Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/izwiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Probably derived from Proto-Indo-European *uswé, an oblique form of *yúHs, but further details are uncertain. According to Don Ringe, the instrumental plural in *-is may have formed on the model of the 1pl. *unsiz.^[1] He describes two possibilities to explain the initial *i-:

Citing Katz (1998), *uswé underwent apheresis to *swé, which he argues was a common phenomenon with other early Indo-European pronouns, and in turn a prop vowel *i- was added to create *iswé, with further changes and analogies leading to hypothetical accusative *is and dative-instrumental *izwiz, with the latter eventually replacing the former in form. Still, he regards the origin of *izwiz as “entirely opaque”.^[2]
Citing Michael Weiss (p.c.), dissimilation to *iswé took place.^[3]

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term. Particularly: “By analogy with the nom.pl. *y-? Or, what if *uswé and *iswé are just different reductions of original **yuswé?”

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈiz.wiz/

Pronoun

*izwiz

accusative/dative/instrumental of *jūz

Descendants

West Germanic: *iwwi (from dative/accusative of *jīz)
- Old English: ēow
  - Middle English: yow
    - English: you
      - Belizean Creole: yu
      - Bislama: yu
      - Cameroon Pidgin: you
      - Jamaican Creole: yuh
      - Nigerian Pidgin: yu
      - Sranan Tongo: yu
        Aukan: yu
        >? Maroon Spirit Language: i
        Saramaccan: yu
      - Tok Pisin: yu
      - Torres Strait Creole: yu
    - Middle Scots: ȝow
      - Scots: you
- Old Frisian: jū, iu, jō, io
  - North Frisian: juu
  - Saterland Frisian: jou, Jou
  - West Frisian: jo
- Old Saxon: iu, eu, iuu, giu
  - Middle Low German: jû, jûw
    - Low German: ju, jug, jo, jau, u, ugg
- Old Dutch: iu
  - Middle Dutch: u, ju
    - Dutch: u
- Old Dutch: *jū (northern variant)
  - Middle Dutch: jou
    - Dutch: jou, a (Brabant)
      - Afrikaans: jou
      - Jersey Dutch: jāu
      - Petjo: jou
      - Skepi Creole Dutch: asu
- Old High German: iu
  - Middle High German: iu
    - Alemannic German: öi
- ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *iwwik, *iuwik (accusative, reflexive)
  - ⇒ Old English: ēowiċ, īouh, īuh, īucgh
    - Middle English: ȝouȝ, ȝehw, euwȝ, ȝogh
  - Old Saxon: *iuwik, *iwik, *euwik, *iuk
    - Middle Low German: iok, jök, jöck
      - German Low German: jöck
  - ⇒ Old High German: iuwih
    - Middle High German: iuch
      - Alemannic German: üüch
      - Cimbrian: òich
      - German: euch
      - Luxembourgish: iech
      - Yiddish: אײַך (aykh)
Old West Norse: yðr, iðʀ — Old East Norse
- Icelandic: yður
- Danish: (archaic) eder, jer
- Norwegian Nynorsk: øder; (dialectal) ør, dør, døre, dø
Old East Norse: iðʀ, yðr — Old West Norse
- Old Swedish: iþer, idher
  - Swedish: eder, er
- Danish: eder, jer
  - Norwegian Bokmål: eder
- → Norwegian: (dialectal) der, dere
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: dere
Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃 (izwis)

References

^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], 1st edition, Oxford: University Press, →ISBN, page 211
^ Katz, Joshua T. (1998), Topics in Indo-European Personal Pronouns‎^[2] (Ph.D. dissertation), Harvard University, pages 102–105, 107, 110–112
^ Ringe, Donald (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[3], 2nd edition, Oxford: University Press, →ISBN, page 235

[1] Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], 1st edition, Oxford: University Press, →ISBN, page 211

[2] Katz, Joshua T. (1998), Topics in Indo-European Personal Pronouns‎^[2] (Ph.D. dissertation), Harvard University, pages 102–105, 107, 110–112

[3] Ringe, Donald (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[3], 2nd edition, Oxford: University Press, →ISBN, page 235

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