ar

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ar"

English

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ɑː/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /ɑɹ/
• (AAVE) IPA^(key): /ˈɑɹə/

Noun

ar (plural ars)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

   All the ars in the inscription.

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) letter; a, bee, cee, dee, e, ef, gee, aitch, i, jay, kay, el, em, en, o, pee, cue, ar, ess, tee, u, vee, double-u, ex, wye, zee / zed

Translations

name of the letter R, r

• Afrikaans: er (af)
• Arabic: آر‏‎ m (ʾār)
• Catalan: erra (ca) f
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: (English letter names are called as in English, no other standard Mandarin name exists)

• Dutch: please add this translation if you can
• Esperanto: ro (eo)
• Faroese: err n
• Finnish: är (fi)
• French: erre (fr) m
• Galician: erre (gl) m
• Hawaiian: rō
• Hindi: आर (hi) (ār)
• Ido: re (io)

• Irish: ear, ruis
• Italian: erre (it) f
• Japanese: アール (ja) (āru)
• Korean: 아르 (ko) (areu)
• Latin: er (la)
• Malay: ar
• Marathi: आर (āra)
• Persian: ار‏‎ (fa) (er), آر‏‎ (fa) (âr) (english)
• Portuguese: erre (pt) m
• Russian: ар (ru) n (ar) (English) (usually taught as /ɑː/), эр (ru) n (er)
• Spanish: erre (es) f
• Thai: อาร์ (th) (aa)
• Turkish: re (tr)
• Vietnamese: e-rờ, rờ (vi)

Interjection

ar

1. (Britain, West Country, West Midlands) Alternative form of arr

Derived terms

• oh ar

Particle

ar

1. (Britain, West Country, West Midlands) Alternative form of arr

Anagrams

• RA, Ra

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Albanian

Etymology

From Latin aurum.

Noun

ar m (definite singular ari)

1. gold

Declension

declension of ar

	indefinite forms		definite forms
nominative	ar		ari
accusative	ar		arin
genitive (i/e/të/së)	ari		arit
dative	ari		arit
ablative	ari		arit

Synonyms

• flori

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Aromanian

Alternative forms

• aru

Etymology

From Latin arō. Compare Daco-Romanian ara, ar.

Verb

ar (past participle aratã)

1. I plough.

Related terms

• arare/arari
• arat
• aratru

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Basque

Noun

ar

1. male

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Breton

Article

ar

1. the

See also

• an
• al

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Chuukese

Determiner

ar

1. third person plural general possessive; their

Related terms

Chuukese possessive determiners

		Small objects, concepts	Large objects, living things	Suffix
Singular	First person	ai	nei	-ei
	Second person	omw, om	noum	-om
	Third person	an	noun	-an
Plural	First person	äm (exclusive) ach (inclusive)	nöu̇m (exclusive) nöüch (inclusive)	-em (exclusive) -ach (inclusive)
	Second person	ämi, ami	noumi	-emi
	Third person	ar	nour	-er

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Cimbrian

Pronoun

ar

1. shortening of èar

References

• “ar” in Umberto Martello Martalar, Alfonso Bellotto, Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Setti Communi vicentini, 1st edition, 1974.

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Danish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑːr/, [ɑːˀ]

Etymology 1

From Old Norse ørr.

Noun

ar n (singular definite arret, plural indefinite ar)

1. scar

Inflection

Declension of ar

neuter gender	Singular		Plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ar	arret	ar	arrene
genitive	ars	arrets	ars	arrenes

Derived terms

• arre
• arret

Verb

ar

1. imperative of arre

Etymology 2

From French are, from Latin ārea (“open space”).

Noun

ar c (singular definite aren, plural indefinite ar)

1. are (square decametre, 100 m²)

Inflection

Declension of ar

common gender	Singular		Plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ar	aren	ar	arene
genitive	ars	arens	ars	arenes

Further reading

• ar on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^da
• Ar (sår) on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^da

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Dutch

Etymology

Back-formation from arrenslee. (see there for further etymology)

Pronunciation

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

ar m, f (plural arren, diminutive arretje n)

1. (obsolete) sledge

Related terms

• arrenslee

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Galician

Etymology

From Old Portuguese, from Latin aēr.

Noun

ar m (plural ares)

1. air

Synonyms

• aire

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Hausa

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: ar̃

Interjection

ar

1. damn it

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Irish

Etymology 1

From a conflation of three Old Irish prepositions:

1. ar (“for”) (triggering lenition), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥H-. Cognates include Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “beside”) and English fore.
2. for (“on”) (triggering no mutation), from Proto-Celtic *uɸor (“over, on”) (compare Welsh ar), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (compare Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Old English ofer).
3. íar (“after”) (triggering eclipsis), from Proto-Celtic *eɸirom (“after, behind”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛɾʲ/

Preposition

ar (plus dative, triggers no mutation in general references but lenition in qualified or particularized references, triggers eclipsis in a few fixed expressions)

1. on
2. Used with a variety of nouns to indicate feelings and minor medical conditions

   Tá áthas orm.

   I am glad. (lit. ‘Joy is on me’)

   Tá ocras orm.

   I am hungry. (lit. ‘Hunger is on me’)

   Tá slaghdán orm.

   I have a cold. (lit. ‘A cold is on me’)

3. Used with a verbal noun to indicate a state

   ar crith ― trembling

   ar foluain ― hovering

   ar díol ― for sale

4. upon (with a verbal noun plus personal form of do indicating the subject of the verb)

   ar éirí dom ― when I get/got up; upon my rising

5. upon (with a (“his, her, their”)—indicating the subject of an intransitive verb or the object of a transitive verb—plus verbal noun to indicate completion of an action)

   ar a theacht or

   arna theacht ― when he comes/came; on his coming

   ar a chríochnú dom or

   arna chríochnú dom ― when I (had) completed it; upon my completion of it

6. (in conjunction with the verb bí) must, have to

   Bhí orainn anailís a dhéanamh ar bhlúirí a bhí bainte as téacs.

   We had to analyse fragments abstracted from a text.

Inflection

Inflection of ar

Person	Normal	Emphatic
1st person sing.	orm	ormsa
2d person sing.	ort	ortsa
3d sing. masc.	air	airsean
3d sing. fem.	uirthi	uirthise
1st person pl.	orainn	orainne
2d person pl.	oraibh	oraibhse
3d person pl.	orthu	orthusan

Derived terms

Terms derived from ar

• ar aba (“on account of”)
• ar aghaidh (“in front of, opposite, facing”)
• ar ais (“back”)
• ar ala na huaire (“on the spur of the moment”)
• ar amharc (“in sight”)
• ar an gcéad dul síos (“firstly, first of all”)
• ar aon chaoi (“at any rate, anyway, anyhow”)
• ar ball (“a while ago; in a while, presently, by and by”)
• ar bith, ar chor ar bith (“at all, any at all”)
• ar buile (“mad, furious, on the warpath”)
• ar bun (“going on, happening, afoot; established, set up”)
• ar chúl (“behind, in back of”)

• ar dtús (“at first”)
• ar fad (“still; all, fully; always; quite, clean; altogether; away”)
• ar feadh (“for, during”)
• ar iarraidh (“missing”)
• ar lóistín (“lodging; in lodgings”, adverb)
• ar maidin (“in the morning”)
• ar meisce (“drunk”)
• arna (“upon his/her/their; when he/she/they”)
• arnár (“upon our; when we”)
• ar na rópaí (“on the ropes”)
• ar ndóiche, ar ndóigh (“of course”)
• ar nós (“in the style or manner of, like”)

• ar oscailt (“open”)
• cuir ar (“put on”, verb)
• cuir caoi ar (“put in order, fix, repair; fix up”, verb)
• cuir pionós ar (“punish”, verb)
• déan caimiléireacht ar, déan cneámhaireacht ar, feall ar (“cheat”, verb)
• de bhreis ar (“over and above”)
• de gheall ar (“for the sake of; disposed to, intending to”)
• faigh locht ar (“find fault with/in”, verb)
• gabh seilbh ar (“confiscate”, verb)
• i ngeall ar (“on account of”)
• mar gheall ar (“on account of, because of, concerning”)
• tabhair ar (“call; make, cause, compel”, verb)

Etymology 2

an +‎ -r

Particle

ar (triggers lenition except of past autonomous forms; used only in the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs)

1. Used to form direct and indirect questions

   Ar chuala tú mé? ― Did you hear me?

   Níl a fhios agam ar chas sé an t-amhrán. ― I don’t know if/whether he sang the song.

   Ar ól an cat an bainne? ― Did the cat drink the milk?

   Ar cuireadh an síol? ― Was the seed sown?

2. Used to form direct and indirect copular questions; used before consonants

   Ar mhúinteoir tú? ― Were you a teacher?

Related terms

• an (used in non-past tenses and in the past tense of some irregular verbs)
• arbh (copular form used before vowels)

Etymology 3

a +‎ -r

Particle

ar (triggers lenition except of past autonomous forms; used only in the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs)

1. Introduces an indirect relative clause

   an chathaoir ar shuigh an gasúr air ― the chair the boy sat on

   an cailín ar ól a cat an bainne ― the girl whose cat drank the milk

   an gort ar cuireadh an síol ann ― the field the seed was sown in

Related terms

• a (form used with non-past tenses and with the past of some irregular verbs)

Particle

ar (copular form used before consonants and nouns beginning with vowels; triggers lenition in the past/conditional)

1. Introduces an indirect relative clause; present/future tense

   an fear ar múinteoir a mhac ― the man whose son is a teacher

   an fear ar iascaire a mhac ― the man whose son is a fisherman

2. Introduces an indirect relative clause; past/conditional tense

   an fear ar mhúinteoir a mhac ― the man whose son was a teacher

3. Introduces a direct or indirect interrogative; past/conditional tense

   Ar mhaith leat cupán tae?

   Would you like a cup of tea?

   Níl a fhios agam ar mhaith léi cupán tae.

   I don’t know if she would like a cup of tea.

Related terms

Irish copular forms

Simple copular forms Present/future Affirmative Negative Interrogative Neg. inter. Main clauses is ní an nach Direct relative clauses nach Indirect relative clauses ar, arbv Other subordinate clauses gur, gurbv an nach Past/conditional Affirmative Negative Interrogative Neg. inter. Main clauses ba, b’v níor, níorbhv ar, arbhv nár, nárbhv Direct relative clauses ba, abv nár, nárbhv Indirect relative clauses ar, arbhv Other subordinate clauses gur, gurbhv ar, arbhv nár, nárbhv Present subjunctive Affirmative Negative gura, gurabv nára, nárabv		Compound copular forms Base word Present/future Past/conditional má más má ba, má b’v ó (“since”) ós ó ba, ó b’v dá dá mba, dá mb’v mura mura, murabv murar, murarbhv cé cér, cérbv cér, cérbhv cá cár, cárbv cár, cárbhv de/do dar, darbv dar, darbhv faoi faoinar, faoinarbv faoinar, faoinarbhv i inar, inarbv inar, inarbhv le lenar, lenarbv lenar, lenarbhv ó (“from”) ónar, ónarbv ónar, ónarbhv trí trínar, trínarbv trínar, trínarbhv
Note: Forms marked v are used before a vowel sound.

Pronoun

ar (triggers lenition except of past autonomous forms; used only in the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs)

1. all that, whatever

   Sin ar chonnaic mé ann. ― That’s all that I saw there.

   Ar thuig tú ar canadh? ― Did you understand all that was sung?

   Cheannaigh mé ar íoc tú as. ― I bought whatever you paid for.

Related terms

• a (form used with non-past tenses and with the past of some irregular verbs)

Etymology 4

Verb

ar (used only with 3rd-person pronouns, usually emphatic)

1. said, says

   “Tar isteach,” ar seisean.

   “Come in,” he said.

   “Ní thuigim,” ar sise.

   “I don’t understand,” she says.

   “Cén fáth?” ar siadsan.

   “Why?” they said.

Related terms

• arsa (used with other persons and with full nouns)

Etymology 5

Noun

ar m (genitive singular air)

1. verbal noun of air (“plough”)
2. (literary, agriculture) tillage

Declension

Declension of ar

First declension

Bare forms (no plural of this noun) Case Singular Nominative ar Vocative a air Genitive air Dative ar

Forms with the definite article: Case Singular Nominative an t-ar Genitive an air Dative leis an ar don ar

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Eclipsis	with h-prothesis	with t-prothesis
ar	n-ar	har	t-ar
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

• "ar" in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.

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Kalasha

Etymology

From Sanskrit आरा (ārā), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óleh₂ (“awl”). Cognate with German Ahle, English awl.

Noun

ar

1. awl

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Kurdish

Noun

ar ?

1. flour
2. fire
3. shame, disgrace
4. are (square decametre, 100 m²)
5. Abbreviation of argon.

Synonyms

• (flour): ard
• (fire): agir
• (shame): 'ar

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Latvian

Preposition

ar (with instrumental)

1. with

Verb

ar

1. 2nd person singular present indicative form of art
2. 3rd person singular present indicative form of art
3. 3rd person plural present indicative form of art
4. 2nd person singular imperative form of art
5. (with the particle lai) 3rd person singular imperative form of art
6. (with the particle lai) 3rd person plural imperative form of art

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Lithuanian

Conjunction

ar

1. interrogative particle, prefaces a sentence to mark it as a question
2. whether (if (in indirect questions))

This Lithuanian entry was created from the translations listed at whether. It may be less reliable than other entries, and may be missing parts of speech or additional senses. Please also see ar in the Lithuanian Wiktionary. This notice will be removed when the entry is checked. (more information) February 2010

See also

• czy (word with the same function in Polish, which has significant historical presence in Lithuania)

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Middle Welsh

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ar/

Etymology 1

Preposition

ar (triggers lenition)

1. on, upon
2. over, of (of a ruler with respect to the area ruled)
   • Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet:

     Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet a oed yn arglwyd ar seith cantref Dyuet.

     Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed was lord of the seven cantrefs of Dyfed.

Inflection

• First-person singular: arnaf
• Second-person singular: arnat
• Third-person singular masculine: arnaw
• Third-person singular feminine: arnei, erni
• First-person plural: arnam
• Second-person plural: arnawch
• Third-person plural: arnunt

Derived terms

• ar hynny (“thereupon”)
• y ar (“from upon”)

Etymology 2

Pronoun

ar

1. he/she who, whoever
   • Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet:

     Ar ny del yn uuyd, kymmeller o nerth cledyueu.

     Whoever does not come with obedience shall be compelled by the force of swords.

2. that which, whatever
   • Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet:

     Pa amgen uedwl yssyd yndaw ef heno noc ar a uu yr blwydyn y heno?

     What is the different mind that is in him tonight than that which has been since a year ago tonight?

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Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑːr/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *aizō (“respect, honour”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eys- (“to honour, respect, revere”).

Noun

ār f

1. honor, glory, grace

   He sundor lif wæs foreberende eallum ðam arum.

   He preferred a private life to all honours.

Declension

Declension of ar (strong ō-stem)

Case	Singular	Plural
nominative	ār	āra, āre
accusative	āre	āra, āre
genitive	āre	āra
dative	āre	ārum

Derived terms

• ārstafas ("help, kindness")

Descendants

• Scots: are

Etymology 2

From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airō (“oar”). (See also: Danish åre, Swedish åra).

Noun

ār f

1. oar

Declension

Declension of ar (strong ō-stem)

Case	Singular	Plural
nominative	ār	āra, āre
accusative	āre	āra, āre
genitive	āre	āra
dative	āre	ārum

Etymology 3

From Proto-Germanic *airuz. Cognate with Old Saxon ēru, Old Norse árr, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus).

Noun

ār m

1. messenger, herald
   • 8^th-11^th century, Beowulf, ll. 335-6:

     Ic eom Hroðgares ar ond ombiht.

     I am Hrothgar's herald and officer.

2. angel
3. missionary

Declension

Declension of ar (strong a-stem)

Case	Singular	Plural
nominative	ār	āras
accusative	ār	āras
genitive	āres	āra
dative	āre	ārum

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Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥H-. Cognates include Greek παρά (pará, “beside”) and English fore.

Preposition

ar

1. for, for the sake of, because of
   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 12^c29

     Ní ar formut frib-si as·biur-sa inso.

     It is not because of envy towards you that I say this.

Inflection

Inflection of ar

Person	Normal	Emphatic
1st person sing.	airium, erum, erumm, erom
2d person sing.	airiut, erut, ærut, airut
3d sing. masc./neut., dative	airiu
3d sing. masc./neut., accusative	airi
3d sing. fem.
1st person pl.	airiund, erunn, erund, erond, airriun, airund
2d person pl.	airib	airibsi, airiubsi, airiuibsi, eruibsi
3d person pl., dative	airib, airaib
3d person pl., accusative	airiu, erru, erriu, erro, airriu, erthu, airthiu, airtho

References

• “1 ar” in Dictionary of the Irish Language, Royal Irish Academy, 1913–76.

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Old Portuguese

Alternative forms

• er

Etymology

from Latin re- (“again”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈaɾ/

Adverb

ar

1. also
   • 13th century, attributed to Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, E codex, cantiga 90 (facsimile):

     & ar ſẽ (com)panneira u a de(us) (con)cebiſte

     and also without equal when you conceived God

2. again
   • 13th century, attributed to Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, E codex, cantiga 274 (facsimile):

     na obra que leyxara / por fazer ar começou

     (He) started working again on his unfinished work

Descendants

• Portuguese: er

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Old Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *jērą.

Noun

ār n

1. year

Declension

Declension of ār (a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ār	ārit	ār	ārin
accusative	ār	ārit	ār	ārin
dative	āri, -e	ārinu, -eno	ārum, -om	ārumin, -omen
genitive	ārs	ārsins	āra	āranna

Descendants

• Swedish: år

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Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ar/

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

ar m inan (abbreviation a)

1. are (square decametre, 100 m²)

Declension

declension of ar

	singular	plural
nominative	ar	ary
genitive	ara	arów
dative	arowi	arom
accusative	ar	ary
instrumental	arem	arami
locative	arze	arach
vocative	arze	ary

Noun

ar f pl

1. genitive plural of ara

Further reading

• ar in Polish dictionaries at PWN

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Portuguese

Etymology

From Old Portuguese aar, aire, aere, from Latin āēr, from Ancient Greek ἀήρ (aḗr, “air”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).

Pronunciation

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈaɾ/
• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈaχ/, /ˈaɾ/
• (Caipira) IPA^(key): /ˈaɹ/
• (Northeast Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈah/
• Hyphenation: ar

Noun

ar m (plural ares)

1. air
2. look, air (aspect)

Quotations

For usage examples of this term, see Citations:ar.

Related terms

• aéreo
• aragem
• arejar

Derived terms

• ar condicionado
• ao ar livre

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Romanian

Etymology 1

From older Romanian ară, are, presumably from Latin habēret (for the singular) and habērent (for the plural). See also Romanian are.

Verb

(el/ea) ar (modal auxiliary, third-person singular form of avea, used with infinitives to form conditional tenses)

1. (he/she) would

Verb

(ele/ei) ar (modal auxiliary, third-person plural form of avea, used with infinitives to form conditional tenses)

1. (they) would

Related terms

• aș
• ai
• am
• ați

Etymology 2

Verb

ar

1. first-person singular present tense form of ara.
2. first-person singular subjunctive form of ara.

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Scottish Gaelic

Adjective

ar

1. our

   Tha ar nighean ruadh.

   Our daughter is red-haired.

Usage notes

• Before a vowel, it takes the form ar n-:

  ar n-eaglais - our church

Verb

ar (defective)

1. think

Usage notes

• Only has the present and past tense, which both have the same form ar.
• Always followed by the preposition le or a prepositional pronoun:

  ar le mòran nach fhaod seo a bhith ― many thought this can't be

  ar leam gun... ― it seems/seemed to me that...

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Serbo-Croatian

Noun

ar m (Cyrillic spelling ар)

1. are (square decametre, 100 m²)

Declension

Declension of ar

	singular	plural
nominative	ar	ari
genitive	ara	ara
dative	aru	arima
accusative	ar	are
vocative	are	ari
locative	arom	arima
instrumental	aru	arima

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Swedish

Etymology 1

Ultimately from Latin area, probably via French are. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Noun

ar c, n

1. are (square decametre, 100 m²)

Declension

Declension of ar

	singular		plural
Common	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ar	aren	ar	aren
genitive	ars	arens	ars	arens

Declension of ar
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	ar	aret	ar	aren
Genitive	ars	arets	ars	arens

Related terms

• hektar

Etymology 2

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *arô.

Noun

ar m

1. (dialectal) eagle

References

• ar in Svenska Akademiens ordlista över svenska språket (8th ed., 1923)
• ar in Svenska Akademiens Ordlista över svenska språket (13th ed., online)

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Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from French are.

Noun

ar (definite accusative arı, plural arlar)

1. feeling of shame
2. are (unit of area)

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Welsh

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ar/

Preposition

ar (triggers soft mutation)

1. on
2. about to (with a verbal noun)
   • 1993, Gareth King, Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-09269-8, p. 131:

     Brysiwch, mae’r trên ar fynd!

     Hurry up, the train’s about to leave!

Inflection

Personal forms

	Singular	Plural
First person	arna i	arnon ni
Second person	arnat ti	arnoch chi
Third person	arno fe/fo m arni hi f	arnyn nhw

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Westrobothnian

Etymology 1

From Old Norse ǫrn, from Proto-Germanic *arô.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɑ́ːɾ], [áːɾ] (example of pronunciation)

  Rhymes: -ɑ́ːɾ, -áːɾ

Noun

ar m (definite singular aren)

1. eagle, Aquila chrysaetos or Haliaeetus albicilla

Pronoun

ar

1. Contraction of annar.
2. Alternative form of ader