Propusnato e po pogreška. ― It is missed by mistake.

   По негова вина закъснях.‎ ― Po negova vina zakǎsnjah. ― It is his fault I was late.

10. used to indicate direction, along

    Плувам по течението.‎ ― Pluvam po tečenieto. ― I am swimming along the current.

    Ходя по пътеката.‎ ― Hodja po pǎtekata. ― I am walking along the path.

Pronunciation 2

• (stressed) IPA^(key): /pɔ/

Particle

по • ‎(po)

1. used as a prefix to form comparative for adjectives and adverbs, more

   Корабите са по-бавни от самолетите.‎ ― Korabite sa po-bavni ot samoletite. ― Ships are slower than airplanes.

   Този филм е по-интересен.‎ ― Tozi film e po-interesen. ― This film is more interesting.

   Трябва да ходя по-бързо.‎ ― Trjabva da hodja po-bǎrzo. ― I should walk faster.

пò • ‎(pó)

1. used for nouns, verbs and other parts of speech to form a comparative, more

   Пò я обичам!‎ ― Pò ja običam! ― I love her more!

   Той е пò юнак от теб.‎ ― Toj e pò junak ot teb. ― He is more of a hero than you.

2. used before prepositions to form a comparative, more

   Областта е пò на север.‎ ― Oblastta e pò na sever. ― The region is more northwards.

See also

• повече ‎(poveče)

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Macedonian

Preposition

по • ‎(po)

1. after

   Ќе се вратат по вечерата.

   They'll return after dinner.

2. on (movement along a surface)

   Одам по улицата.

   I'm walking on the street.

3. by (distributive)

   Влезете еден по еден.

   Enter one by one.

4. times

   Два по два е четири.

   Two times two is four.

5. (colloquial) according to

   По тебе, што ќе се случи следно?

   According to you, what's going to happen next?

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Old Church Slavonic

Preposition

по • ‎(po)

1. along
2. on
3. after
4. by

References

• Mali staroslavensko-hrvatski rječnik, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 2004

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Russian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *po.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [pə]

• Audio

  (file)

Preposition

по • ‎(po)

1. with accusative case
   1. up to
   2. till
   3. indicates distribution (with numbers other than one, a thousand, a million, a billion)

      по́ два (две) / по две́сти‎ ― pó dva (dve) / po dvésti ― two / two hundred each

2. with dative case
   1. along
   2. over
   3. on
   4. according to
   5. showing the cause that is unwanting or unwilling (see из-за's usage notes for more detail)
   6. indicates the direct object of some verbs of striking or hitting

      нанести́ уда́р по я́дерным объе́ктам Ира́на‎ ― nanestí udár po jádernym obʺjéktam Irána ― to launch a strike at Iran's nuclear ambitions

   7. indicates repetition of time
   8. indicates distribution (with numbers one, a thousand, a million, a billion)

      по одному́ (одно́й) / по ты́сяче / по миллио́ну / по миллиа́рду‎ ― po odnomú (odnój) / po týsjače / po milliónu / po milliárdu ― one / a thousand / a million / a billion each

3. with prepositional case
   1. after
   2. for

Related terms

• по ме́ре того́ как ‎(po mére tovó kak)

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Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

From пол, from Proto-Slavic *polъ. See по-.

Alternative forms

• по̑л

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pôː/

Adverb

по̑ ‎(Latin spelling pȏ)

1. half

   сат и по‎ ― hour and a half

   четири и по‎ ― four thirty

   чов(ј)ек и по‎ ― an excellent man

Etymology 2

From Proto-Slavic *po, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂(e)po.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pô/

Preposition

по̏ (Latin spelling pȍ)

1. (with accusative) for

   отићи по мл(иј)еко‎ ― to go and get the milk

   по ц(иј)ели дан‎ ― all day long

   по шести пут‎ ― for the sixth time

   бити штетан по некога/нешто‎ ― to be harmful for sb/sth

   добро/лоше по њега‎ ― good/bad for him

2. (with locative) over, through, across, in, on

   ударити по глави‎ ― to hit on the head

   сн(иј)ег је пао по цести‎ ― snow fell on the road

   вода се пролила по поду‎ ― water spilled over the floor

   шетати по шуми‎ ― to walk in the woods

3. (with locative) by, with (using an intermediary)

   послао сам му пакет по заједничком пријатељу‎ ― I've sent him a package with a common friend

4. (with locative) by, according to

   све иде по плану‎ ― everything is going according to the plan

   по глави становника‎ ― per capita

   жив(ј)ети по принципима‎ ― to live according to principles

   по мом(е) мишљењу‎ ― in my opinion

   по мом рачуну‎ ― by my reckoning

   по мени‎ ― in my opinion; as far as I'm concerned

   по зраку/води‎ ― by air/water

   по запов(иј)еди‎ ― by order

   свирати по слуху‎ ― to play by the ear

   судити по вањштини‎ ― to judge by appearance

5. (with locative) after

   по свршетку сукоба‎ ― after (the end of) the conflict

6. (with locative) during

   по киши/сунцу‎ ― in the rain/sun

   по дану‎ ― during the day

7. (with locative) in miscellaneous senses in various phrasal constructs

   разум(иј)е се (само) по себи‎ ― it goes without saying

   нека буде по твоме‎ ― let it be your way

   Америка је прва држава по богатству у св(иј)ету‎ ― America is the richest country in the world

   једнак по величини‎ ― equal in size

   све је по старом‎ ― everything is/goes in the accustomed/usual manner

   по обичају‎ ― as usual, according to custom

   по вр(иј)едности‎ ― in value

   по свој прилици‎ ― in all likelihood

   по роду‎ ― by birth

   по нарави/природи‎ ― in nature

   по тој ц(иј)ени‎ ― at this price

   по параграфу 13‎ ― under section 13

   по што по то‎ ― by all means

   по могућности‎ ― if possible

   по реду‎ ― in order, one after another

   по мом укусу‎ ― (according) to my taste

   по квалитети‎ ― by quality

   по томе‎ ― according to this/that, accordingly, consequently, then

   по закону‎ ― according to the law, by the law

   по дуљини‎ ― lengthwise

Etymology 3

Particle

по (Latin spelling po)

1. (with accusative or nominative) denoting distribution and succession

   попили смо сви по чашицу ракије‎ ― we all drank a glass of rakija

   корак по корак‎ ― step by step

   један по један‎ ― one by one

   мало по мало‎ ― little by little

   сви смо добили по јабуку‎ ― each of us received an apple

References

• “по” in Hrvatski jezični portal
• “по” in Hrvatski jezični portal

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Tajik

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *pṓds ‎(“foot”), cognates include Sanskrit पद् ‎(pád), Latin pes (French pied), German Fuß, English foot.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pɔː/

Noun

Dari	پا
Iranian Persian	پا
Tajik	по ‎(po)

по • ‎(po)

1. leg, foot

See also

• пой ‎(poy) (poy)

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Tundra Nenets

Etymology

From Proto-Samoyedic *poəj.

Noun

по ‎(po)

1. year