r

See also: R, г, and Appendix:Variations of "r"

r U+0072, r LATIN SMALL LETTER R ← q [U+0071] Basic Latin s → [U+0073]

ｒ U+FF52, ｒ FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER R ← ｑ [U+FF51] Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms ｓ → [U+FF53]

Translingual

Etymology 1

Modification of capital letter R by not closing the bottom of the loop but continuing into the leg to save a pen stroke, later shortening the right leg into a simple arc.

Letter

r (upper case R)

1. The eighteenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.

See also

• (Latin script):  Aa  Bb  Cc  Dd  Ee  Ff  Gg  Hh  Ii  Jj  Kk  Ll  Mm  Nn  Oo  Pp  Qq  Rr  Sſs  Tt  Uu  Vv  Ww  Xx  Yy  Zz
• (Variations of letter R):  Ŕŕ  Řř  Ṙṙ  Ŗŗ  Ȑȑ  Ȓȓ  Ṛṛ  Ṝṝ  Ṟṟ  Ɍɍ  Ɽɽ  ᵲ  ᶉ  ɼ  ɾ  ᵳ  ʀ  Ｒｒ
• (select symbols) ® ℝ ɻ r̃
• (other scripts) Cyrillic р (r) я (ja), Greek ρ (r, “rho”), Hebrew ר‎ (r, “resh”), Hangeul ㄹ (r, “rieul”)
• dog's letter

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA

  (file)

Symbol

r

1. (engineering, geometry) radius
2. (IPA) alveolar trill
3. (phonetics) used in several romanization systems of non-Latin scripts to represent an various other rhotic sounds (/r/).
   1. Romanization of the Hebrew ר‎ (“reish”, “resh”, “rēš”) in the Common Israeli, Hebrew Academy (1953 and 2006), and ISO 259 transliteration schemes
   2. Romanization of the Hebrew רּ‎ (“reish”, “resh”, “rēš ḥāzāq”) in the Common Israeli transliteration scheme

Synonyms

• (Romanization of רּ, “reish”, “resh”, “rēš ḥāzāq”): rr (in the Hebrew Academy (1953 and 2006) and ISO 259 transliteration schemes)

Gallery

• Letter styles
• 

  Capital and lowercase versions of R, in normal and italic type

• 

  Uppercase and lowercase R in Fraktur

See also

Other representations of R:

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English

Etymology 1

Old English lower case letter r, from 7th century replacement by Latin lower case r of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᚱ.

Pronunciation

• (letter name):

  (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ɑː(ɹ)/

  (General American) IPA^(key): /ɑɹ/

  (Ireland) IPA^(key): /ɔɹ/

  (AAVE) IPA^(key): /ˈɑɹə/

• (phoneme): (non-rhotic) IPA^(key): /ɹ/ or a lengthening of the previous vowel, (rhotic) IPA^(key): /ɹ/

  Audio (UK)

  (file)

  Audio (US)

  (file)

Letter

r (lower case, upper case R, plural r's)

1. The eighteenth letter of the English alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) letter; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Number

r (lower case, upper case R)

1. The ordinal number eighteenth, derived from this letter of the English alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.

Etymology 2

From are, pronounced like the name of the letter r

Verb

r

1. (abbreviation, slang, text messaging, Internet) are (in text messaging and internet conversations)

   How r u — “How are you?”

Translations

text messaging: are

• Italian: 6 (it)

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Azerbaijani

Pronunciation

• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /r/

Letter

r lower case (upper case R)

1. The twenty-fourth letter of the Azerbaijani alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) hərf; A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, Ə ə, F f, G g, Ğ ğ, H h, X x, I ı, İ i, J j, K k, Q q, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, P p, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, Ü ü, V v, Y y, Z z

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Dutch

Pronunciation

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛr
• (letter name): IPA^(key): /ɛr/

Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)

1. The eighteenth letter of the Dutch alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• Previous letter: q
• Next letter: s

See also

• 'r

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Egyptian

FWOTD – 19 July 2016

Etymology 1

The actual reading of this word is uncertain, as it is always written as an ideogram, but evidence from Coptic suggests the original was rꜣ.

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ɾaʀ/ → /ɾaʀ/ → /ɾaʔ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ɾaʀ/ (singular); IPA^(key): /ˈɾaːʀaw/ (plural)
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ɾaʀ/ (singular); IPA^(key): /ˈɾaːʀaw/ (plural)
• (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ɾaʔ/ (singular); IPA^(key): /ˈɾoːw/ (plural)

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɛr/
  • Conventional anglicization: er
• (modern Egyptological, US) IPA^(key): /ɝ/

Noun

 m

1. division, opening
2. mouth
   • Stela of Hekaib, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, AP 78:

     jnk nḏs jqr ḏd m r(ꜣ).f

     I was an excellent individual; one who spoke with his own mouth.

3. entrance
4. utterance, statement
5. part, piece
6. used as a numerator of 1 in fractions, literally “piece of (the denominator)”.
   • 12th Dynasty, Siut Tomb I, 285, published in Griffith, Francis Llewellyn, The inscriptions of Siûṭ and Dêr Rîfeh:

     r(ꜣ) ḫmtw-št sjsjw

     ¹⁄₃₆₀

Inflection

Declension of r (masculine consonant-stem)

singular	r
dual	rwj
plural	rw

Derived terms

• jꜥw-r
• jmj-r
• wpt r
• nḏ r
• r-jb
• rwj
• rw nw prt m hrw
• r-pr
• r n kmt
• ḫmt-rw

 

Descendants

• Demotic: rꜣ
  • Coptic: ⲣⲟ (ro) (Sahidic, Bohairic, Akhmimic), ⲗⲁ (la) (Fayyumic)

Etymology 2

Possibly cognate to Hebrew אֶל‎ (ʾel, “to, at”), Arabic إِلَى‎ (ʾilā, “to, until, near”).

Preposition

1. regarding, with respect to, concerning, according to
2. in order to, for (the purpose of)
3. (with following infinitive) forms the periphrastic prospective of a verb
4. against
5. from, apart from (ablative)
6. (with verbs of motion, of places) to, towards
7. (in adverbial sentences, of places, roles, or functions) headed for, destined for, bound for
8. (of time) at, in, on
9. (after an adjective or adverb, forming the comparative) than, by comparison to
10. (generally in sentence-initial form jr) introduces the protasis of a conditional sentence; if, when, as
11. (with a verb in the terminative as object) until

Inflection

Adverbial forms of r  

jrj	jr

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of r  

jr

at the beginning of a sentence, and occasionally before pronouns

Derived terms

• jrj
• jrj ꜣ r gs
• m ꜣt r ꜣt
• r ꜣw
• r ꜣbb
• r-jmjtw
• r ꜥꜣt
• r-pw
• r mj
• r ntt
• r sꜣ
• r-šꜣꜥ
• r gs
• rḏj mꜣꜥ r
• r ḏbꜣ
• r ḏr
• r ḏd
• ḥrw r
• spr r dmj
• šꜣꜥ-r

 

Particle

 enclitic

1. (with attached suffix pronoun) so, regarding (that, you, me, etc.), as for (that, you, me, etc.)

Usage notes

This usage is distinguished from the preposition by the fact that it occurs as the enclitic second element in a clause instead of at the end of a clause, as is otherwise the case with prepositional phrases.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of r  

jr

References

• Allen, James (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, second edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
• Faulkner, Raymond (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN
• Gardiner, Alan (1957) Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, third edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 429
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 42

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Esperanto

Pronunciation

• Audio

  (file)

Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)

1. The twenty-first letter of the Esperanto alphabet, called ro and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) litero; A a, B b, C c, Ĉ ĉ, D d, E e, F f, G g, Ĝ ĝ, H h, Ĥ ĥ, I i, J j, Ĵ ĵ, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, R r, S s, Ŝ ŝ, T t, U u, Ŭ ŭ, V v, Z z

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Faroese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɹ/

Letter

r (upper case R)

1. The twentieth letter of the Faroese alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) bókstavur; A a, Á á, B b, D d, Рð, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ó ó, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, Ú ú, V v, Y y, Ý ý, Æ æ, Ø ø

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Finnish

Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)

1. The eighteenth letter of the Finnish alphabet, called är or er and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) kirjain; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s (Š š), T t, U u, V v (W w), X x, Y y, Z z (Ž ž), Å å, Ä ä, Ö ö

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Fula

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɾ/

Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)

1. A letter of the Fula alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Usage notes

• Common to all varieties of Fula (Fulfulde / Pulaar / Pular).

See also

• (Latin-script letters) karfeeje; ', A a, B b, Mb mb, Ɓ ɓ, C c, D d, Nd nd, Ɗ ɗ, E e, F f, G g, Ng ng, Ɠ ɠ, H h, I i, J j, Nj nj, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ŋ ŋ, Ñ ñ, Ɲ ɲ, O o, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, W w, Y y, Ƴ ƴ

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Gothic

Romanization

r

1. Romanization of 𐍂

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Ido

Pronunciation

• (context pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ɾ/
• (letter name) IPA^(key): /ɾe/

Letter

r (upper case R)

1. The eighteenth letter of the Ido alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) litero; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

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Italian

Noun

r m, f (invariable)

1. See under R

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Latvian

Etymology

Proposed in 1908 as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed by K. Mīlenbahs, which was accepted and began to be taught in schools in 1909. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in German Fraktur, and sporadically in Cyrillic.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɾ]

Letter

R

r (lower case, upper case R)

1. The twenty-fifth letter of the Latvian alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.

See also

• Letters of the Latvian alphabet:

  burti: Aa, Āā, Bb, Cc, Čč, Dd, Ee, Ēē, Ff, Gg, Ģģ, Hh, Ii, Īī, Jj, Kk, Ķķ, Ll, Ļļ, Mm, Nn, Ņņ, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Šš, Tt, Uu, Ūū, Vv, Zz, Žž

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Livonian

Pronunciation

• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /r/

Letter

r (upper case R)

1. The twenty-ninth letter of the Livonian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) kēratēḑ; A a, Ā ā, Ä ä, Ǟ ǟ, B b, D d, Ḑ ḑ, E e, Ē ē, F f, G g, H h, I i, Ī ī, J j, K k, L l, Ļ ļ, M m, N n, Ņ ņ, O o, Ō ō, Ȯ ȯ, Ȱ ȱ, Õ õ, Ȭ ȭ, P p, R r, Ŗ ŗ, S s, Š š, T t, Ț ț, U u, Ū ū, V v, Z z, Ž ž

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Malay

Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)

1. The eighteenth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

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Mandarin

Romanization

r (Zhuyin ˙ㄖ)

1. Pinyin transcription of 兒, 儿

References

• Wenlin Pinyin dictionary
• erhua on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

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Norwegian

Pronunciation

• (letter name): IPA^(key): /ærː/, /æɾː/
• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /r/, /ɾ/, /ʁ/

Letter

r

1. The eighteenth letter of the Norwegian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Usage notes

• /ʁ/ is the pronunciation of r usually found in southern and southeastern dialects of Norway. Bergen has the dialect best known for this sound. Said to come from Danish and/or German, originally from French.
• Dialects with /ʁ/ do not have retroflex consonants.

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Portuguese

Pronunciation

• Audio (BR)

  (file)

Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)

1. The eighteenth letter of the Portuguese alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) letra; A a (Á á, À à,  â, àã), B b, C c (Ç ç), D d, E e (É é, Ê ê), F f, G g, H h, I i (Í í), J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ô ô, Õ õ), P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u (Ú ú), V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

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Romanian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /re/, /er/

Letter

r (lowercase, capital R)

1. The twentieth letter of the Romanian alphabet, written in the Latin script. Representing the phoneme /r/. Preceded by p and followed by s.

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Serbo-Croatian

Alternative forms

• (uppercase) R

Pronunciation

• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /r/

Letter

r (Cyrillic spelling р)

1. The 23rd letter of the Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet (gajica), preceded by p and followed by s.

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Skolt Sami

Pronunciation

• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /r/

Letter

r (upper case R)

1. The twenty-seventh letter of the Skolt Sami alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) bukva; A a,  â, B b, C c, Č č, Ʒ ʒ, Ǯ ǯ, D d, Đ đ, E e, F f, G g, Ǧ ǧ, Ǥ ǥ, H h, I i, J j, K k, Ǩ ǩ, L l, M m, N n, Ŋ ŋ, O o, Õ õ, P p, R r, S s, Š š, T t, U u, V v, Z z, Ž ž, Å å, Ä ä, ʹ

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Spanish

Pronunciation

• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /ɾ/, /r/
• (letter name) IPA^(key): /ˈere/

  • Audio (Spain)

    (file)

• IPA^(key): /ˈeɾe/

Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)

1. The nineteenth letter of the Spanish alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) letra; A a (Á á), B b, C c, D d, E e (É é), F f, G g, H h, I i (Í í), J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ñ ñ, O o (Ó ó), P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u (Ú ú, Ü ü), V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

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Turkish

Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)

1. The twenty-first letter of the Turkish alphabet, called re and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) harf; A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, F f, G g, Ğ ğ, H h, I ı, İ i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, P p, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, Ü ü, V v, Y y, Z z

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Turkmen

Pronunciation

• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /r/

Letter

r (upper case R)

1. The twenty-first letter of the Turkmen alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) harp; A a, B b, Ç ç, D d, E e, Ä ä, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, Ž ž, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ň ň, O o, Ö ö, P p, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, Ü ü, W w, Y y, Ý ý, Z z

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Zulu

Letter

r (lower case, upper case R)

1. The eighteenth letter of the Zulu alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z