ri

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ri"

Languages (33)

English

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Albanian • Anguthimri • Cornish • Dalmatian • Danish • Esperanto • French • Galician • Guinea-Bissau Creole • Hausa • Igbo • Italian • Japanese • Javanese • Kabuverdianu • Lashi • Lutuv • Makasar • Mandarin • Nabi • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old Javanese • Portuguese • Scottish Gaelic • Sumerian • Tocharian A • Tunica • Vietnamese • Welsh • Yoruba • Zazaki

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Page categories

English

Etymology

From the McCune-Reischauer romanization of Korean 리 (ri), from Mandarin Chinese 里 (lǐ).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɹiː/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -iː

Noun

ri (plural ris or li)

1. (Units of measure) Synonym of li as a Korean unit of distance equivalent to about 393 m.
2. (music) The solfeggio syllable used to indicate the sharp of the second note of a major scale, enharmonic to me.

Anagrams

• IR, Ir., ir-

Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *(h)eríja- 'of this time, from this time, presently, of now > new, recent', a derivative of Alb. herë '(one) time, hour' etc., which is an old loan-word from Latin hōra 'time, hour' etc.; the Albanian substantive is historically not compatible with a reconstruction Proto-Indo-European *h₁r̥wo-, zero-grade of *h₁orwo- (compare Old English earu (“quick”), Tocharian B ārwer (“ready”), Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥𐬙 (aruuant, “quick, brave”)), as has been proposed in the literature. According to R. Matasovic (A grammatical sketch of Albanian for students of Indo-European. Zadar 2018), the etymology of the adjective is controversial and has no accepted source or from substrate.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɾi]

Adjective

i ri (feminine e re, masculine plural të rinj, feminine plural të reja)

1. young

   një vajzë e re

   a young girl

2. new

   filma të rinj

   new movies

References

Neri, Sergio, Article ri (i), re (e) in: Bardhyl Demiraj, Olav Hackstein, Sergio Neri und Ania Omari. DPEWA, Digitales Philologisch-Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altalbanischen“ (15.-18. Jh.), München 2018-2021 (https://www.dpwa.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/dictionary/?lemmaid=14385)

Anguthimri

Noun

ri

1. (Mpakwithi) excrement

References

• Terry Crowley, The Mpakwithi dialect of Anguthimri (1981), page 188

Cornish

Alternative forms

• (Revived Late Cornish) rei

Etymology

From Middle Cornish ry, from Proto-Brythonic *rroɣid, from Proto-Celtic *rogīti. Cognate with Breton reiñ and Welsh rhoi.

Verb

ri (irregular)

1. to give
2. to grant

   Synonym: grontya

3. to present

   Synonyms: komendya, presentya

Conjugation

Conjugation of ri

		singular			plural			impersonal
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	present/future	rov	redh	re	ren	rowgh	rons	rer
	preterite	res	resys	ros	resen	resowgh	rosons	ros
	imperfect	ren	res	ri	ren	rewgh	rens	res
	pluperfect	rosen	roses	rosa	rosen	rosewgh	rosens	rosys
subjunctive	present/future	rylliv	rylli	rollo	ryllyn	ryllowgh	rollons	roller
	imperfect	rollen	rolles	rolla	rollen	rollewgh	rollens	rollys
imperative		-	ro, roy	res	ren	rewgh	rens	-
non-finite forms		present participle		ow ri	verbal adjective		res

Derived terms

• ri arta (“give back”)
• ri breus (“give an opinion”)
• ri bri a (“contribute”)
• ri dyskans dhe (“educate”)
• ri farwell gans an leuv (“wave goodbye”)
• ri gorrans (“give a lift”)
• ri gweres arghans (“subsidise, support financially”)
• ri kendon (“lend”)
• ri tre (“give back, return”)

Dalmatian

Alternative forms

• rau

Etymology

From Latin reus. Compare Italian rio, Romanian rău.

Adjective

ri (feminine raja)

1. bad

Danish

Etymology

From Middle Low German rigen (“to put in folds”), from or related to Old Saxon rekkian (“to extend”). Distantly related to Old Norse rekja (“to unfold, unwind”), hence a doublet of række (“to reach”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /riː/, [ʁiːˀ]

Verb

ri (imperative ri, present rir or rier, past riede, past participle riet)

1. baste, tack (to sew with wide stitches to temporarily fasten pieces of cloth)

Derived terms

• rining

Esperanto

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ri/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -i
• Hyphenation: ri

Pronoun

ri (accusative rin, possessive ria)

1. (gender-neutral, nonstandard) they (singular). A gender-neutral singular third-person personal pronoun.
   • 1997, Liland Brajant ROS', “Pri Sennaciistaj postulatoj”, in soc.culture.esperanto‎^[2] (Usenet):

     Kial gravas, kiu ri estas?

     Why is it important, who they are?

   • 2006, “Maldormemo mia”, in Eksenlime, performed by La Perdita Generacio:

     Najbaro laboranta en la sama laborejo / En la bela domo ri ne pentras plu

     A neighbor working in the same workplace / In the beautiful house they don't paint anymore

   • 2014, Roland Bonkorpa, “Fiinsulo”, in Beletra Almanako, number 21, New York, N.Y.: Mondial, →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 32:

     Ri estis la plej pacienca kaj inteligenta hundo, kiun mi iam renkontis.

     They were the most patient and intelligent dog I had ever met.

Usage notes

In 1976, the gender-neutral pronoun ri was presented for the first time alongside the pronouns li (he) and ŝi (she). Until about 2010, it remained a seldom used experimental word, but after 2010 its use has increased significantly, especially in youth circles in Western countries. Comparable to English epicene pronouns. Also read about gender reform in Esperanto. Alternatives include expanding the use of the demonstrative pronoun tiu (“that one”) or using the similarly proscribed ŝli.

Synonyms

• (neologism, non standard) ŝli

Derived terms

• riismo (“ri-ism”)

See also

Esperanto personal pronouns

		singular				plural
		nominative	accusative	possessive		nominative	accusative	possessive
first person		mi	min	mia		ni	nin	nia
second person	formal	vi	vin	via		vi	vin	via
	familiar1	ci	cin	cia
third person	masculine	li	lin	lia		ili iŝi3	ilin iŝin3	ilia iŝia3
	feminine	ŝi	ŝin	ŝia
	neuter	ĝi	ĝin	ĝia
	gender-neutral2	ri ŝli	rin ŝlin	ria ŝlia
	reflexive	si	sin	sia		si	sin	sia
indefinite		oni	onin	onia		oni	onin	onia

¹ The second person familiar pronouns are archaic.

² The proposed gender-neutral third-person singular pronouns ri (rin, ria) and ŝli (ŝlin, ŝlia) are not widely used.

³ The proposed third-person feminine plural pronoun iŝi (iŝin, iŝia) is not widely used.

French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʁi/

• Audio (Paris):

  (file)

Participle

ri (feminine rie, masculine plural ris, feminine plural ries)

1. past participle of rire

Galician

Verb

ri

1. inflection of rir:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative
2. (reintegrationist norm) inflection of rir:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. first-person singular preterite indicative
   3. second-person singular imperative

Guinea-Bissau Creole

Etymology

From Portuguese rir. Cognate with Kabuverdianu ri.

Verb

ri

1. to laugh

Hausa

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /rìː/
  • (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA^(key): [rìː]

Ideophone

r̃ī̀

1. people or animals moving as a group

Igbo

Pronunciation

• (inherent tone): IPA^(key): /rí/

Verb

ri

1. to eat, to absorb.

   Ha na-eri nri.

   They are eating food.

   • 2019, Bịabụlụ Nsọ nʼIgbo Ndị Ugbu a, Biblica Inc., Luke 24:43:

     O we nara ya, rie n'iru ha.

     He then took it and ate it in front of them.

2. to acquire.

Italian

Adjective

ri m

1. masculine plural of rio

Anagrams

• ir-

Japanese

Romanization

ri

1. The hiragana syllable り (ri) or the katakana syllable リ (ri) in Hepburn romanization.

Javanese

Romanization

ri

1. Romanization of ꦫꦶ

Kabuverdianu

Etymology

From Portuguese rir.

Verb

ri

1. to laugh

Lashi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɹi˧]
• Hyphenation: ri

Particle

ri

1. Used to mark the preceding noun as a direct object.
   • 2005, “Apoem ayang꞉ 1:1 [Genesis 1:1]”, in Jhoem꞉ mougsougˮ [The Book of the Bible], page 2:

     Xang꞉ shiˮ moo Mangsoo gi mougkhung꞉ yoʼ myidjang ri phainˮ so꞉ toˮ.

     First, God created heaven and earth.

References

• Hkaw Luk (2017) A grammatical sketch of Lacid‎^[3], Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis), page 22

Lutuv

Etymology

Likely from Proto-Kuki-Chin *reel (“"count, read"”)

Verb

ri

1. to read

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Makasar

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *di, from Proto-Austronesian *di.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ri]

Preposition

ri (Lontara spelling ᨑᨗ)

1. general preposition (in, at, to etc.)

Mandarin

Romanization

ri

1. Nonstandard spelling of rī.
2. Nonstandard spelling of rì.

Usage notes

• Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Nabi

Noun

ri

1. woman

References

• transnewguinea.org, citing D. C. Laycock, Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea (1968), Oceanic Linguistics, 7 (1): 36-66

Norwegian Bokmål

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /riː/

Etymology 1

From Old Norse hríð.

Noun

ri (definite singular, indefinite plural, definite plural)

1. attack, sudden pain or mood
2. a short while

Etymology 2

From Old Norse ríða.

Alternative forms

• ride

Verb

ri (imperative ri, present tense rir, simple past red or rei, past participle ridd, present participle riende)

1. to ride (an animal, e.g. a horse)

References

• “ri” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /riː/

Etymology 1

From Old Norse hríð.

Alternative forms

• rid (non-standard since 1938)

Noun

ri f (definite singular ria, indefinite plural rier, definite plural riene)

1. attack, sudden pain or mood
2. a short while
3. period with harsh weather

Derived terms

• angstri
• frostri
• føderi
• hosteri
• uvêrsri

Etymology 2

From Old Norse ríða, from Proto-Germanic *rīdaną.

Alternative forms

• rida, ride

Verb

ri (present tense rir, past tense rei, past participle ridd or ridt or ride, present participle ridande, imperative ri)

1. to ride (an animal)

Related terms

• reia, reie

References

• “ri” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Anagrams

• ir

Old Javanese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ri/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *duʀi, from Proto-Austronesian *duʀi

Noun

ri

1. thorn
2. thorny plant

Alternative forms

• rwi
• hri, ĕri

Descendants

• Javanese: ꦫꦶ (ri)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *di, from Proto-Austronesian *di. Compare Makasar ri (ᨑᨗ).

Particle

ri

1. prepositional particle

Alternative forms

• i

Derived terms

• iṅ
• riṅ

Descendants

• Javanese: ꦫꦶ (ri)

Portuguese

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈʁi/ [ˈhi]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈʁi/ [ˈhi]
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈʁi/ [ˈχi]

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈʁi/

• Rhymes: -i

Verb

ri

1. inflection of rir:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. first-person singular preterite indicative
   3. second-person singular imperative

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Middle Irish fri (“towards, against”), from Old Irish fri. Cognates include Irish fré and Manx rish.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɾʲi/
• (Lewis) IPA^(key): [ði]

Preposition

ri (+ dative, no mutation, before the definite article ris)

1. to, against, with

   ris a' ghaoith ― against the wind

2. up

   chaidh iad ris an leathad ― they went up the hillside

3. as (with cho)

   Tha Seòras cho righinn ri ròn. ― George is as tough as nails. (literally, “George is as tough as a seal.”)

4. Used with a noun or verbal noun to express up to or involved in

   Bha a' chlann sin ri mì-mhodh. ― Those children were up to no good.

   Bha i an urra ris an losgadh anns a' Chròthais beagan bhliadhnachan an dèidh cogadh Iugoslabhach. ― She was responsible for the shooting in Croatia a few years after the Yugoslav War.

Usage notes

• In the Lewis dialect, ri is used instead of ag or a' before a verbal noun to form present participles:

  tha mi ri seinn ― I am singing (As opposed to tha mi a' seinn, which has the same meaning.)

• Followed by a prepositional pronoun takes a passive voice meaning:

  Tha na h-eòin tarraingeach rin amharc. ― The birds are attractive to watch. (literally, “The birds are attractive to their watching.”)

Inflection

Personal inflection of ri

	Person:		simple	emphatic
singular	first		rium	riumsa
	second		riut	riutsa
	third	m	ris	ris-san
		f	rithe	rithese
plural	first		rinn	rinne
	second		ribh	ribhse
	third		riutha	riuthasan

Derived terms

• cho math ri sin
• còmhla ri
• cuide ri
• ri taobh
• ris an t-sruth

Sumerian

Romanization

ri

1. Romanization of 𒊑 (ri)

Tocharian A

Etymology

From Old Chinese 里 (*rɯʔ). Cognate with Tocharian B rīye.

Noun

ri

1. city

Tunica

Noun

ri

1. house, home, dwelling
2. building
3. nest, room

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [zi˧˧]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [ʐɪj˧˧]
• (Saigon) IPA^(key): [ɹɪj˧˧]

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Adjective

ri • (𱓜)

1. (now chiefly in compounds, of stature) small; miniature

See also

• gà ri
• rắn ri
• ròm ri

Etymology 2

Part of the r-series of demonstratives, along with rày, rứa, ru, sao.

Adverb

ri • (夷, 𱓜)

1. (Central Vietnam) like this

   Ao ni su ri.

   This pond is so deep.

See also

Vietnamese demonstratives

proximal (*-iː) distal 1 (*-iːʔ) distal 2 (*-əːʔ) distal 3/ remote (*-ɔːʔ) interrogative (rime was a rounded back vowel) place, attributive1 n- ni nì này/nầy nây ní nấy nớ nọ (nó) nào place, nominal2 đ- đây đấy (ấy) — đó đâu manner r- ri rày — rứa — ru sao3 extent 14 b- bây bấy — — bao extent 25 v- vầy vậy — — — 1 Originally can only follow a nominal (being used attributively), hence nơi này (“this place; here”), nơi nào (“where”) (no longer completely true in the modern language). 2 Can be used on its own/is itself nominal, hence đây (“here”), đâu (“where”). 3 From earlier *C-raːw (where *C is nonspecific consonant). 4 Placed before the head: bây nhiêu (“this much”), bấy nhiêu (“that much”), bao nhiêu (“how much”). 5 Placed after the head: nhanh vầy (“this fast”), nhanh vậy (“that fast/so fast”). visibility/evidentiality6 distal (ngang) remote (huyền) Northern-Southern kia (cơ) kìa (cờ) Central tê tề 6 Originally, these demonstratives might have been used to assert that something is visible and/or verifiable. They have been bleached quite thoroughly and currently are usually used like other distal demonstratives. The biggest trace of their evidentiality might be in their usage as final particles, often in reduced forms cơ/cờ: [t]ừ đấy về tới Hà Nội, còn những ba cái cầu nữa cơ mà! ("From there to Hanoi, there're still three more bridges to cross!") (Ba ngày luân lạc, 1943).

Welsh

Noun

ri

1. Soft mutation of rhi.

Mutation

Mutated forms of rhi

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
rhi	ri	unchanged	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Yoruba

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɾí/

Noun

rí

1. The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) lẹ́tà; á, bí, dí, é, ẹ́, fí, gí, gbì, hí, í, jí, kí, lí, mí, ní, ó, ọ́, pí, rí, sí, ṣí, tí, ú, wí, yí

Etymology 2

From Proto-Yoruboid *lí, cognate with Igala lí.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɾí/

Verb

rí

1. (transitive) to see, to find

   Bí ojú bá rí, ẹnu a dákẹ́. ― One should not say everything they see.

   Mo rí ajá rẹ níjẹrin. ― I saw your dog three days ago.

   Ǹjẹ́ ẹ ti rí ọkọ̀ yín? ― Have you found your car?

2. (intransitive) to look like

   Báwo l'ó ṣé ń rí? ― What does it usually look like?

Synonyms

Yoruba Varieties and Languages - rí (“to see”)
view map; edit data
Language Family	Variety Group	Variety/Language	Subdialect	Location	Words
Proto-Itsekiri-SEY	Southeast Yoruba	Ào		Ìdóàní	rí
		Ìdànrè (Ùdànè, Ùdànrè)		Ìdànrè (Ùdànè, Ùdànrè)	í
		Ìjẹ̀bú	Ìjẹ̀bú	Ìjẹ̀bú Òde	rí
			Rẹ́mọ	Ẹ̀pẹ́	rí
				Ìkòròdú	rí
				Ṣágámù	rí
		Ìkálẹ̀ (Ùkálẹ̀)		Òkìtìpupa	rí
		Ìlàjẹ (Ùlàjẹ)		Mahin	rí
		Oǹdó		Oǹdó	í
		Usẹn		Usẹn	rí
	Ìtsẹkírì			Ìwẹrẹ	rí
Proto-Yoruba	Central Yoruba	Èkìtì	Èkìtì	Àdó Èkìtì	rí
			Àkúrẹ́	Àkúrẹ́	rí
			Mọ̀bà	Ọ̀tùn Èkìtì	rí
		Ifẹ̀ (Ufẹ̀)		Ilé Ifẹ̀ (Ulé Ufẹ̀)	rí
		Ìjẹ̀ṣà (Ùjẹ̀ṣà)		Iléṣà (Uléṣà)	rí
	Northwest Yoruba	Àwórì		Èbúté Mẹ́tà	rí
		Ẹ̀gbá		Abẹ́òkúta	rí
		Ẹ̀gbádò		Ìjàká	rí
		Èkó		Èkó	rí
		Ìbàdàn		Ìbàdàn	rí
		Ìbàràpá		Igbó Òrà	rí
		Ìbọ̀lọ́		Òṣogbo (Òsogbo)	rí
		Ìgbómìnà		Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún	rí
				Ìfẹ́lódùn LGA	rí
				Ìrẹ́pọ̀dùn LGA	rí
				Ìsin LGA	rí
		Ìlọrin		Ìlọrin	rí
		Oǹkó		Òtù	rí
				Ìwéré Ilé	rí
				Òkèhò	rí
				Ìsẹ́yìn	rí
				Ṣakí	rí
				Tedé	rí
				Ìgbẹ́tì	rí
		Ọ̀yọ́		Ọ̀yọ́	rí
		Standard Yorùbá		Nàìjíríà	rí
				Bɛ̀nɛ̀	rí
	Northeast Yoruba/Okun	Ìyàgbà		Ìsánlú Ìtẹ̀dó	rí
		Owé		Kabba	rí
	Ede Languages/Southwest Yoruba	Ana		Sokode	rí
		Ǹcà (Ìcà, Ìncà)		Baàtɛ	rí
		Ìdàácà	Benin	Igbó Ìdàácà (Dasa Zunmɛ̀)	rí
		Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí-Ìjè	Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí/Ìjè	Onigbolo	rí
		Ifɛ̀		Akpáré	rí
				Atakpamɛ	rí
				Boko	rí
				Moretan	rí
				Tchetti (Tsɛti, Cɛti)	rí
		Kura		Awotébi	lí
				Partago	rí
		Northern Nago		Kambole	í
				Manigri	í
Note: This amalgamation of terms comes from a number of different academic papers focused on the unique varieties and languages spoken in the Yoruboid dialectal continuum which extends from eastern Togo to southern Nigeria. The terms for spoken varieties, now deemed dialects of Yorùbá in Nigeria (i.e. Southeast Yorùbá, Northwest Yorùbá, Central Yorùbá, and Northeast Yorùbá), have converged with those of Standard Yorùbá leading to the creation of what can be labeled Common Yorùbá (Funṣọ Akere, 1977). It can be assumed that the Standard Yorùbá term can also be used in most Nigerian varieties alongside native terms, especially amongst younger speakers. This does not apply to the other Nigerian Yoruboid languages of Ìṣẹkírì and Olùkùmi, nor the Èdè Languages of Benin and Togo.

Derived terms

• b'ó-ṣe-rí-láòṣègbè (“prima facie”)
• jẹ́-k'á-rí-ẹni-náà (“habeas corpus”)
• rí i pé (“to find that”)
• ríran (“see well, predict the future”)

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɾí/

Adverb

rí

1. already, yet, before

   N̄ kò ì tí ì rí i rí. ― I haven't seen it before.

   A ti jẹ ìrẹsì yẹn rí. ― We've already tried that rice.

Derived terms

• nígbà kan rí (“once upon a time”)

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

• (low-tone): IPA^(key): /ɾì/
• (mid-tone): IPA^(key): /ɾī/

Verb

rì

1. (intransitive) to sink, to drown
2. (transitive) to sink

Verb

ri

1. Alternative form of rì (“to sink”) used before object nouns

Zazaki

Etymology

From Proto-Iranian *rauda- (“appearance”) (with semantic shift "growth, development" > "appearance"), from Proto-Iranian *Hraud- (“to grow (bigger)”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”).

Cognate with Persian رو (rû, “face”), Northern Kurdish rû (“face”), etc.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈɾi]
• Hyphenation: ri

Noun

ri

1. face