-ник
See also: ник and Appendix:Variations of "nik"
Bulgarian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Etymology tree
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьnikъ.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ник • (-nik) m
- From base concept nouns, forms agent nouns who execute, embark on or embody the referred concept
- път (pǎt, “road”) + -ник (-nik) → пъ́тник (pǎ́tnik, “traveler”)
- мете́ж (metéž, “riot”) + -ник (-nik) → мете́жник (metéžnik, “rioter”)
- ра́бота (rábota, “work”) + -ник (-nik) → рабо́тник (rabótnik, “worker”)
- смях (smjah, “laughter”) + -ник (-nik) → смешни́к (smešník, “funnyman, clown”)
- ум (um, “mind, reason”) + -ник (-nik) → умни́к (umník, “smart person, know-it-all”)
- затво́р (zatvór, “jail”) + -ник (-nik) → затво́рник (zatvórnik, “inmate”)
- па́кост (pákost, “mischief”) + -ник (-nik) → па́костник (pákostnik, “mischievous boy”)
- From base object nouns, forms derivative object nouns
- свещ (svešt, “candle”) + -ник (-nik) → све́щник (svéštnik, “candelabrum”)
- вест (vest, “a piece of news”) + -ник (-nik) → ве́стник (véstnik, “newspaper”)
- пот (pot, “sweat”) + -ник (-nik) → по́тник (pótnik, “tank top”)
- сбор (sbor, “sum, aggregate”) + -ник (-nik) → сбо́рник (sbórnik, “collection, anthology”)
- From prepositions, forms subject nouns exhibiting the specified proposition
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Macedonian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьnikъ.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ник • (-nik)
- Suffix appended to nominal stems to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a profession, performer, place, object, tool or a feature.
Derived terms
[edit]Russian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьnikъ, itself originally by nominalization of adjectives in *-ьnъ with the suffix *-ikъ (whence -ик (-ik)). The suffix originates from the Proto-Balto-Slavic period; compare dialectal Lithuanian lauk-inykas (“peasant, farmer”) (from laũkas (“field”)) and Old Prussian lauk-inikis (“vassal”).
Suffix
[edit]-ник or -ни́к • (-nik or -ník)
- Suffix appended to nominal stems to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a professional, performer, adherent, place, object, tool or a feature.
- лы́жа (lýža, “ski”) + -ник (-nik) → лы́жник (lýžnik, “skier”)
- путь (putʹ, “way, path, road”) + -ник (-nik) → пу́тник (pútnik, “traveler”)
- бюдже́т (bjudžét, “budget”) + -ник (-nik) → бюдже́тник (bjudžétnik, “government employee”) (colloquial)
- кни́га (kníga, “book”) + -ник (-nik) → кни́жник (knížnik, “bookseller; book lover; scribe”) (colloquial)
- двор (dvor, “yard, courtyard”) + -ник (-nik) → дво́рник (dvórnik, “janitor; street cleaner”)
- бума́га (bumága, “paper, document”) + -ник (-nik) → бума́жник (bumážnik, “wallet; papermaker”)
- пар (par, “vapor”) + -ник (-nik) → парни́к (parník, “greenhouse”)
- учёба (učóba, “studies, learning”) + -ник (-nik) → уче́бник (učébnik, “textbook; manual”)
Usage notes
[edit]The suffix has the same properties as -ный (-nyj):
- A velar (as well as ц) normally turns into a palatal as a result of the Slavic first palatalization.
- A stem ending in -л turns into -ль before the suffix; contrariwise, all other stems ending in -ь lose this.
- шко́ла (škóla, “school”) → шко́льник (škólʹnik, “schoolboy”)
- ла́герь (lágerʹ, “camp”) → ла́герник (lágernik, “prisoner (in a labor camp or concentration camp)”)
- With reducible nouns, the stem assumes its non-reduced form before the suffix. With feminine and neuter nouns, this form is found only in the genitive plural. This applies even to nouns with no plural.
- яйцо́ (jajcó, “egg”), genitive plural яи́ц (jaíc) → яи́чник (jaíšnik, jaíčnik, “ovary”)
- се́рдце (sérdce, “heart”), genitive plural серде́ц (serdéc) → серде́чник (serdéčnik, “core, inner part of a machine”)
- ядро́ (jadró, “nucleus”), genitive plural я́дер (jáder) → я́дерник (jádernik, “nuclear physicist”)
- ружьё (ružʹjó, “gun”), genitive plural ру́жей (rúžej) → руже́йник (ružéjnik, “gunsmith”)
- ё may turn back into е before the suffix.
- The stress is sometimes (but not always) drawn onto the preceding syllable.
- Foreign nouns ending in invariant -е change this to stressed -е́й before the suffix.
- Some adjectives in -ия, -ие change this to stressed -е́й before the suffix (as if they ended in -ья, -ье/-ьё).
Additional properties:
- Nouns in -ник may be formed directly from adjectives in -ный (-nyj) when no base noun exists or has a different meaning:
- Not all nouns ending in -ник contain this suffix. Some contain -ик, e.g. чле́ник (člénik, “(anatomy) segment”) from член (člen, “limb”).
- In some nouns, the suffix is stressed, in which case it declines according to accent pattern b (always end-stressed).
Note in particular that nouns in -ка (-ka), -ко (-ko) have corresponding derived nouns in unstressed -очник or -ечник.
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ник, -ни́к -nik, -ník |
-ники, -ники́ -niki, -nikí | |
| genitive | -ника, -ника́ -nika, -niká |
-ников, -нико́в -nikov, -nikóv | |
| dative | -нику, -нику́ -niku, -nikú |
-никам, -ника́м -nikam, -nikám | |
| accusative | animate | -ника, -ника́ -nika, -niká |
-ников, -нико́в -nikov, -nikóv |
| inanimate | -ник, -ни́к -nik, -ník |
-ники, -ники́ -niki, -nikí | |
| instrumental | -ником, -нико́м -nikom, -nikóm |
-никами, -ника́ми -nikami, -nikámi | |
| prepositional | -нике, -нике́ -nike, -niké |
-никах, -ника́х -nikax, -nikáx | |
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Serbo-Croatian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-(ь)nikъ, itself originally by nominalization of adjectives in *-ьnъ with the suffix *-ikъ (whence -ик). The suffix originates from the Proto-Balto-Slavic period; compare with dialectal Lithuanian lauk-inykas (“peasant, farmer”) (from laũkas (“field”)) and Old Prussian lauk-inikis (“vassal”).
Suffix
[edit]-ник (Latin spelling -nik)
- Suffix appended to nominal stems to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a profession, performer, place, object, tool or a feature.
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Ukrainian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Etymology tree
Parallel to *-ьnica f for derivatives in feminine gender, inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьnikъ, itself originally by nominalization of adjectives in *-ьnъ with the suffix *-ikъ (whence -ик (-yk)). The suffix originates from the Proto-Balto-Slavic period; compare dialectal Lithuanian lauk-inykas (“peasant, farmer”) (from laũkas (“field”)) and Old Prussian lauk-inikis (“vassal”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ник • (-nyk) m pers or m inan (feminine -ниця)
- forms masculine agent nouns, denoting profession, occupation or relation;
- видава́ти (vydaváty, “to publish, to issue”) + -ник (-nyk) → видавни́к (vydavnýk, “publisher, issuer”)
- ви́робити (výrobyty, “to produce, to manufacture”) + -ник (-nyk) → виробни́к (vyrobnýk, “producer, manufacturer”)
- предста́вити (predstávyty, “to represent”) + -ник (-nyk) → представни́к (predstavnýk, “representative”)
- рятува́ти (rjatuváty, “to save, to rescue”) + -ник (-nyk) → рятівни́к (rjativnýk, “rescuer, savior”)
- дві́йка (dvíjka, “two”) + -ник (-nyk) → дві́єчник (dvíječnyk, “pupil who performs poorly in school ("two" was the lowest grade in the Soviet five-point grading system)”)
- ли́жа (lýža, “ski”) + -ник (-nyk) → ли́жник (lýžnyk, “skier”)
- ліс (lis, “forest, woods”) + -ник (-nyk) → лісни́к (lisnýk, “ranger, forest ranger”)
- та́нець (tánecʹ, “dance”) + -ов (-ov) + -ник (-nyk) → танцівни́к (tancivnýk, “dancer”)
- forms abstract masculine agent nouns;
- діли́ти (dilýty, “to divide”) + -ник (-nyk) → дільни́к (dilʹnýk, “divisor”)
- мно́жити (mnóžyty, “to multiply”) + -ник (-nyk) → мно́жник (mnóžnyk, “multiplier”)
- розчини́ти (rozčynýty, “to dilute, to dissolve”) + -ник (-nyk) → розчи́нник (rozčýnnyk, “dissolvent, solvent, thinner, diluent”)
- загусти́ти (zahustýty, “to thicken”) + -ник (-nyk) → загу́сник (zahúsnyk, “thickener”)
- forms masculine nouns, denoting tools, equipment, mechanisms;
- рука́ (ruká, “hand”) + -ник (-nyk) → ручни́к (ručnýk, “hand brake, stickshift”)
- ви́міряти (výmirjaty, “to measure”) + -ник (-nyk) → вимі́рник (vymírnyk, “meter”)
- вого́нь (vohónʹ, “fire”) + гаси́ти (hasýty, “to extinguish”) + -ник (-nyk) → вогнега́сник (vohnehásnyk, “fire extinguisher”)
- пла́вати (plávaty, “to swim”) + -ник (-nyk) → плавни́к (plavnýk, “fin”)
- forms masculine nouns, denoting place;
- квіт (kvit, “flower”) + -ник (-nyk) → квітни́к (kvitnýk, “flower-garden, parterre”)
- журавли́на (žuravlýna, “cranberry”) + -ник (-nyk) → журавли́нник (žuravlýnnyk, “cranberry field”)
- ку́ри (kúry, “chickens”) + -ник (-nyk) → ку́рник (kúrnyk, “chicken coop”)
- мура́ха (muráxa, “ant”) + -ник (-nyk) → мура́шник (murášnyk, “anthill, ant nest”)
- яйце́ (jajcé, “ovum, egg”) + -ник (-nyk) → яє́чник (jajéčnyk, “ovary, ovarium”)
- сі́м'я (símʺja, “seed, sperm”) + -ник (-nyk) → сім'яни́к (simʺjanýk, “testicle”)
- forms masculine nouns, denoting plants;
Usage notes
[edit]- Just like -ний (-nyj), this suffix triggers Slavic first palatalization.
- Some words featuring -ник (-nyk) are actually derived from adjectives suffixed with -ний (-nyj) and -ик (-yk), however sometimes they are difficult to tell apart. Words such as пусте́льник (pustélʹnyk, “hermit, ascetic”) can both derive from пусте́ля (pustélja) + -ник (-nyk) and пусте́льний (pustélʹnyj) + -ик (-yk).
- Stems ending in -л turns into -ль before the suffix
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ни́к -nýk |
-ни́ки -nýky |
| genitive | -ни́ка -nýka |
-ни́ків -nýkiv |
| dative | -ни́кові, -ни́ку -nýkovi, -nýku |
-ни́кам -nýkam |
| accusative | -ни́к -nýk |
-ни́ки -nýky |
| instrumental | -ни́ком -nýkom |
-ни́ками -nýkamy |
| locative | -ни́ку -nýku |
-ни́ках -nýkax |
| vocative | -ни́ку -nýku |
-ни́ки -nýky |
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -́ник -́nyk |
-́ники -́nyky |
| genitive | -́ника -́nyka |
-́ників -́nykiv |
| dative | -́никові, -́нику -́nykovi, -́nyku |
-́никам -́nykam |
| accusative | -́ника -́nyka |
-́ників -́nykiv |
| instrumental | -́ником -́nykom |
-́никами -́nykamy |
| locative | -́никові, -́нику -́nykovi, -́nyku |
-́никах -́nykax |
| vocative | -́нику -́nyku |
-́ники -́nyky |
Derived terms
[edit]Categories:
- Bulgarian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Bulgarian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Bulgarian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Bulgarian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Bulgarian 1-syllable words
- Bulgarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Bulgarian lemmas
- Bulgarian suffixes
- Bulgarian noun-forming suffixes
- Bulgarian masculine suffixes
- Macedonian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Macedonian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Macedonian 1-syllable words
- Macedonian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Macedonian lemmas
- Macedonian suffixes
- Macedonian noun-forming suffixes
- Russian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Russian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Russian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Russian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Russian lemmas
- Russian suffixes
- Russian noun-forming suffixes
- Russian nouns with multiple argument sets
- Russian nouns with multiple declensions
- Russian velar-stem masculine-form nouns
- Russian velar-stem masculine-form accent-a nouns
- Russian nouns with accent pattern a
- Russian velar-stem masculine-form accent-b nouns
- Russian nouns with accent pattern b
- Russian nouns with multiple accent patterns
- Serbo-Croatian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian lemmas
- Serbo-Croatian suffixes
- Ukrainian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Ukrainian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ukrainian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Ukrainian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Ukrainian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ukrainian lemmas
- Ukrainian suffixes
- Ukrainian noun-forming suffixes
- Ukrainian masculine suffixes
- Ukrainian personal suffixes
- Ukrainian inanimate suffixes
- Ukrainian suffixes with multiple animacies
- Ukrainian terms suffixed with -ик
- Ukrainian velar-stem masculine-form nouns
- Ukrainian velar-stem masculine-form accent-a nouns
- Ukrainian nouns with accent pattern a