ri

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ri"

English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From the McCune-Reischauer romanization of Korean 리 (ri), from Mandarin Chinese 里 (lǐ).

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ɹiː/
Audio (Southern England) (file)
Rhymes: -iː

Noun[edit]

ri (plural ris or li)

(Units of measure) Synonym of li as a Korean unit of distance equivalent to about 393 m.
(music) The solfeggio syllable used to indicate the sharp of the second note of a major scale, enharmonic to me.

Anagrams[edit]

IR, Ir., ir-

Albanian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Albanian *(h)eríja- 'of this time, from this time, presently, of now > new, recent', a derivative of Alb. herë '(one) time, hour' etc., which is an old loan-word from Latin hōra 'time, hour' etc.; the Albanian substantive is historically not compatible with a reconstruction Proto-Indo-European *h₁r̥wo-, zero-grade of *h₁orwo- (compare Old English earu (“quick”), Tocharian B ārwer (“ready”), Avestan aruuant- (“quick, brave”)), as it has been proposed in the literature. According to R. Matasovic (A grammatical sketch of Albanian for students of Indo-European. Zadar 2018), the etymology of the adjective is controversial and has no accepted source or from substrate.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): [ɾi]

Adjective[edit]

i ri (feminine e re, masculine plural të rinj, feminine plural të reja)

young
një vajzë e re
a young girl
new
filma të rinj
new movies

References[edit]

Neri, Sergio, Article ri (i), re (e) in: Bardhyl Demiraj, Olav Hackstein, Sergio Neri und Ania Omari. DPEWA, Digitales Philologisch-Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altalbanischen“ (15.-18. Jh.), München 2018-2021 (https://www.dpwa.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/dictionary/?lemmaid=14385)

Anguthimri[edit]

Noun[edit]

ri

(Mpakwithi) excrement

References[edit]

Terry Crowley, The Mpakwithi dialect of Anguthimri (1981), page 188

Dalmatian[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

rau

Etymology[edit]

From Latin reus. Compare Italian rio, Romanian rău.

Adjective[edit]

ri (feminine raja)

bad

Danish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Low German rigen (“to put in folds”), from or related to Old Saxon rekkian (“to extend”). Distantly related to Old Norse rekja (“to unfold, unwind”), hence a doublet of række (“to reach”).

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /riː/, [ʁiːˀ]

Verb[edit]

ri (imperative ri, present rir or rier, past riede, past participle riet)

baste, tack (to sew with wide stitches to temporarily fasten pieces of cloth)

Derived terms[edit]

rining

Esperanto[edit]

English Wikipedia has an article on:

ri (pronoun)

Wikipedia

Etymology[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): [ri]
Audio:
(file)
Hyphenation: ri

Pronoun[edit]

ri (accusative rin, possessive ria)

(gender-neutral, nonstandard) they (singular). A gender-neutral singular third-person personal pronoun.
- 1997, Liland Brajant ROS', “Pri Sennaciistaj postulatoj”, in soc.culture.esperanto‎^[1] (Usenet):
  Kial gravas, kiu ri estas?
  Why is it important, who they are?
- 2006, “Maldormemo mia”, in Eksenlime, performed by La Perdita Generacio:
  Najbaro laboranta en la sama laborejo / En la bela domo ri ne pentras plu
  A neighbor working in the same workplace / In the beautiful house they don't paint anymore
- 2014, Roland Bonkorpa, “Fiinsulo”, in Beletra Almanako, number 21, New York, N.Y.: Mondial, →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 32:
  Ri estis la plej pacienca kaj inteligenta hundo, kiun mi iam renkontis.
  They were the most patient and intelligent dog I had ever met.

Usage notes[edit]

In 1976, the gender-neutral pronoun ri was presented for the first time alongside the pronouns li (he) and ŝi (she). Until about 2010, it remained a seldom used experimental word, but after 2010 its use has increased significantly, especially in youth circles in Western countries. Comparable to English epicene pronouns. Also read about gender reform in Esperanto. Alternatives include expanding the use of the demonstrative pronoun tiu (“that one”) or using the similarly proscribed ŝli.

Synonyms[edit]

(neologism, proscribed) ŝli

Holonyms[edit]

li (“he”)
ŝi (“she”)

Derived terms[edit]

riismo (“ri-ism”)

French[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ʁi/
Audio (Paris) (file)

Participle[edit]

ri (feminine rie, masculine plural ris, feminine plural ries)

past participle of rire

Galician[edit]

Verb[edit]

ri

inflection of rir:
1. third-person singular present indicative
2. second-person singular imperative
(reintegrationist norm) inflection of rir:

Guinea-Bissau Creole[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Portuguese rir. Cognate with Kabuverdianu ri.

Verb[edit]

ri

to laugh

Hausa[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /rìː/
- (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA^(key): [rìː]

Ideophone[edit]

r̃ī̀

people or animals moving as a group

Igbo[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(inherent tone): IPA^(key): /rí/

Verb[edit]

ri

to eat, to absorb.
Ha na-eri nri.
They are eating food.
- 2019, Bịabụlụ Nsọ nʼIgbo Ndị Ugbu a, Biblica Inc., Luke 24:43:
  O we nara ya, rie n'iru ha.
  He then took it and ate it in front of them.
to acquire.

Italian[edit]

Adjective[edit]

ri m

masculine plural of rio

Anagrams[edit]

ir-

Japanese[edit]

Romanization[edit]

ri

Rōmaji transcription of り
Rōmaji transcription of リ

Javanese[edit]

Romanization[edit]

ri

Romanization of ꦫꦶ

Kabuverdianu[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Portuguese rir.

Verb[edit]

ri

to laugh

Lashi[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ɹi/

Particle[edit]

ri

Turns the preceding word into an accusative.

References[edit]

Hkaw Luk (2017) A grammatical sketch of Lacid‎^[2], Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis)

Makasar[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *di, from Proto-Austronesian *di.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): [ri]

Preposition[edit]

ri (Lontara spelling ᨑᨗ)

general preposition (in, at, to etc.)

Mandarin[edit]

Romanization[edit]

ri

Nonstandard spelling of rī.
Nonstandard spelling of rì.

Usage notes[edit]

Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Nabi[edit]

Noun[edit]

ri

woman

References[edit]

transnewguinea.org, citing D. C. Laycock, Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea (1968), Oceanic Linguistics, 7 (1): 36-66

Norwegian Bokmål[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /riː/

Etymology 1[edit]

From Old Norse hríð.

Noun[edit]

ri (definite singular, indefinite plural, definite plural)

attack, sudden pain or mood
a short while

Etymology 2[edit]

From Old Norse ríða.

Alternative forms[edit]

ride

Verb[edit]

ri (imperative ri, present tense rir, simple past red or rei, past participle ridd, present participle riende)

to ride (an animal, e.g. a horse)

References[edit]

“ri” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /riː/

Etymology 1[edit]

From Old Norse hríð.

Alternative forms[edit]

rid (non-standard since 1938)

Noun[edit]

ri f (definite singular ria, indefinite plural rier, definite plural riene)

Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From Old Norse ríða, from Proto-Germanic *rīdaną.

Alternative forms[edit]

rida, ride

Verb[edit]

ri (present tense rir, past tense rei, past participle ridd or ridt or ride, present participle ridande, imperative ri)

to ride (an animal)

Related terms[edit]

reia, reie

References[edit]

“ri” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Anagrams[edit]

ir

Old Javanese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ri/

Etymology 1[edit]

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *duʀi, from Proto-Austronesian *duʀi

Noun[edit]

ri

thorn
thorny plant

Alternative forms[edit]

rwi
hri, ĕri

Descendants[edit]

Javanese: ꦫꦶ (ri)

Etymology 2[edit]

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *di, from Proto-Austronesian *di. Compare Makasar ri (ᨑᨗ).

Particle[edit]

ri

prepositional particle

Alternative forms[edit]

i

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Javanese: ꦫꦶ (ri)

Portuguese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈʁi/ [ˈhi]
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈʁi/ [ˈχi]

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈʁi/

Rhymes: -i

Verb[edit]

ri

inflection of rir:

Scottish Gaelic[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Irish fri (“towards, against”), from Old Irish fri. Cognates include Irish fré and Manx rish.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ɾʲi/
(Lewis) IPA^(key): [ði]

Preposition[edit]

ri (+ dative, no mutation, before the definite article ris)

to, against, with
ris a' ghaoith ― against the wind
up
chaidh iad ris an leathad ― they went up the hillside
as (with cho)
Tha Seòras cho righinn ri ròn. ― George is as tough as nails.

(literally "George is as tough as a seal.")
Used with a noun or verbal noun to express up to or involved in
Bha a' chlann sin ri mì-mhodh. ― Those children were up to no good.

Bha i an urra ris an losgadh anns a' Chròthais beagan bhliadhnachan an dèidh cogadh Iugoslabhach. ― She was responsible for the shooting in Croatia a few years after the Yugoslav War.

Usage notes[edit]

In the Lewis dialect, ri is used instead of ag or a' before a verbal noun to form present participles:
tha mi ri seinn ― I am singing (As opposed to tha mi a' seinn, which has the same meaning.)
Followed by a prepositional pronoun takes a passive voice meaning:
Tha na h-eòin tarraingeach rin amharc. ― The birds are attractive to watch. (literally, “The birds are attractive to their watching.”)

Inflection[edit]

Personal inflection of ri
Number	Person	Simple	Emphatic
Singular	1st	rium	riumsa
	2nd	riut	riutsa
	3rd m	ris	ris-san
	3rd f	rithe	rithese
Plural	1st	rinn	rinne
	2nd	ribh	ribhse
	3rd	riutha	riuthasan

Derived terms[edit]

Sumerian[edit]

Romanization[edit]

ri

Romanization of 𒊑 (ri)

Tunica[edit]

Noun[edit]

ri

Vietnamese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [zi˧˧]
(Huế) IPA^(key): [ʐɪj˧˧]
(Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [ɹɪj˧˧]

Etymology 1[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Adjective[edit]

ri • (𱓜)

(now chiefly in compounds, of stature) small; miniature

Etymology 2[edit]

Part of the r-series of demonstratives, along with rày, rứa, ru, sao.

Adverb[edit]

ri • (夷, 𱓜)

(Central Vietnam) like this

Welsh[edit]

Noun[edit]

ri

Soft mutation of rhi.

Mutation[edit]

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
rhi	ri	unchanged	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Yoruba[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ɾí/

Noun[edit]

rí

The name of the Latin-script letter R.

Etymology 2[edit]

Proposed to derive from Proto-Yoruboid *lí, cognate with Igala lí

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ɾí/

Verb[edit]

rí

(transitive) to see
(intransitive) to look like

Derived terms[edit]

ríran

Etymology 3[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(low-tone): IPA^(key): /ɾì/
(mid-tone): IPA^(key): /ɾī/

Verb[edit]

rì

(intransitive) to sink, to drown
(transitive) to sink

Verb[edit]

ri

Alternative form of rì (“to sink”) used before object nouns

Zazaki[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): [ˈɾi]
Hyphenation: ri

Noun[edit]

ri

face

Vietnamese demonstratives
Laurence Thompson (1965), Vietnamese Grammar
		Unspecified		Close to the speaker or newly introduced		Remote, already identified
PLACE đ- (first register)		đâu ‘wherever’		đây ‘here’		đấy ‘there’
REFERENCE n- (second register)		nào ‘whichever’		này ‘this’		nọ ‘that’
PROPORTION b- (first register)		bao ‘to whatever extent’		bây ‘to this extent’		bấy ‘to that extent’
MANNER s- (first register) v- (second register)		sao ‘however’		vầy ‘this way’		vậy ‘that way’
Nguyễn Phú Phong (1992), “Vietnamese Demonstratives Revisited”
	D^• (Indefinite)		D1 (Proximal)		D2 (Medial)		D3 (Distal)
+NOM(inal)	đâu place-what		đây place-this		đấy place-that₁
±NOM(inal)					đó (place-)that₁		kia (place-)that₂
–NOM(inal)	nào what		nầy this		nấy/ấy that₁		nọ that₂

	Proximal (*-iː)	Distal 1 (*-iːʔ)	Distal 2 (*-əːʔ)	Distal 3/ Remote (*-ɔːʔ)	Interrogative (rime was a rounded back vowel)
Place, attributive¹ n-	ni nì này	nấy	nớ	nọ	nào
Place, nominal² đ-	đây	đí đấy	—	đó	đâu
Manner r-	ri rày	—	rứa	—	ru sao³
Extent 1⁴ b-	bây	bấy	—	—	bao
Extent 2⁵ v-	vầy	vậy	—	—	—
¹ Originally can only follow a nominal (being used attributively), hence nơi này (“this place; here”), nơi nào (“where”) (no longer completely true in the modern language). ² Can be used on its own/is itself nominal, hence đây (“here”), đâu (“where”). ³ From earlier C-raːw (where C is nonspecific consonant). ⁴ Placed before the head: bây nhiêu (“this much”), bấy nhiêu (“that much”), bao nhiêu (“how much”). ⁵ Placed after the head: nhanh vầy (“this fast”), nhanh vậy (“that fast/so fast”).