aru

See also: Appendix:Variations of "aru"

Languages (25)

Translingual

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Abau • Afar • Aymara • Blagar • Chayuco Mixtec • Chungli Ao • Estonian • Japanese • Jaqaru • Kabyle • Kanakanabu • Latvian • Makasar • Māori • Middle English • Old English • Old Swedish • Old Tupi • Portuguese • Rukai • Tahitian • Tarifit • Tashelhit • Ternate

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Page categories

Translingual

Etymology

Clipping of English Arua.

Symbol

aru

1. (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Arua.

See also

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Arua terms

Abau

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈa.ru/

Adjective

aru

1. sharp

References

• SIL International (2020), “Abau Dictionary”, in Webonary.org‎^[1]

Afar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈaru/ [ˈʔʌɾʊ]
• Hyphenation: a‧ru

Noun

áru m

1. (geography, astronomy) crater

References

• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015), L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[2], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Aymara

Noun

aru

1. language

References

• Official translation of the Constitución Política del Estado, Tribunal Constitucional Plurinacional, 2016

Blagar

Numeral

aru

1. two

References

• The Rosetta Project, Blagar Swadesh List
• Stokhof (1975)

Chayuco Mixtec

Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish arroz.

Noun

aru

1. rice

References

• Pensinger, Brenda J. (1974), Diccionario mixteco-español, español-mixteco (Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves”; 18)‎^[3] (in Spanish), México, D.F.: El Instituto Lingüístico de Verano en coordinación con la Secretaría de Educación Pública a través de la Dirección General de Educación Extraescolar en el Medio Indígena, page 77

Chungli Ao

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /a˥.ɾu˩/, [a˥.ɾu˩]

Verb

aru

1. to come

Inflection

Inflection of aru (Chungli)

		Affirmative	Negative
Past	Simple	aru	maru
	Perfect	aruogo	maruogo
Present	Simple	arur	marur
	Progressive	arudar arudagi	marudar marudagi
Future/infinitive		arutsü	marutsü
Imperative		arung	taru
Present participle		arua	marui
Conditional		arura arurabang	marura marurabang

Further reading

• Gowda, K. S. Gurubasave (1985), Ao-English-Hindi Dictionary, Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages, page 11

Estonian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑru/, [ˈɑru]
• Rhymes: -ɑru
• Hyphenation: aru

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *arvo, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *arwa (“price, value”), of Indo-Iranic origin. Cognate to Finnish arvo.

Noun

aru (genitive aru, partitive aru)

1. reason, mind (ability for rational thought)

   Synonyms: mõistus, intellekt

   Kas sa oled aru kaotanud?

   Have you lost your mind?

2. (in set phrases) understanding

   aru saama ― to understand (literally, “to receive understanding”)

   aru andma ― to report (literally, “to give understanding”)

Declension

Declension of aru (ÕS type 17/elu, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		aru	arud
accusative	nom.
	gen.	aru
genitive			arude
partitive		aru	arusid
illative		arru arusse	arudesse
inessive		arus	arudes
elative		arust	arudest
allative		arule	arudele
adessive		arul	arudel
ablative		arult	arudelt
translative		aruks	arudeks
terminative		aruni	arudeni
essive		aruna	arudena
abessive		aruta	arudeta
comitative		aruga	arudega

Derived terms

adjectives

• arukas
• aruline
• arutu

verbs

• arutama

adverbs

• aruldasa
• aruti

postpositions

• arust

phrases

• ajast ja arust
• aru andma
• aru ja otsata
• aru nõudma
• aru on peas
• aru peast võtma
• aru pidama
• aru pähe panema
• aru pähe võtma
• aru pärima
• aru saama
• aru tuleb pähe
• arust ära
• ei ole aru ega otsa
• ei saa otsa ega aru
• kus selle aru ots
• poole aruga

Compounds

• mehearu
• pärisaru
• tehisaru
• varsaaru

• aruandeline
• arukratt
• arulage
• arunappus
• arunatuke
• arupidamine
• arupäine
• arupärimine
• aruraas
• aruraasuke

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *aro. Cognate with Finnish aro.

Noun

aru (genitive aru, partitive aru)

1. a kind of dry temperate grassland

   Synonyms: arumaa, aruheinamaa, aruniit

Declension

Declension of aru (ÕS type 17/elu, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		aru	arud
accusative	nom.
	gen.	aru
genitive			arude
partitive		aru	arusid
illative		arru arusse	arudesse
inessive		arus	arudes
elative		arust	arudest
allative		arule	arudele
adessive		arul	arudel
ablative		arult	arudelt
translative		aruks	arudeks
terminative		aruni	arudeni
essive		aruna	arudena
abessive		aruta	arudeta
comitative		aruga	arudega

Compounds

• aruhein
• aruheinamaa
• arujumikas
• arukaasik
• arukaerand
• arukask
• arukuklane
• arukäpp
• aruluste
• arumaa
• arumets
• aruniit
• arusisalik
• arušampinjon
• arutimut
• looaru
• nõmmearu

References

• aru in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)
• “aru”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009
• “aru”, in [SP] Eesti keele sõnapered [Estonian Word Families] (in Estonian) (online version, continuously updated), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012–

Japanese

Romanization

aru

1. Rōmaji transcription of ある
2. Rōmaji transcription of アル

Jaqaru

Etymology

Cognate with Aymara aru.

Verb

aru

1. to speak

References

Martha James Hardman. (1996) Jaqaru: Outline of phonological and morphological structure, page 75.

Kabyle

Root
r (writing)
2 terms

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Berber *ăʔrəβ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /aru/

Verb

aru (verbal noun tira)

1. to write

   Synonyms: kteb, jerrer

   Ttarun tibratin.

   They're writing letters.

2. to be written

   Synonyms: ttwaru, ttwikteb

References

• Association Culturelle Numidya (2025), “Amawal, dictionnaire kabyle-français en ligne”, in Amawal‎^[4], retrieved 2025
• Dallet, Jean-Marie (1982), Dictionnaire kabyle-français: parler des At Mangellat, Algérie (in French), Paris, France

Kanakanabu

Kanakanabu cardinal numbers

<  7	8	9  >
Cardinal : aru

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *walu.

Numeral

aru

1. eight

Latvian

Verb

aru

1. first-person singular present/past indicative of art

Makasar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈaru/, [ˈa.ru]
• Hyphenation: a‧ru

Noun

aru (Lontara spelling ᨕᨑᨘ or 𑻱𑻭𑻴, definite arua)

1. a pledge of allegiance to a prince or ruler (traditionally performed by holding the hilt of a kris and stomping the ground, done by chiefs during inauguration or commanders before going to battle)

   Tasitujuami antu, bela, kanjaraʼnu riembaya arunu ribarugaya

   That is no longer in agreement, friend, with your stomping on the front yard and your pledge of allegiance in the assembly hall.

Derived terms

affixations

• anngaru

compounds

• anngaru-aru doang
• lompo aru

Further reading

• Cense, A. A. (1979), Makassaars-Nederlands woordenboek [Makasar-Dutch dictionary], 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

Māori

Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *qalu.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈaru/ [ˈɐɾʉ]

Noun

aru

1. chase
2. pursuit

Verb

aru (passive arumia)

1. to chase
2. to follow, pursue

References

• John C. Moorfield (2011), “aru”, in Te Aka: Māori–English, English–Māori Dictionary and Index, 3rd edition, Longman/Pearson Education New Zealand, →ISBN

Middle English

Noun

aru

1. (Lincolnshire and West Riding) alternative form of arwe

Old English

Alternative forms

• earun, earon

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑ.ru/
• Rhymes: -ɑ.ru

Verb

aru

1. (contraction) Northumbrian form of earon

Old Swedish

Verb

aru

1. third-person plural present indicative of vara

Old Tupi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [aˈɾu]
• Rhymes: -u
• Hyphenation: a‧ru

Etymology 1

Noun

aru (first-person singular active indicative aîaru, first-person singular negative active indicative n'aîaruî, noun aru) (transitive)

1. to impede
2. to harm

Conjugation

    Conjugation of aru (transitive, U-ending) (See Appendix:Old Tupi verbs)

Note: not all forms are attested, most of the table is reconstructed based on known patterns.

Causative	aruukar
Causative-comitative	eroaru
Reflexive	îearu
Deverbals
-ba'e	oîaruba'e
emi-	emiaru / miaru
-pyr(a)	i arupyra
-sab(a)	arûaba / arusaba
-sar(a)	arûara / arusara
	Singular		Singular and Plural	Plural
	1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person exclusive	1st person inclusive	2nd person
Verbal forms
Active
Indicative	aîaru	ereîaru	oîaru	oroîaru	îaîaru	peîaru
Permissive	t'aîaru	t'ereîaru	t'oîaru	t'oroîaru	t'îaîaru	ta peîaru
Imperative		eîaru				peîaru
Negative indicative	n'aîaruî	n'ereîaruî	n'oîaruî	n'oroîaruî	n'îaîaruî	na peîaruî
Negative permissive	t'aîaru umẽ	t'ereîaru umẽ	t'oîaru umẽ	t'oroîaru umẽ	t'îaîaru umẽ	ta peîaru umẽ
Negative imperative		eîaru umẽ				peîaru umẽ
Nominal forms
Infinitive
Affirmative	aru
Negative	arue'yma
Gerund
Affirmative	xe arûabo	nde arûabo	i arûabo	oré arûabo	îandé arûabo	pe arûabo
Negative	xe arue'yma	nde arue'yma	i arue'yma	oré arue'yma	îandé arue'yma	pe arue'yma
Circumstantial
Affirmative	xe aruû		i aruû	oré aruû	îandé aruû
Negative	xe arue'ymi		i arue'ymi	oré arue'ymi	îandé arue'ymi

Etymology 2

Noun

aru (?)

1. Surinam toad (Pipa pipa)

Descendants

• Nheengatu: arú
• → Brazilian Portuguese: aru

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

aru

1. first-person active indicative of eru

Further reading

• Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida (2013), “aru”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil ] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 63, columns 1–2

Portuguese

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Tupi aru.

Pronunciation

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /aˈɾu/

• Rhymes: -u
• Hyphenation: a‧ru

Noun

aru m (plural arus)

1. (Amazonas) Surinam toad (Pipa pipa)

   Synonyms: sapo-aru, sapo-do-surinã, sapo-pipa

   • 1949 June, Francisco Schaden, “Índios e caboclos: Páginas de etnografia, sociologia e folclore”, in Revista do Arquivo Municipal, volume CXXV, year XV, São Paulo: FFCL-USP, O pão dos índios (section 2), page 31:

     O aru, sapo de forma achatada, vive de preferência nas clareiras da mata e nas plantações, mas nestas últimas sòmente quando limpas e bem cuidadas.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Further reading

• “aru”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
• “aru”, in Dicionário infopédia da Lingua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2026
• “aru”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026
• “aru”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2026, →ISBN

Rukai

Adverb

aru

1. more (to make comparisons)

Tahitian

Noun

aru

1. forest

Tarifit

Root
r-w
2 terms

Alternative forms

• aṛu
• arew, aṛew

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Afroasiatic?

Proto-Berber *ăHrəw?

Proto-Berber *arəw

Tarifit aru

Inherited from Proto-Berber *arəw.

Pronunciation

• (Nador) IPA^(key): [ɑɾˤʊ]

Verb

aru (verbal noun tarwa or arraw, Tifinagh spelling ⴰⵔⵓ) (transitive)

1. to give birth to

   Synonym: jj

2. to bear (fruit)

Conjugation

Conjugation of aru

aorist perfective negative perfective imperfective negative imperfective participle yarwen yurwen yuriwen yettarwen yettirwen singular plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person aorist m arweɣ tarwed yaru naru tarwem arwen f taru tarwent arwent perfective m urweɣ turwed yuru nuru turwem urwen f turu turwent urwent negative perfective m uriweɣ turiwed yuriw nuriw turiwem uriwen f turiw turiwent uriwent imperfective m ttarweɣ tettarwed yettaru nettaru tettarwem ttarwen f tettaru tettarwent ttarwent negative imperfective m ttirweɣ tettirwed yettiru nettiru tettirwem ttirwen f tettiru tettirwent ttirwent aorist imperative m aru arwem, arwet f arwent imperfective imperative m ttaru ttarwem, ttarwet f ttarwent injunctive m narwet f narwent

References

• Serhoual (2002)
• Abarrou (2024)

Tashelhit

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Afroasiatic?

Proto-Berber *ăHrəw?

Proto-Berber *arəw

Tashelhit aru

Inherited from Proto-Berber *arəw (“to give birth”). Cognate with Kabyle arew and possibly Egyptian jwr (“to conceive”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /aru/

Verb

aru (intensive aorist ttaru, preterite uru, verbal noun arra, Tifinagh spelling ⴰⵔⵓ, Arabic spelling آرو)

1. to give birth, to bear (a child)

   اورا تّارو تمغارت اد.

   ur a ttaru tmɣart ad.

   this woman is sterile (lit. this woman does not give birth.)

2. to lay (eggs)

   آبايح ار يتّارو تيڭلاي نّس غ لوضا.

   abayḥ ar ittaru tiglay nns ɣ luḍa.

   the partridge lays its eggs in uncultivated, fallow land.

3. to produce, to bear fruits (trees, plants)

   تاسافت ار تّارو وادرنا. ― tasaft ar ttaru wadrna ― the oak bears acorns.

Derived terms

• arra (“childbirth, delivery”)
• arraw (“child”)
• asaru (“uterus, matrix”)
• ssaru (“to assist in childbirth, to fertilize”)
• tamɣart ur ittarun (“sterile woman”)
• tarwa (“children”)

See also

• lal (“to be born”)

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /aru/

Noun

aru m (plural irattn, Tifinagh spelling ⴰⵔⵓ, Arabic spelling آرو)

1. the smell given off by some types of fish

   آر اس تّينين علي يجّان اشكو يراتّن نس ور فولكين.

   ar as ttinin ʕli ij̣j̣an ašku irattn ns ur fulkin.

   He’s called Ali the stinky because he smells bad.

Inflection

Inflection of aru

	singular	plural
free state	aru	irattn
annexed state	aru	yirattn

References

• Stroomer, Harry (2025), Dictionnaire berbère tachelḥiyt-français — Tome 1 a—e (Handbook of Oriental Studies – Handbuch der Orientalistik; 188/1) (in French), Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, →DOI, →ISBN, page 391

Ternate

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈa.ɾu]

Noun

aru

1. a hole

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈa.ɾu]

Noun

aru

1. a wooden spoon

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈa.ɾu]

Verb

aru

1. (stative) to be complete

Conjugation

Conjugation of aru

		singular	plural
			inclusive	exclusive
1st person		toaru	foaru	miaru
2nd person		noaru	niaru
3rd person	masculine	oaru	iaru yoaru (archaic)
	feminine	moaru
	neuter	iaru

References

• Rika Hayami-Allen (2001), A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh