ju

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "ju"

English[edit]

Noun[edit]

ju (plural not attested)

  1. (Hong Kong, slang) Someone admitted to university through the JUPAS system.

Derived terms[edit]

See also[edit]

Albanian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Albanian *ju(s) identical with Lithuanian jūs id., Gothic jūs id., English you. Ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ju (accusative ju, dative juve, ablative jush)

  1. you (plural or polite)

Declension[edit]

forms of ju
ju (2nd person plural)
nominative ju
ablative jush
full form clitic
accusative ju ju
dative juve ju
possessive adjective possessive pronoun
juaj juaji

See also[edit]

Albanian personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person unë ne
2nd person ti ju
3rd person masculine ai ata
feminine ajo ato

References[edit]

^ Orel, Vladimir (1998) Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 195-196

Bilua[edit]

Noun[edit]

ju

  1. water

References[edit]

  • A Grammar of Bilua: A Papuan Language of the Solomon Islands (2003)

Borôro[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

ju

  1. manioc

Central Mazahua[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

ju (upper case Ju)

  1. A letter of the Mazahua alphabet.

Dalmatian[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.

Pronoun[edit]

ju

  1. (first person singular pronoun) I
    Ju sai rau. ― I am sorry.

Related terms[edit]

See also[edit]

Drehu[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

ju

  1. (anatomy) back

References[edit]

Dutch[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Of onomatopoeic origin

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /jy/
  • Audio(file)

Interjection[edit]

ju

  1. Said to a horse to make it start moving.

Esperanto[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Swedish ju.

Pronunciation[edit]

Particle[edit]

ju

  1. the; used with des and either pli (“more”) or malpli (“less”) to form the first half of a coordinated comparative.
    • 1903, Ben Elmy, “La Lingvo de la floroj”, in The Esperantist: The Esperanto Gazette for the Spreading of the International Language, page 138:
      Ju pli ni studas la florojn, des pli ni konstatas, ke multe da ili posedas nesuspektitajn lertecojn, kiujn apud besto ni volonte nomus instinkto aŭ еĉ prudento.
      The more we study the flowers, the more we establish that many of them possess unexpected abilities, which in an animal we would willingly call instinct or even foresight.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Coordinate terms[edit]

Estonian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Finnic *jo (“already”), borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ju (“already; yet; now”). Cognate to Finnish jo, Votic jo, and Ludian ďo.

Adverb[edit]

ju (not comparable)

  1. Emphasises what is spoken, usually because it is already known and obvious to both parties.
    Ma ju armastan sind.
    I love you, isn't it obvious?
  2. apparently, probably
    Ju ta tahab homme minna.
    He probably wants to go tomorrow.

Gothic[edit]

Romanization[edit]

ju

  1. Romanization of 𐌾𐌿

Guaraní[edit]

Verb[edit]

ju (active, intransitive, irregular)

  1. to come (to move towards the speaker)

Conjugation[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Romanization[edit]

ju

  1. Rōmaji transcription of じゅ
  2. Rōmaji transcription of ジュ
  3. Rōmaji transcription of ぢゅ
  4. Rōmaji transcription of ヂュ

Ladin[edit]

Adverb[edit]

ju

  1. down, below
  2. downstairs

Lower Sorbian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ju

  1. accusative of wóna

Related terms[edit]

  • nju (after preposition)

Mandarin[edit]

Romanization[edit]

ju

  1. Nonstandard spelling of jū.
  2. Nonstandard spelling of jú.
  3. Nonstandard spelling of jǔ.
  4. Nonstandard spelling of jù.

Usage notes[edit]

  • Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Middle Dutch[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ju

  1. (Flemish, Holland) accusative/dative of gi

Further reading[edit]

Middle Low German[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Old Saxon iu, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz.

Pronoun[edit]

jû

  1. accusative/dative of gî: you
Declension[edit]
Middle Low German personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative genitive
1st person singular ik (ek) mî (mê, mik, mek) mîn (mîner)
2nd person singular dû dî (dê, dik, dek) dîn (dîner)
3rd person singular
m hê (hî, hie) ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn) ēme, em (ȫme, en) sîn (sîner)
n it (et)
f sê (sî, sie, sü̂) ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)
1st person plural wî (wê, wie) uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik) unser (ûser)
2nd person plural gî (jê, î) jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik) jûwer (ûwer)
3rd person plural sê (sî, sie) em, öm, jüm (en, ēnen, ȫnen) ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)

For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here.

Alternative forms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
  • Low German: ju, jug, jo, jau, u, ugg

Etymology 2[edit]

Determiner[edit]

jû

  1. your (plural)
Declension[edit]
Declension of ju
nominative accusative dative genitive
Strong declension
Masculine jû jûwen jûwem(e) (jûwennote) jûwes
Neuter jû
Feminine jûwe jûwer(e)
Plural jûwe jûwen jûwer(e)
Weak declension
Masculine jûwe jûwen jûwen
Neuter jûwe
Feminine jûwen
Plural jûwen
The longer forms become rarer in the course of the period.

Old French[edit]

Noun[edit]

ju oblique singular, m (oblique plural jus, nominative singular jus, nominative plural ju)

  1. Alternative form of geu

Old Frisian[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz.

Pronoun[edit]

jū

  1. accusative/dative of jī

Inflection[edit]

Old Frisian personal pronoun declensions
singular plural
1st 2nd 3rd m 3rd f 3rd n 1st 2nd 3rd
nominative ik thū hī hiū, hiō hit wī jī hiā
accusative mī thī hine hiā hit ūs jū, jō hiā
dative mī thī him hire, hiāre him ūs jū, jō him, hirem, hiārem
genitive mīn thīn sīn hire, hiāre sīn ūser jūwer hira, hiāra

Descendants[edit]

  • North Frisian: juu
  • Saterland Frisian: jou, Jou
  • West Frisian: jo

Saterland Frisian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /ju/
  • Hyphenation: ju
  • Rhymes: -u

Etymology 1[edit]

From Old Frisian hiū, from Proto-West Germanic *hiju, from Proto-Germanic *hijō. Cognates include West Frisian hja and English hoo.

Pronoun[edit]

ju (oblique hier)

  1. she

See also[edit]

Saterland Frisian personal pronouns
singular plural
1st 2nd 3rd m 3rd f 3rd n 1st 2nd 3rd
stressed iek du hie ju dät wie jie jo
unstressed er ze et ze
objective mie die him hier dät uus jou hier

Etymology 2[edit]

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Alternative forms[edit]

Article[edit]

ju (unstressed de)

  1. feminine of die

References[edit]

  • Marron C. Fort (2015) “ju”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

Serbo-Croatian[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Clitic of nju

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ju (Cyrillic spelling ју)

  1. her (clitic accusative singular of òna (“she”))
Declension[edit]
    Inflection of 3rd-person pronouns
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
nominative ȏn òna òno òni òne òna
genitive njȅga, ga njȇ, je njȅga, ga njȋh, ih njȋh, ih njȋh, ih
dative njȅmu, mu njȏj, joj njȅmu, mu njȉma, im njȉma, im njȉma, im
accusative njȅga, ga, nj njȗ, ju, je njȅga, ga, nj njȋh, ih njȋh, ih njȋh, ih
vocative — — — — — —
locative njȅm, njȅmu njȏj njȅm, njȅmu njȉma njȉma njȉma
instrumental njȋm, njíme njȏm, njóme njȋm, njíme njȉma njȉma njȉma

Etymology 2[edit]

Form of iju

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Interjection[edit]

ju (Cyrillic spelling ју)

  1. Used to express surprise.

Shuar[edit]

Determiner[edit]

ju

  1. this, these

References[edit]

  • Chicham: Dictionario Enciclopédico Shuar-Castellano

Slovak[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

  • ňu (after prepositions)

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ju f

  1. accusative singular of ona

Swedish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Swedish iū, io. Compare Danish jo, Norwegian Nynorsk jo, German ja (adverb) / je (conjunction).

Pronunciation[edit]

Adverb[edit]

ju

  1. Used to indicate an expectation of common understanding, or that what is said is an obvious fact – "as you well know," "of course."
    Bussen går ju klockan tre.
    The bus of course leaves at three o'clock / But the bus leaves at three o'clock (with an expectation that the second party in the conversation is aware of the fact)
    Det var ju inte så bra att vi missade bussen. Nu hinner vi inte med flyget.
    It wasn't great that we missed the bus, of course. Now we will miss the flight.
    Varför gjorde du det inte? Du lovade ju!
    Why didn't you do it? You promised (as you know)!
    – Filmen var bra. – Det var den ju inte alls!
    – The movie was good. – No it wasn't (and this should be our common understanding, as a fact – the ju adds a bit of an argumentative tone, similar to the "No")!
    Vad fan, ytterdörren står öppen
    What the hell, the front door is open (think two people coming home)
    Vad fan, ytterdörren står ju öppen
    What the hell, the front door is open (and this is (or will very soon be) our common understanding, as a fact, as you can also see that it is open – the ju just acts as an emphasizer here)

ju...desto

  1. the...the (when comparing)
    Ju större, desto bättre.
    The larger, the better.

Usage notes[edit]

Colloquially, desto as a parallel comparative is sometimes replaced by a second ju: "Ju större, ju bättre." "Desto större, desto bättre" also occurs.

References[edit]

Wauja[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Interjection[edit]

ju

  1. my dear(s), dearie (intimate yet very courteous term of address from one woman to another, esp. to a female sibling, close relative, or companion)
    Hai, ju! Aya awauta apisun wiu. Ume eu. Aya awauta apisun wiu, ju. Hoona! Iseju, wi.
    "Well, dear! Let's find ourselves a lover," she said. "Let's look for a lover for ourselves, my dear." "Agreed!" [said] her younger sister.
    Pitsu neke, ju! uma pakai paiseju ipitsi. Pitsu neke, ju.
    "Your turn now, dearie," the woman said to her younger sister. "Your turn, my dear."
    Munyakawaka wi, kamwo putukawiu, naatsa kamwi eu whun. Hoona! Hai, ju! Aya waku wiu, ju! Hoona! uma pakai. Aya waku wi! Tuma ulepiu!
    It began to be light, the sun showed itself, it was just here on the horizon. So! [The women said to one another:] "Hey there, my dear! Let's go to the riverside, dear!" "Yes, let's do!" came the reply. "Let's go to the river, indeed!" They began to make fresh manioc bread [to give their lover when they met him at the river's edge].
    Ayama ju! Hoona! Iyapai otepo. Onupene otepoga akain! Eh! Ewetemewi, ju! Hokotawi tsiiiii!
    "Let's go [visit the tree] once again, dear!" [the older sister said to the younger]. "All right!" [the younger sister agreed]. [They] went under [the tree]. They saw pequi fruit [on the ground] beneath [the tree]! "Ah! Let's taste it, dear!" [She] cut [it] open: tsiiiii! [sound of slicing open the fruit]

Usage notes[edit]

  • "My dear" is a rough translation of the term ju, as there is no counterpart in modern English. This is a traditional term of address between women who are speaking in a tone that is both intimate and gracious. It is simultaneously polite and tender, expressing feminine solicitude at its most comforting. Though this term was routinely used by well-spoken female elders in 1981, it was already beginning to be seen by young people as archaic. Older women would teach the anthropologist to use this lovely old term, and remark that young women nowadays no longer bothered to use it. Meanwhile, young female relatives within earshot typically would just giggle. A few decades later, it was rarely heard in daily speech, and more likely to be encountered in traditional stories. Note that it is not a kinship term, but more like a term of gender solidarity.

See also[edit]

  • tya (“my man, guys, fellas”)

References[edit]

  • "Hai, ju!" (transcript, p. 9), "Pitsu neke" (p. 33), "Munyakawaka wi" (p. 57), and "Ayama ju!" (p. 72), uttered by Aruta, storyteller and elder, as he recounted the traditional tale, "The Caiman Spirit" (Yakaojokuma). Recorded in Piyulaga village in the presence of assembled elders and others, November 1989. In this story, a chief, who already has two wives, takes two additional ones, causing the first two wives to feel neglected, and to decide to take a lover. The dialogue between the two women makes extensive use of ju in a comedic manner, showing the two woman so utterly jealous at their husband's taking two new wives that they completely — and quite unnaturally — put aside any jealousy between themselves. With utmost courtesy and decorum, the women in the story calmly take turns receiving the amorous attentions of their shared paramour, something it is impossible to imagine any Wauja woman tolerating, which makes the story all the more amusing.

Yale[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ju

  1. you (second-person singular personal pronoun)

Yoruba[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

jù

  1. (transitive) to throw
Usage notes[edit]
  • ju before a direct object
Derived terms[edit]
  • ìjù (“the act of throwing”)
  • jíjù (“throwing”)

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

jù

  1. (transitive) to exceed, to surpass
Usage notes[edit]
  • ju before a direct object
Derived terms[edit]
Related terms[edit]
  • rè (“to exceed in size or dimension”)

Etymology 3[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

jù

  1. (intransitive) to be worm-infested
Derived terms[edit]
  • ìju (“false pregnancy”)
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