di

See also: Appendix:Variations of "di"

Languages (82)

Afrikaans • Ajië • Albanian • Aromanian • Bambara • Bavarian • Belizean Creole • Blagar • Bura • Cameroon Pidgin • Catalan • Cebuano • Central Franconian • Cimbrian • Dimasa • Eastern Magar • Ewe • Fayu • Friulian • Galician • Guinea-Bissau Creole • Haitian Creole • Ido • Indonesian • Irish • Italian • Jamaican Creole • Japanese • Kabyle • Krio • Kuna • Ladin • Latin • Ligurian • Louisiana Creole • Macanese • Malay • Mandarin • Mansaka • Middle Dutch • Middle English • Middle Low German • Moran • Nigerian Pidgin • North Frisian • Northern Kurdish • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old French • Old Frisian • Old Irish • Old Prussian • Old Welsh • Papiamentu • Romansch • Sardinian • Sassarese • Scottish Gaelic • Serbo-Croatian • Sicilian • Singpho • Slavomolisano • Spanish • Sumerian • Swedish • Tagalog • Talysh • Tarifit • Tat • Teribe • Trumai • Vietnamese • Volapük • Walloon • Welsh • White Hmong • Wolof • Yoruba • Zhuang • Zia

Page categories

Translingual

Alternative forms

(roman numeral): DI, CCCCCI, ccccci

Number

di

A Roman numeral representing five hundred one (501).

English

Etymology

Imitative.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/

Interjection

di

A meaningless syllable used when singing a tune or indicating a rhythm.
The chorus goes like this: "di di di di dum, da di da".

Anagrams

Id, I'd, id., I-D, id, I.D., -id, ID

Afrikaans

Article

di

Obsolete spelling of die.

Pronoun

di

Obsolete spelling of die.

Ajië

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ⁿdi]

Adjective

di

wet

References

Leenhardt, M. (1935) Vocabulaire et grammaire de la langue Houaïlou, Paris: Institut d'ethnologie. Cited in: "Houaïlou" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271–283.
Leenhardt, M. (1946) Langues et dialectes de l'Austro-Mèlanèsie. Cited in: "Ajiø" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271–283.

Albanian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Albanian *dīja, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyh₂- (compare Sanskrit ध्याति (dhyāti, “to observe, feel”)).^[1]

Verb

di (aorist dita, participle ditur)

to know
Nuk e di.
I don't know.

Do të doja të dija më shumë rreth teje.
I'd like to know more about you.

Conjugation

Standard Albanian conjugation of di (active voice)

Show compound tenses:

singular			plural
		participle		ditur


		gerund		duke ditur
		infinitive		për të ditur
1st pers.	2nd pers.	3rd pers.	1st pers.	2nd pers.	3rd pers.
indicative	present	di	di	di	dimë	dini	dinë
	imperfect	dija	dije	dinte	dinim	dinit	dinin
	aorist	dita	dite	diti	ditëm	ditët	ditën





perfect	kam ditur	ke ditur	ka ditur	kemi ditur	keni ditur	kanë ditur
past perfect	kisha ditur	kishe ditur	kishte ditur	kishim ditur	kishit ditur	kishin ditur
aorist II	pata ditur	pate ditur	pati ditur	patëm ditur	patët ditur	patën ditur
future¹	do të di	do të dish	do të dije	do të dimë	do të dini	do të dinë
future perfect²	do të kem ditur	do të kesh ditur	do të ketë ditur	do të kemi ditur	do të keni ditur	do të kenë ditur
subjunctive	present	të di	të dish	të dije	të dimë	të dini	të dinë




imperfect	të dija	të dije	të dinte	të dinim	të dinit	të dinin
perfect	të kem ditur	të kesh ditur	të ketë ditur	të kemi ditur	të keni ditur	të kenë ditur
past perfect	të kisha ditur	të kishe ditur	të kishte ditur	të kishim ditur	të kishit ditur	të kishin ditur
conditional^{1, 2}	imperfect	do të dija	do të dije	do të dinte	do të dinim	do të dinit	do të dinin
conditional^{1, 2}	past perfect	do të kisha ditur	do të kishe ditur	do të kishte ditur	do të kishim ditur	do të kishit ditur	do të kishin ditur
optative	present	ditsha	diç	dittë	ditshim	ditshit	ditshin
optative
perfect	paça ditur	paç ditur	pastë ditur	paçim ditur	paçit ditur	paçin ditur
admirative	present	ditkam	ditke	ditka	ditkemi	ditkeni	ditkan
	imperfect	ditkësha	ditkëshe	ditkësh	ditkëshim	ditkëshit	ditkëshin


perfect	paskam ditur	paske ditur	paska ditur	paskemi ditur	paskeni ditur	paskan ditur
past perfect	paskësha ditur	paskëshe ditur	paskësh ditur	paskëshim ditur	paskëshit ditur	paskëshin ditur
imperative	present	—	di	—	—	dini	—
¹) indicative future identical with conditional present ²) indicative future perfect identical with conditional perfect

Derived terms

Etymology 2

The 3rd person singular din. From Proto-Albanian *dine, denominative of Proto-Indo-European *dey-no- (“day”). See din for more.

Alternative forms

dihet (medio-passive)

Verb

di (aorist diu, participle dirë)

(Tosk) to dawn (daylight)

Synonyms

gdhin

Related terms

gdhi, gdhij, gdhin

References

^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “di”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, pages 64-65

Aromanian

Etymology

From Latin dē. Compare Romanian de.

Preposition

di

of
from

Bambara

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [dí]

Verb

di

to give

References

2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

Bavarian

Etymology

Cognate with German dich.

Pronoun

di

you (accusative, singular)

Belizean Creole

Etymology 1

Article

di

the

Etymology 2

Particle

di

continuous tense marker; -ing

Usage notes

It tends to immediately precede the verb that it modifies.

Derived terms

mi-di

Blagar

Adverb

di

also

References

Antoinette Schapper, The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 1 (2014), p. 160

Bura

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [dì]

Noun

dì

town, settlement
land

References

2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

Cameroon Pidgin

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/

Verb

di

(auxiliary) imperfective or progressive aspect marker

Catalan

Verb

di

first-person singular preterite indicative of dar

Cebuano

Adverb

di

not

Central Franconian

Alternative forms

dei, dein (Moselle Franconian)

Etymology

From Middle High German dīn.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /diː/, /di/
Homophone: die

Determiner

di (masculine denge or dinge, feminine and plural deng or ding)

(Ripuarian) your, thy (second-person singular possessive)
Wo häs de dann di Jlas henjestallt?
Where did you put your glass?

Usage notes

The form deng/ding is used for the neuter when strongly stressed: Dat es ding Jlas! (“That's your glass!”) Contrariwise, the form di may be used for the masculine and feminine when unstressed, chiefly with words for relatives: di Papp (“your father”, but less common than denge Papp).

Cimbrian

Alternative forms

de (Sette Comuni)

Article

di

(Luserna) the; definite article for four declensions:
1. nominative singular feminine
2. accusative singular feminine
3. nominative plural
4. accusative plural

References

Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

Dimasa

Noun

di

water

Derived terms

References

F. Jacquesson (2008) A Dimasa Grammar‎^[2], page 46
P. R. T. Gurdon (1903) The Morāns (in Dimasa)

Eastern Magar

Noun

di

water

References

James Richardson Logan, Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (1970)

Ewe

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Verb

di

to search

Fayu

Noun

di

water
river

Friulian

Etymology

From Latin dē.

Preposition

di

Galician

Verb

di

inflection of dicir:
1. third-person singular present indicative
2. second-person singular imperative
(reintegrationist norm) inflection of dizer:
1. third-person singular present indicative
2. second-person singular imperative

Guinea-Bissau Creole

Etymology

From Portuguese de. Cognate with Kabuverdianu di.

Preposition

di

Haitian Creole

Etymology

From Saint Dominican Creole French dir, from French dire.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/

Verb

di

to say
to tell

Derived terms

vle di

Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from Italian di.

Preposition

di

of (indicating possession)
La domo di mea matro
The house of my mother

Related terms

de (“from, of”) (where an amount is indicated)
da (“by”)

Indonesian

Etymology

Inherited from Malay di, from Proto-Malayic *di, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *i, from Proto-Austronesian *i. Doublet of -i.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -i
Hyphenation: di

Preposition

di

on
1. positioned at the upper surface of, touching from above
  Gelasnya di meja.
  The glass is on the table
2. positioned at or resting against the outer surface of; attached to
  Ada luka besar di punggungnya.
  There is a big wound on his back.
3. at or in (a certain region or location)
4. near; adjacent to; alongside; just off
5. (with certain modes of transport, especially public transport) inside (a vehicle) for the purpose of travelling
  Kami makan cukup banyak saat di kereta.
  We ate quite a lot while on the train
6. at the date of
in
1. contained by
  Ada sedikit sisa air di botolku.
  There is a little water left in my bottle.
2. within the bounds or limits of
  Ada banyak pohon di taman itu.
  There are many trees in the park.
3. surrounded by; among; amidst
  Kita ada di kemah musuh.
  We are in the enemy's camp.
5. during (a period of time)
  Ulang tahunku di bulan Januari.
  My birthday is in January.
at
1. (indicating time) indicating occurrence in an instant of time or a period of time relatively short in context or from the speaker's perspective.
2. holding a given speed or rate
3. (used for skills (including in activities) or areas of knowledge) on the subject of; regarding
(dialect) to (in the direction of, so as to arrive at)
(dialect, especially in Central Sumatra) about; of (used as a function word to indicate what is dealt with as the object of thought, feeling, or action)
(dialect, especially in Central Sumatra) from

Derived terms

Compound terms

Irish

Alternative forms

dhi

Etymology

From Old Irish dí.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dʲɪ/^[1]
(Aran also) IPA^(key): /dʲiː/
(Cois Fharraige also) IPA^(key): /d̪ˠiː/

Pronoun

di (emphatic dise)

third-person singular feminine of de: from/of her, from/of it f
third-person singular feminine of do: to/for her, to/for it f

References

^ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 83

Italian

Etymology 1

From Latin dē.^[1] Cognate with English to.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/
Rhymes: -i
Hyphenation: di

Preposition

di

used to indicate possession, after the thing owned and before the owner; of; ’s
L’ira di Apollo ― Apollo’s wrath (literally, “The wrath of Apollo”)

la coda del cane ― the dog’s tail

Canto dello sciatore ― Song of the skier

Dichiarazione Universale dei Diritti dell’Uomo
Universal declaration of the Rights of the Man

Simbolo degli Apostoli ― Signs of the Apostles

Manifesto della cucina futurista ― Manifesto of the futurist kitchen

Dei delitti e delle pene
Of crimes and punishments
(literally, “Of the crimes and of the punishments”)
from
Lei è di Monreale in Sicilia, ma adesso vive a Roma
She's from Monreale in Sicily, but she now lives in Rome
by, of, ’s
La mia canzone preferita degli U2? 'One' !
My favorite song by U2? 'One'!

La Divina Commedia di Dante Alighieri
The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri
than
Jack è più alto di sua moglie, Joan.
Jack is taller than his wife, Joan.

Biden ha detto che l'economia USA è in condizioni peggiori di quanto pensasse
Biden says US economy is in worse shape than he thought.
used in superlative forms; in, of
Pont Neuf è il più antico ponte di Parigi
Pont Neuf is the oldest bridge in Paris.
about, on, concerning
Euclide scrisse diversi libri di matematica.
Euclid wrote many books on mathematics.

Parliamo di sentimenti. ― Let's talk about feelings.
expresses composition; of, made of, in or more often omitted
Sei Nazioni: la Scozia gioca con l'Italia in un incontro decisivo per il cucchiaio di legno.
Six Nations: Scotland meet Italy today in a wooden-spoon decider.

Ho comprato una collana d'oro bianco.
I bought a white gold necklace.
(followed by an infinitive) to or omitted
Lei ha detto di non preoccuparsi.
She said not to worry.

Che devo fare se penso di avere un virus nel mio computer?
What should I do if I believe I have a virus on my computer?
used with the definite article in partitive constructions; some
Vuoi dell'acqua? ― Would you like some water?
used in some expressions in a partitive-like function, often without article
penso di sì ― I think so

niente di meglio ― nothing better

Che c’è di nuovo? ― What's new?

Usage notes

When followed by the definite article, di combines with the article to produce the following combined forms:

di + article	Combined form
di + il	del
di + lo	dello
di + l'	dell'
di + i	dei
di + gli	degli
di + la	della
di + le	delle

The i can additionally optionally be elided before vowel sounds to form d'.

Derived terms

References

^ Angelo Prati, "Vocabolario Etimologico Italiano", Torino, 1951

Etymology 2

From Latin dē (the name of the letter D).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): ^**/ˈdi/^*
Rhymes: -i
Hyphenation: dì

Noun

di f (invariable)

The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.; dee

Jamaican Creole

Alternative forms

de

Etymology

Derived from English the.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈdi/

Article

di

the
Is a riddim mi love from birth. Di harmonies, di lyrics; everything perfect. ― It's a rhythm I've always loved. The harmony, the lyrics ... everything's perfect.

Japanese

Romanization

di

The katakana syllable ディ (di) in Hepburn-like romanization.

Kabyle

Preposition

di

in
Synonym: deg

di yexxam-inu
in my house

Izeddeɣ di Lezzayer.
He lives in Algeria.
during

Krio

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Article

di

the

Kuna

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

di

water

Ladin

Etymology

de +‎ i

Contraction

di

of the (masculine plural)

Latin

Noun

dī m pl

nominative/vocative plural of deus
- 63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations‎^[3]:
  O di immortales, ubinam gentium sumus? Quam rem publicam habemus? In qua urbe vivimus?.
  O ye immortal gods, where on earth are we? What is the government we have? In what city are we living?

References

"di", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
"di", in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers

Ligurian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/

Contraction

di

Contraction of de i.; of the (masculine plural)

Louisiana Creole

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/
Rhymes: -i

Etymology 1

Inherited from French dire (“to say, to tell”).

Verb

di (invariable)

to say, to tell

Etymology 2

**Louisiana Creole cardinal numbers**
< 9	10	11 >
Cardinal : di

Inherited from French dix (“ten”).

Numeral

di

ten

Usage notes

Precedes consonant-initial words. See usage notes at dis.

Macanese

Alternative forms

d' (optionally, before certain words starting with a vowel)

Etymology

From Portuguese de, from Old Galician-Portuguese de (“of”), from Latin dē (“of”).

Preposition

di

of (indicates the semantic relation between two elements: such as possession, origin, place)
guínde di águ ― jug of water

Ui di bôm! ― Very good!

Êle pôssa di grándi! ― He is very big!

Êle bem di capaz! ― He is really clever!

Usage notes

Note that the usage of di is more flexible compared to Portuguese de, and may be followed not necessarily by nouns.

Derived terms

di-frónt (“in front, ahead”)
ui-di (“very”)

References

https://www.macaneselibrary.org/pub/english/uipatua.htm

Malay

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/ [di]
Rhymes: -i

Etymology 1

First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683AD. From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *di, *i, from Proto-Austronesian *di, *i.

Preposition

di (Jawi spelling before consonant-initial words د, Jawi spelling before vowel-initial words دأ)

in
di Kuala Lumpur ― in Kuala Lumpur
at
di sungai ― at the river
on
di jalan ― on the road

Synonyms

dekat (informal)

Etymology 2

From English dee.

Noun

di (plural di-di)

The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.

Synonyms

dè (Indonesian)
dal (Jawi letter name)

Mandarin

Romanization

di (di⁵／di⁰, Zhuyin ˙ㄉㄧ)

Hanyu Pinyin reading of 得

di

Nonstandard spelling of dī.
Nonstandard spelling of dí.
Nonstandard spelling of dǐ.
Nonstandard spelling of dì.

Usage notes

Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Mansaka

Adverb

di

not

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch thī, from Proto-Germanic *þiz.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /diː/, /di/

Pronoun

di

accusative/dative of du

Middle English

Noun

di

Alternative form of dee

Middle Low German

Etymology

From Old Saxon thī, from Proto-Germanic *þiz.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /diː/

Pronoun

dî

(second person singular dative) you, thee
(second person singular accusative) you, thee

Declension

Middle Low German personal pronouns

		nominative	accusative	dative	genitive
1st person singular		ik (ek)	mî (mê, mik, mek)		mîn (mîner)
2nd person singular		dû	dî (dê, dik, dek)		dîn (dîner)
3rd person singular
	m	hê (hî, hie)	ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn)	ēme, em (ȫme, en)	sîn (sîner)
	n	it (et)		ēme, em (ȫme, en)	sîn (sîner)
	f	sê (sî, sie, sü̂)		ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)
1st person plural		wî (wê, wie)	uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik)		unser (ûser)
2nd person plural		gî (jê, î)	jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik)		jûwer (ûwer)
3rd person plural		sê (sî, sie)		em, öm, jüm (en, ēnen, ȫnen)	ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)
For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here.

Moran

Noun

di

water

References

P. R. T. Gurdon (1903) The Morāns (in Moran)

Nigerian Pidgin

Etymology

From English the.

Article

di

the

North Frisian

Article

di

(Mooring, Sylt) the (masculine singular, full form)
Coordinate term: (reduced form, Mooring) e
(Sylt) the (feminine singular)
(Sylt) the (plural)

Alternative forms

(masculine): de (Föhr-Amrum)
(feminine): det (Föhr-Amrum), jü (Mooring)
(plural): dön (Föhr-Amrum), da (Mooring)

Northern Kurdish

Etymology

Akin to Central Kurdish دە (de), Zazaki de, Persian . For the second sense compare Zazaki -en (used for the present tense but after the stem) which is a cognate of Northern Kurdish li and English in, probably initially used for present continuous much like Persian .

Preposition

di

in
Used to mark present tense put before the stem of the verb.
-bêj- > di bêjim - I say (=I am in saying)

-k- > di ke - does (=is in doing)

-ê-, -hê- > t'ê, di hê - comes (=is in coming)

Usage notes

In a lot of positions, bi and di may not be read unlike ji and li. When the noun comes after the verb with these prepositions, it becomes an -e instead (eg. xiste navê , "put inside"; not *xist di navê). Coming after nouns, they become -î (eg. mayî min kir, "interfered with me"; mostly not *may di min kir).
Unlike ji and li, which lose the schwa before any vowel; bi and di lose it only before long vowels (ie. a, ê, î). di becomes t' in those positions.
In the second sense mostly seperated from the prepositional use in modern Kurdish script but it is essentially no different from it. Seems to be originally written seperately since Ehmedê Xanî.

Related terms

Norwegian Bokmål

Pronunciation

This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

Etymology 1

From Old Norse þín.

Pronoun

di

feminine singular of din

Etymology 2

Verb

di

imperative of die

References

“di” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

From Old Norse því, þí, the neuter singular dative of the determiner sá, from Proto-Germanic *sa. Akin to the English comparative correlative the, derived from Old English þȳ. Other cognates include Norwegian Bokmål ti. Other determiners and pronouns also derive from there, such as den, det, dei, and dess.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /diː/

Adverb

di

Used as a comparative correlative.
Synonym: dess
1. the; With multiple comparatives (or meir (“more”) with verb phrases), establishes a correlation with one or more other such comparatives.
  Synonym: jo
  
  Di sterkare, di betre
  The stronger the better
2. With a single adverbial meir (“more”) or comparative, establishes an often inverse correlation with a preceding comparative or stated degree.
  Han sa lite, men tenkte di meir
  He said little, but thought more (than he didn't speak)
(literary, poetic) because

Conjunction

di

(literary) because
Used especially in more common compound adverbs and conjunctions.

Derived terms

Etymology 2

From Old Norse þín, feminine singular nominative of þinn (“your, yours”). See main entry for more.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /diː/

Determiner

di

feminine singular of din (“your”)

Pronoun

di

feminine singular of din (“yours”)

Etymology 3

Pronunciation spelling and/or eye dialect of various pronouns and determiners. See the etymology of the respective main entries.

Pronoun

di

Eye dialect spelling of de.
Eye dialect spelling of dei.

Determiner

di

Eye dialect spelling of dei.

References

“di” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Anagrams

ID, id

Old French

Etymology

Inherited from Classical Latin diēs.

Noun

di oblique singular, m (oblique plural dis, nominative singular dis, nominative plural di)

day (period of 24 hours)

References

Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IX^e au XV^e siècle (1881) (di)

Old Frisian

Noun

dī m

Alternative form of dei

Inflection

Declension of dī (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	dī	degar, dega
genitive	dīs	dega
dative	dī	degum, degem
accusative	dī	degar, dega

Old Irish

Alternative forms

de

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *dī, from Proto-Indo-European *de; cognate with Latin dē.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dʲi/

Preposition

di (with dative)

of, from

For quotations using this term, see Citations:di.

Inflection

Inflection of di

Person	Normal	Emphatic
1st person sing.	dí(i)m	dí(i)msa
2d person sing.	dít
3d sing. masc./neut., dative	de, dé	desom
3d sing. masc./neut., accusative
3d sing. fem., dative	dí
3d sing. fem., accusative
1st person pl.	dín(n)	dínni
2d person pl.	díb	díbsi
3d person pl., dative	diib, dí(i)b	diibsom, díbsem
3d person pl., accusative

Combinations with a definite article:

din(d), dint; den, don, dun sg
dinaib, donaib pl

Combinations with a possessive determiner:

dim (“from my”)
dit (“from your sg”)
dia, dua (“from his/her/its/their”)

Combinations with a relative pronoun:

dia (“from which; when, if”)

Related terms

dí- (prefix)

Descendants

Irish: de
Manx: jeh
Scottish Gaelic: de

Etymology 2

Pronoun

di

Alternative spelling of dí: to/from her

Old Prussian

Etymology

From earlier Prussian enclitic *-di, from dialectal Baltic *-di, probably from Proto-Indo-European enclitic *-di („he”, „she”).^[1] Cognate with Avestan dim („him, her”). ^[2]

Pronoun

di n (third-person only, plural dīs or dī, accusative singular din, accusative plural dins)

(anaphoric) he, she, it, self;
- (Can we date this quote?), III katekizmas, page 93, line 14:
  kai Sara Abraham po
  klūſmai bhe / bebillē din Rikijs
  As Sarah was ruled by Abraham, naming him lord.
- (Can we date this quote?), III katekizmas, page 89, line 8:
  turri
  ti dins ſte mijls ſtēiſon dīlas paggan
  And have a high opinion of them in love because of their work.
(indefinite, indeclinable, also spelt dei) (it)self, one (indefinite pronoun denoting unspecified subject)^[1]^[3]^[4]

Usage notes

Appeared either as a suffix or standalone, the latter being usually stressed.
Besides the enclitic function, it also served as an impersonal pronoun, similarly to German man.
The suffix form merged with prepositions, creating new ones with function analogical to English thereby (there + by), herein (here + in), etc. Such forms still underwent declension.

Declension

Mažiulis named some of the attested forms of the declinable variant.^[2]

Declension of di

	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	dis	dīs	dis	dīs	di	dī
genitive	?	?	?	?	di	dī
dative	?	?	?	?	di	dī
accusative	din	dins	din	dins	di	dī

Derived terms

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Mažiulis, Vytautas (2004) “-din ‘him, her’”, in Palmaitis, Letas, transl., Prūsų kalbos istorinė gramatika [Historical Grammar of Old Prussian], Vilnus: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, →ISBN, pages 74-75
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988) “-din”, in Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian]‎^[1] (in Lithuanian), volume I, Vilnius: Mokslas, pages 202-203
^ Palmaitis, Letas (2006), in “Bāziskas Prūsiskai–Ēngliskas Wirdeīns Per Tālaisin Laksinis Rekreaciōnin” [Basic English-Prussian Dictionary for Further Lexical Reconstruction], page 70: “DI”
^ G. H. F. Nesselmann (1873) “di, dei”, in Thesaurus linguae prussicae. Der preussische Vocabelvorrath [...] (in German), Berlin: Ferd. Dümmlers Verlagsbuchhandlung; Harrwitz & Gossmann, page 30

Old Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *di, from Proto-Celtic *dū (“to”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ði/

Preposition

di (triggers soft mutation)

to
for

Inflection

3rd-person singular masculine: didu

Descendants

Middle Welsh: y
- Welsh: i

Papiamentu

Etymology

From Portuguese de and Spanish de and Kabuverdianu di.

Conjunction

di

of, of the
from, from the

Romansch

Alternative forms

gi (Sursilvan, Sutsilvan)
de (Surmiran)

Etymology

Inherited from Classical Latin diēs.

Noun

di m (plural dis)

(Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Puter, Vallader) day

Sardinian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/

Preposition

di

(Campidanese) Alternative form of de

References

Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes

Sassarese

Alternative forms

d' (apocopic, used before vowel sounds)

Etymology

From Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *de.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/

Preposition

di

Used to indicate possession, after the thing owned and before the owner; of; 's
Lu cani di Pàuru ― Paul's dog

Edda è un'amigga di mamma ― She's a friend of mother's
Used to indicate origin; from
Eu soggu di Sàssari ― I'm from Sassari
Used in comparisons; than
La poltrona è più còmuda di la caddrea ― The armchair is more comfortable than the chair
Used to indicate authorship; by, of, 's
Canne al vento è un libru di Gràzia Deledda ― Canne al vento is a book by Grazia Deledda
about, on, concerning
E eddi cosa ni pènsani di te? ― What do they think about you?
Used in superlative forms; in, of
Edda è la più bedda di tutti ― She's the most beautiful (of all)
Expresses composition; of, made of, in or more often omitted
Un'ampulla di veddru ― A glass bottle (literally, “A bottle of glass”)

References

Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes

Scottish Gaelic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tʲi/, /tʲiː/

Pronoun

di

Alternative form of dhi

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

From earlier gdi.

Adverb

di (Cyrillic spelling ди)

(Chakavian, Ikavian, chiefly Croatia, colloquial) where (interrogative)
Di si ti cili božji dan? ― Where on earth have you been the whole day?
(Chakavian, Ikavian, chiefly Croatia, proscribed, colloquial) whither, where, whereto
Di si išao jučer? ― Where did you go yesterday?

Pronoun

di (Cyrillic spelling ди)

(Chakavian, Ikavian, chiefly Croatia) where

Usage notes

Originally of Chakavian-Ikavian origin, the word is today colloquially used throughout Croatia and other countries to a lesser extent.

Synonyms

gdje (Standard)

Sicilian

Etymology 1

From Latin dē.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/
IPA^(key): /di/ (Apocopic form)
Rhymes: -di
Hyphenation: di

Preposition

di

Used to indicate possession, after the thing owned and before the owner; of; ’s
A raggia di Apollu ― Apollo’s wrath (literally, “The wrath of Apollo”)

a cuda dû cani ― the dog’s tail

Dichiarazziuni Univirsali dî Diritti di l’Omu
Universal declaration of the Rights of [the] Man

Sìmmulu di l'Apòstuli ― Signs of the Apostles

Manifestu dâ cucina futurista ― Manifesto of the futurist kitchen

Di li dilitta e di li peni
Of [the] crimes and [of the] punishments
from
Iḍḍa è di Murriali, 'n Sicilia, ma ora campa a Ruma
She's from Monreale in Sicily, but she now lives in Rome
by, of, ’s
A me canzuni prifiruta dî Pink Floyd? 'Echoes' !
My favorite song by Pink Floyd? 'Echoes'!

A Divina Cummedia di Danti Aligheri
The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri
than
Jack è cchiù autu di so mugghieri, Joan.
Jack is taller than his wife, Joan.

Biden dissi ca l'ecunumìa USA è 'n cunnizziuna pijuri di quantu pinzassi
Biden says US economy is in worse shape than he thought.
Used in superlative forms; in, of
Pont Neuf è u ponti cchiù anticu di Parisi
Pont Neuf is the oldest bridge in Paris.
about, on, concerning
Euclidi scrissi diversi libbra di matimàtica.
Euclid wrote many books on mathematics.

Parramu di sintimenta. ― Let's talk about feelings.
Expresses composition; of, made of, in or more often omitted
Sei Nazziuna: a Scozzia joca cu l'Italia nni nu ncontru dicisivu pâ cucchiara di lignu.
Six Nations: Scotland meet Italy today in a wooden-spoon decider.

Acchattai na cuḍḍana d'oru jancu.
I bought a white [made of] gold necklace.
(followed by an infinitive) to or omitted
Iḍḍa dissi di nun priuccupàrisi.
She said not to worry.

Ch'avissi a fari si penzu d'aviri nu virus nnô me cumputer?
What should I do if I believe I have a virus on my computer?
Used in some expressions in a partitive-like function, often without article.
Ca penzu di se ― I think so

Nenti di megghiu ― nothing better

Chi cc’è di novu? ― What's new?

Usage notes

When followed by a definite article, di combines with the article to produce the following combined forms:

di + article	Combined form
di + u	dû
di + lu	di lu
di + a	dâ
di + la	di la
di + i	dî
di + li	di li
di + l'	di l'

The i can additionally optionally be elided before vowel sounds to form d'.

Derived terms

Related terms

Etymology 2

From Latin dē (the name of the letter D).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/
IPA^(key): /di/ (Apocopic form)
Rhymes: -di
Hyphenation: di

Noun

di (f)

The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.; dee

Singpho

Noun

di

egg

References

Stephen Morey, The Singpho Agentive – Functions and Meanings (2012), p. 13

Slavomolisano

Etymology

From Ikavian Serbo-Croatian gdi, di; compare standard Ijekavian gdje, Ekavian gde.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/

Adverb

di

(interrogative) where

Pronoun

di

where
- 2010, Natalina Spadanuda, Le renard et le loup:
  Kum, ja znam di je na masarija di, unutra, jesu čuda stvari za jist. Što gorivaš, šma po?
  Godfather, I know where there is a farm where there are many things to eat inside. What do you say, shall we go?

References

Breu, W., Mader Skender, M. B. & Piccoli, G. 2013. Oral texts in Molise Slavic (Italy): Acquaviva Collecroce. In Adamou, E., Breu, W., Drettas, G. & Scholze, L. (eds.). 2013. EuroSlav2010: Elektronische Datenbank bedrohter slavischer Varietäten in nichtslavophonen Ländern Europas – Base de données électronique de variétés slaves menacées dans des pays européens non slavophones. Konstanz: Universität / Paris: Lacito (Internet Publication).

Spanish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈdi/ [ˈd̪i]
Rhymes: -i
Syllabification: di

Etymology 1

See dar.

Verb

di

first-person singular preterite indicative of dar
Dile lo que te di. ― Tell him what I gave you.

Etymology 2

See decir.

Verb

di

second-person singular imperative of decir
Dile lo que te di. ― Tell him what I gave you.
Obsolete spelling of dice.

Sumerian

Romanization

di

Romanization of 𒁲 (di)

Swedish

Etymology

From dia (“to suckle”), from Proto-Germanic *dijōną (“to suckle”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle”). Related to dägga (däggdjur).

Noun

di c

suck, suckle; milk from the mother (human or animal) directly to the offspring

Declension

Declension of di

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	di	dis
singular	definite	din	dins
plural	indefinite	—	—
plural	definite	—	—

Declension of di

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	di	dis
singular	definite	dien	diens
plural	indefinite	—	—
plural	definite	—	—

Derived terms

dibarn

Related terms

Pronoun

di

Pronunciation spelling of de, representing Finland Swedish.
- 1895, Gustaf Fröding, Tre käringer i en backe:
  Dä satt tre käringer i en backe, å di va vinne å di va skacke,
  Three old women were sitting in a slope, and they were wry and they were crooked,
(dialectal, obsolete) your, yours; feminine singular of din
- 1886, Fredrik August Dahlgren, Frierfâla:
  Ho får sej nåck en hârr-khär, hva länge dä lir, Men se dä ska ja’ sij’ dej att allri di ho blir.
  She will surely get herself a gentleman before long, But I will say to you, that yours she'll never be.

Alternative forms

de, dom (they, colloquial)
din (your)

References

Anagrams

id

Tagalog

Etymology 1

From Proto-Philippine *diq (“particle of negation”). Blust (2010-) notes that this word is believed by some to be short for hindi (“no; not”), but its agreement with the monosyllabic word in other languages suggests that this shorter form is older. See also dili (“not; no; hardly; rarely; seldom”). Compare Yami ji, Ilocano di, Isnag di, Cebuano di/dili, Maranao di', Western Subanon di, Mansaka di, Tausug di'.

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /diʔ/ [d̪ɪʔ], (colloquial) /deʔ/ [d̪ɛʔ]
Rhymes: -iʔ
Syllabification: di

Particle

dî (Baybayin spelling ᜇᜒ)

no; not
Antonyms: oo, (respectful) opo

Alternative forms

'di
d — text messaging, Internet slang

Derived terms

Related terms

di-

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /di/ [d̪ɪ]
Rhymes: -i
Syllabification: di

Adverb

di (Baybayin spelling ᜇᜒ)

(sometimes preceded by e) then; in that case
Synonyms: kung gayon, kung ganoon, (Marinduque) kundi, (Nueva Ecija) garod

E, di wow.
Well, then “Wow”.

Di sino ang daingan kundi ang Padre?
Then to whom to complain to if not the Father?

Kung sarado ang pintuan, di buksan mo.
If the door is closed, then open it.

Sino pa bang maglilinis kung hindi si ate, di ako!
Who else would clean if not our older sister, then [none other than] me!

Etymology 3

Borrowed from English dee, the English name of the letter D/d.

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /di/ [d̪ɪ]
Rhymes: -i
Syllabification: di

Noun

di (Baybayin spelling ᜇᜒ)

the name of the Latin-script letter D/d, in the Filipino alphabet
Synonyms: (in the Abakada alphabet) da, (in the Abecedario) de

Talysh

Etymology

Cognate with Persian (deh).

Noun

di

village

Tarifit

Preposition

di (Tifinagh spelling ⴷⵉ)

location marker
1. expresses a location inside something or movement into something: in, into
  aqa-t di taddart
  He is in the house.
  
  nudef deg waman
  We went into the water.

Usage notes

When the preposition di is followed by a vowel it will take the form deg.

Tat

Etymology

From Middle Persian 𐭬𐭲𐭠 (deh, “country, land, village”), from Old Persian 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢 (dahạyau), from Proto-Iranian *dahyu- (“country, district, province”).

Noun

di

village

Derived terms

diij

Teribe

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/

Noun

di

water
river

Synonyms

diwa

References

Juan Diego Quesada, A Grammar of Teribe (2000)

Trumai

Noun

di

water
mirror

References

Raquel Guirardello (1999) A reference grammar of Trumai, Houston: Rice University (PhD thesis)

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

(Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [zi˧˧]
(Huế) IPA^(key): [jɪj˧˧]
(Saigon) IPA^(key): [jɪj˧˧]
Audio (Hà Nội): (file)

Etymology 1

Sino-Vietnamese word from 移.

Verb

di

(colloquial) to change position; to move

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Romanization

di

Sino-Vietnamese reading of 遺

Derived terms

di chỉ (遺址, “ruins”)
di chiếu (遺詔, “posthumous edict”)
di chúc (遺囑, “will; testament”)
di chứng (遺症, “(medicine) complication”)
di ngôn (遺言, “last words, testament”)
di sản (遺產, “legacy, heritage”)
di tích (遺跡, “historical site”)
di truyền học (遺傳學, “genetics”)
di truyền (遺傳, “hereditary”)
di vật (遺物, “relic”)

Volapük

Preposition

di

of

Walloon

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/

Preposition

di (after an open syllable and/or before a vowel: d')

of

Welsh

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /diː/
Homophones: du (South Wales), dŷ (South Wales)
Rhymes: -iː

Etymology 1

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Alternative forms

ti

Pronoun

di

Soft mutation of ti.
you (singular); thou

Usage notes

The form di is used after verb forms ending with a vowel (namely the simple future tense), while ti is used after other verb forms which end in -t. Di is also the form used as an emphatic pronoun after dy (“your”) in possessive and infinitive contexts.

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
ti	di	unchanged^△	thi
^△Irregular.
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

di f (plural diau)

The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.

Mutation

This word cannot be mutated.

White Hmong

Etymology

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Considered native Hmongic by Ratliff, though no reconstructed proto-form is given.^[1]”

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di˧/

Noun

di (classifier: daim)

used in di ncauj (“lip(s)”)

References

Heimbach, Ernest E. (1979) White Hmong — English Dictionary‎^[4], SEAP Publications, →ISBN, page 35.

^ https://web.archive.org/web/20101031002604/http://wold.livingsources.org/vocabulary/25

Wolof

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/

Conjunction

di

and (used between clauses)

Yoruba

Pronunciation

(high-tone): IPA^(key): /dí/
(mid-tone): IPA^(key): /dī/
(low-tone): IPA^(key): /dì/

Etymology 1

Noun

dí

The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.

Etymology 2

Verb

dí

(intransitive) to become opaque
(transitive) to occlude, to obstruct
(transitive) to block, to clog, to plug

Derived terms

dídí

Etymology 3

Verb

di

(transitive) to change to something else
(transitive) Alternative form of da (to become)

Derived terms

(to become): ọládiméjì
(to become): òṣùpádẹ̀jẹ̀

Etymology 4

Verb

dì

(transitive) to bind, to fasten, to tie up
(transitive) to pack, to bundle
(transitive) to braid, to plait

Derived terms

dídì (“braiding”)
irun dídì (“braided hair”)
onídìrí (“hairdresser”)
àdìmọ́lẹ̀ (“cornrows”)
ìdì
ìdìpọ̀

Etymology 5

Verb

di

(transitive) to defeat, to conquer, to vanquish

Etymology 6

Verb

dì

(intransitive) to coagulate, to solidify

Derived terms

adì

Etymology 7

Verb

dì

(intransitive) to win a game

Zhuang

Etymology

Compare Cantonese 啲 (di1, “a few; a bit”).

Pronunciation

(Standard Zhuang) IPA^(key): /ti˨˦/
Tone numbers: di¹
Hyphenation: di

Classifier

di (Sawndip form 的, 1957–1982 spelling di)

a bit of; a little; some

Adverb

di (Sawndip form 的, 1957–1982 spelling di)

a little more

Zia

Etymology

From Proto-Trans-New Guinea *titi.

Noun

di

tooth

[1] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “di”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, pages 64-65

[2] Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 83

[3] Angelo Prati, "Vocabolario Etimologico Italiano", Torino, 1951

[HisGram-4] 1.0 ^1.1 Mažiulis, Vytautas (2004) “-din ‘him, her’”, in Palmaitis, Letas, transl., Prūsų kalbos istorinė gramatika [Historical Grammar of Old Prussian], Vilnus: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, →ISBN, pages 74-75

[PrusEtym-5] 2.0 ^2.1 Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988) “-din”, in Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian]‎^[1] (in Lithuanian), volume I, Vilnius: Mokslas, pages 202-203

[6] Palmaitis, Letas (2006), in “Bāziskas Prūsiskai–Ēngliskas Wirdeīns Per Tālaisin Laksinis Rekreaciōnin” [Basic English-Prussian Dictionary for Further Lexical Reconstruction], page 70: “DI”

[7] G. H. F. Nesselmann (1873) “di, dei”, in Thesaurus linguae prussicae. Der preussische Vocabelvorrath [...] (in German), Berlin: Ferd. Dümmlers Verlagsbuchhandlung; Harrwitz & Gossmann, page 30

[8] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20101031002604/http://wold.livingsources.org/vocabulary/25

[1]

[1]

[1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[1]

Cimbrian definite articles
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	dar	de / di	's / z	de / di
Accusative	in	de / di	's / z	de / di
Dative	me	dar	me	in

		personal				possessive
		subject case		object case		singular referent	plural referent
		full	reduced	full	reduced	singular referent	attributive	independent
singular	1st	ik	'k	mi		min		minen
	2nd	dü	–	di		din		dinen
	3rd m.	hi	'r	höm	'n	sin		sinen
	3rd f.	jü	's	höör	's	höör		höören
	3rd n.	hat	et, 't	höm	et, 't	sin		sinen
dual	1st	wat		unk				unken
	2nd	at		junk				junken
	3rd	jat		jam	's	jaar		jaaren
plural	1st	wü		üüs				üüsen
	2nd	i		juu				juuen
	3rd	ja	's	jam	's	jaar		jaaren
notes		The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts. Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject form hat is now rarely used. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur. The dual forms are dated, but not obsolete as in other dialects. Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents.

Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	Possessive
Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	feminine	masculine	neuter	plural
Singular	First	–	jeg	meg	mi	min	mitt	mine
	Second	general	du	deg	di	din	ditt	dine
	Second	formal (rare)	De	Dem	Deres
	Third	feminine (person)	hun	henne	hennes
		masculine (person)	han	ham / han	hans
		feminine (noun)	den		dens
		masculine (noun)	den		dens
		neuter (noun)	det		dets
		reflexive	–	seg	si	sin	sitt	sine
Plural	First	–	vi	oss	vår		vårt	våre
	Second	general	dere		deres
	Second	formal (very rare)	De	Dem	Deres
	Third	general	de	dem	deres
	Third	reflexive	–	seg	si	sin	sitt	sine

person	first person	second person	reflexive	third person
case	singular			singular masculine	singular feminine	singular neuter
nominative	eg, je¹	du		han	ho	det, dat²
accusative	meg	deg	seg	han, honom²	ho, henne²	det, dat²
dative²	meg	deg	seg	honom	henne	di²
genitive	min	din	sin	hans	hennar, hennes¹	dess³
case	plural
nominative	me, vi	de, dokker			dei
accusative	oss, okk	dykk, dokker	seg		dei, deim²
dative	oss, okk	dykk, dokker	seg		deim²
genitive	vår, okkar	dykkar, dokkar	sin		deira, deires¹

		nominative		accusative		dative
		stressed	unstressed	stressed	unstressed	stressed	unstressed
1^st person singular		i	—	mi	—	mia (mir)	ma
2^nd person singular (informal)		du	—	di	—	dia (dir)	da
2^nd person singular (formal)		Sie	—	Eahna	—	Eahna	—
3^rd person singular	m	er	a	eahm	'n	eahm	'n
	n	es, des	's	des	's	eahm	'n
	f	se, de	's	se	's	ihr	—
1^st person plural		mia (mir)	ma	uns	—	uns	—
2^nd person plural		eß, ihr	—	enk, eich	—	enk, eich	—
3^rd person plural		se	's	eahna	—	eahna	—

		personal				possessive
		subject case		object case		masculine referent	feminine / neuter referent	plural referent
		full	reduced	full	reduced	masculine referent	feminine / neuter referent	attributive	independent
singular	1st	ik	'k	mi		man	min		minen
	2nd	dü	–	di		dan	din		dinen
	3rd m.	hi	'r	ham	'n	san	sin		sinen
	3rd f. / n.	hat	at, 't	ham	at, 't	san	sin		sinen
plural	1st	wi	'f	üs		üüs			üüsen
	1st	wi	'f	üs		üsens
	2nd	jam	'm	jam		jau			jauen
	2nd	jam	'm	jam		jamens
	3rd	jo	's	jo	's	hör			hören
	3rd	jo	's	jo	's	hörens
notes		The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts. At is not enclitic; it can stand in any unstressed position and refers mostly to things. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur. Dual forms wat / onk and jat / jonk are obsolete, as is feminine jü / hör. Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents. The forms üsens, jamens, hörens are used optionally (and decreasingly) when the possessor is a larger community, such as a village, city or nation.

		masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
definite / demonstrative	full	di	jü	dåt	da
definite / demonstrative	reduced	e		et	e
indefinite / numeral	full	ån	iinj		—
indefinite / numeral	reduced	en			—
negative		nån	niinj
The reduced neuter article et may contract with most prepositions. Such contractions are spelt as single words, e.g. önjt (“in the”).