je

See also: Appendix:Variations of "je"

Albanian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jɛ/

Verb

je

1. second-person singular present indicative of jam

Bassa

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dʒe]

Noun

je

1. jealousy
2. a kind of lizard

References

• Bassa-English Dictionary
• 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

Blagar

Noun

je

1. canoe

References

• Antoinette Schapper, The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 1 (2014), p. 173

Bourguignon

Alternative forms

• i (normal form)

Etymology

The traditional form is i but je is found as early as in the first recorded texts in Bourguignon. However nowadays, it is rare to find it, most speakers saying i as it is a typical feature of Bourguignon.

Pronoun

je

1. (rare) Alternative form of i

Related terms

    Bourguignon personal pronouns

Number	Person	Gender	Nominative (subject)	Inversion	Reflexive	Accusative (direct complement)	Dative (indirect complement)	Disjunctive (tonic)	Locative (at)	Genitive (of)
Singular	First	—	i (rarely je)	-je	me, m’			moi	—	—
	Second	—	tu, t'	-tu	te, t’			toi	—	—
	Third	Masculine	ai, before vowels el	-ti	se, s’	le, l’	lu	lu	y	en
		Feminine	ale			la, l’		lei
		Neuter	çai	-ce		çai		çai, çan	—	—
		—	an	-an		—	—	soi	—	—
Plural	First	—	i (rarely je)	-je	nos				—	—
	Second	—	vos	-vos	vos				—	—
	Third	Masculine	ai, before vowels el	-ti	se, s’	les	lor	lor	y	en
		Feminine	ales

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈjɛ]

• audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛ

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jь, *ja, *je, originally from Proto-Indo-European *eno-, *ono-, *no-.

Pronoun

je

1. third-person plural accusative of on
2. third-person plural accusative of ona
3. third-person singular/plural accusative of ono

See also

• ně

Etymology 2

Formerly jest, from Proto-Slavic *estь, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.

Verb

je

1. third-person singular present indicative of být

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jə/

• Audio

  (file)

Etymology 1

Pronoun

je

1. subjective unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”)

   Wat doe je daar? ― What are you doing there?

2. objective unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”)

   Ik doe dit wel voor je. ― I'll do this for you.

3. subjective unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”)

   Wat doe je daar? ― What are you doing there?

4. objective unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”)

   Ik doe dit wel voor je. ― I'll do this for you.

Usage notes

• When je is the unstressed subjective form of jullie, it is construed with a singular verb. Compare:

Het is gevaarlijk, maar jullie moeten weten wat je doet.

It’s dangerous, but you must decide what you’re doing.

Inflection

Dutch personal pronouns

	subject		object		possessive			reflexive	genitive5
singular	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	pred.
1st person	ik	'k1	mij	me	mijn	m'n1	mijne	me	mijner, mijns
2nd person	jij	je	jou	je	jouw	je	jouwe	je	jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	zich	uwer, uws
3rd person masculine	hij	ie1	hem	'm1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine	zij	ze	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	hare	zich	harer, haars
3rd person neuter	het	't1	het	't1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
plural
1st person	wij	we	ons	–	ons, onze2	–	onze	ons	onzer, onzes
2nd person	jullie	je	jullie	je	jullie	je	–	je	–
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	zich	uwer, uws
3rd person	zij	ze	hen3, hun4	ze	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner, huns
1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative).				5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural.

Descendants

• Jersey Dutch: je

Etymology 2

Determiner

je (second person, possessive)

1. possessive unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”): your (singular)

   Neem je boek en maak die oefening. ― Take your book and do that exercise.

2. possessive unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”): your (plural), y'all's

   Neem je boeken en maak die oefening. ― Take your books and do that exercise.

Inflection

Dutch personal pronouns

	subject		object		possessive			reflexive	genitive5
singular	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	pred.
1st person	ik	'k1	mij	me	mijn	m'n1	mijne	me	mijner, mijns
2nd person	jij	je	jou	je	jouw	je	jouwe	je	jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	zich	uwer, uws
3rd person masculine	hij	ie1	hem	'm1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine	zij	ze	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	hare	zich	harer, haars
3rd person neuter	het	't1	het	't1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
plural
1st person	wij	we	ons	–	ons, onze2	–	onze	ons	onzer, onzes
2nd person	jullie	je	jullie	je	jullie	je	–	je	–
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	zich	uwer, uws
3rd person	zij	ze	hen3, hun4	ze	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner, huns
1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative).				5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural.

Etymology 3

Pronoun

je (second person, reflexive)

1. reflexive of jij (“you (singular)”): yourself

   Heb je je gewassen? ― Did you wash yourself?

2. reflexive of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”): yourselves

   Hebben jullie je goed voorbereid? ― Have you all prepared yourselves well?

Inflection

Dutch personal pronouns

	subject		object		possessive			reflexive	genitive5
singular	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	pred.
1st person	ik	'k1	mij	me	mijn	m'n1	mijne	me	mijner, mijns
2nd person	jij	je	jou	je	jouw	je	jouwe	je	jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	zich	uwer, uws
3rd person masculine	hij	ie1	hem	'm1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine	zij	ze	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	hare	zich	harer, haars
3rd person neuter	het	't1	het	't1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
plural
1st person	wij	we	ons	–	ons, onze2	–	onze	ons	onzer, onzes
2nd person	jullie	je	jullie	je	jullie	je	–	je	–
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	zich	uwer, uws
3rd person	zij	ze	hen3, hun4	ze	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner, huns
1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative).				5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural.

Esperanto

Etymology

From German je (“ever, per”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [je]
• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: je

Preposition

je

1. An all-purpose preposition.

Usage notes

The preposition je can replace any other preposition and remain grammatically correct, albeit more ambiguous. It is usually clear what meaning is intended based on context.

It is most useful for prepositional phrases not involving a literal physical connection, and instead, the correct preposition in the source language is mandated by convention only:

"He bets on the horses." (He doesn't place his money on the physical body of the horse.)

"I typed it on the computer." (It was actually typed using the computer.)

"She'll be here in a minute." (She'll be here within or after a minute.)

Without context, Donu ĝin je mi could mean any of the following:

Donu ĝin je [al] mi. — “Give it to me.”

Donu ĝin je [el] mi. — “Give it from me.”

Donu ĝin je [kun] mi. — “Give it with me.”

Without context, La kato saltis je la tablon could mean any of the following:

La kato saltis je [sur] la tablon. — “The cat jumped onto the table.”

La kato saltis je [malsuper] la tablon. — “The cat jumped under the table.”

La kato saltis je [malantaŭ] la tablon. — “The cat jumped behind the table.”

Related terms

• je la tria
• je mia bedaŭro

Franco-Provençal

Alternative forms

• zhe, ze, i, yó, de

Etymology

Inherited from Vulgar Latin eo, from Latin ego.

Pronoun

je

1. I (1SG subject pronoun)

References

• je in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca

French

Etymology

Inherited from Old French je, jo, from Vulgar Latin eō, from Latin ego, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Near cognates include Spanish yo and Italian io. Further cognates include Ancient Greek ἐγώ (egṓ), Russian я (ja), English I, German ich, etc.

See cognates in regional languages in France: Angevin, Bourbonnais-Berrichon, Gallo, Lorrain, Norman, Orléanais, Tourangeau, and Franco-Provençal je; Bourguignon je or i; Champenois ju; Franc-Comtois i; Picard ej; Poitevin-Saintongeais jhe; Occitan ieu (Gascon jo); Catalan jo; Corsican eo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʒə/
• (informal) IPA^(key): (before a voiced segment) /ʒ/, (before an unvoiced segment) /ʃ/

• audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ə

Pronoun

je (first person singular, plural nous, object me, emphatic moi, possessive determiner mon)

1. I

Usage notes

• When several pronouns are included in the same sentence, it is considered impolite to say the pronoun je first; it must be the last one, and tu must be said after third persons (this applies also for toi and moi):
  • Nous irons, Rose, toi et moi.

    We will go, Rose, you and I.

Derived terms

• j'

Related terms

French personal pronouns

Number	Person	Gender	Nominative (subject)	Accusative (direct complement)	Dative (indirect complement)	Locative (at)	Genitive (of)	Disjunctive (tonic)
Singular	First	—	je, j’	me, m’		—	—	moi
	Second	—	tu	te, t’		—	—	toi
	Third	Masculine	il	le, l’	lui	y	en	lui
		Feminine	elle	la, l’				elle
		Indeterminate	on1	—	—	—	—	—
		Reflexive	—	se, s’4		—	—	soi4
Plural	First	—	nous	nous		—	—	nous
	Second	—	vous2	vous2,3		—	—	vous2
	Third	Masculine	ils3	les	leur	y	en	eux3
		Feminine	elles					elles

¹ Also used as the first person plural.

² Also used as the polite singular form.

³ Also used when a group has both men and women.

⁴ Also used as third person plural reflexive.

Further reading

• “je”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Garo

Etymology

Likely borrowed from Bengali যেই (jei)

Pronoun

je

1. that which
2. whatever
3. whoever

References

• Burling, R. (2003) The Language of the Modhupur Mandi (Garo) Vol. II: The Lexicon‎^[1], Bangladesh: University of Michigan, page 56

German

Etymology

Old High German io.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jeː/

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -eː
• Homophone: jäh (regional)

Adverb

je

1. ever
   • 1930, Paul Joachimsen, Der Humanismus und die Entwicklung des deutschen Geistes, in: Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, 8, page 467:

     Und nun kommt die Reformation selbst. Die größte geistige Umwälzung, die je ein Volk des Abendlandes erlebt hat.

     And now comes the Reformation itself. The largest spiritual upheaval that was ever experienced by a nation of the Occident.

2. per
3. (with “desto”, “umso” or (dated) “je”) the

   je mehr, desto besser ― the more the better

   je früher, umso besser ― the sooner the better

Derived terms

• je länger je lieber (“the longer it lasts, the more I like it”)
• je nach
• je nachdem

Further reading

• “je” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
• Friedrich Kluge (1883), “je”, in , John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891

Haitian Creole

Etymology

From Saint Dominican Creole French z'yeu, from French les yeux (“the eyes”).

Noun

je

1. eye

   Alternative form: zye

Icelandic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jɛː/
• Rhymes: -ɛː

Etymology 1

Shortening of Jesús (“Jesus”).

Interjection

je

1. oh my!

Derived terms

• je minn eini

Etymology 2

From English yeah.

Interjection

je

1. (slang, dated) yeah (indicating enthusiastic appreciation, etc.)

Etymology 3

Noun

je n (genitive singular jes, nominative plural je)

1. (obsolete) Name of the letter J, j.

Declension

declension of je

n-s	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	je	jeið	je	jein
accusative	je	jeið	je	jein
dative	jei	jeinu	jeum	jeunum
genitive	jes	jesins	jea	jeanna

Synonyms

• (name of J, j): joð

Ido

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʒe/, /ʒɛ/

Noun

je (plural je-i)

1. The name of the Latin script letter J/j.

See also

• (Latin script letter names) litero; a, be, ce, che, de, e, fe, ge, he, i, je, ke, le, me, ne, o, pe, que, re, se, she, te, u, ve, we, xe, ye, ze ^{(Category: io:Latin letter names)}

Igbo

Alternative forms

• jee (Onitsha)

Verb

je

1. go
2. walk

Derived terms

• ije

Jersey Dutch

Alternative forms

• jāi

Etymology

From Dutch je.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jə/

Pronoun

je

1. you (second-person singular subjective personal pronoun)

Lashi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʑe/

Adverb

je

1. more (comparative)

References

• Hkaw Luk (2017) A grammatical sketch of Lacid‎^[2], Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis)

Lower Sorbian

Alternative forms

• nje (after a preposition)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jɛ/

Pronoun

je

1. accusative of wóni

Marshallese

Etymology

From Proto-Micronesian *tia, from Proto-Oceanic *tian, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tian, from Proto-Austronesian *tiaN.

Pronunciation

• (phonetic) IPA^(key): [tʲe]
• (phonemic) IPA^(key): /tʲej/
• Bender phonemes: {jȩy}

Noun

je

1. abdomen
2. stomach
3. innard

References

• Marshallese–English Online Dictionary

Mbyá Guaraní

Particle

je

1. indicates hearsay or indirect source of information.

   Mboapy'i je oo jepe raka'e.

   It is said that few could escape.

Middle French

Pronoun

je

1. Alternative form of ie

Middle Low German

Pronunciation

• Stem vowel: ê⁴
  • (originally) IPA^(key): /jeː/

Pronoun

jê

1. Alternative form of gî.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

Borrowed from Old East Norse jak.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jeː/, /jɛː/, /jæː/

Pronoun

je (accusative meg or (dialectal) me)

1. (pre-1938 or dialectal) alternative form of eg (“I”)

See also

Norwegian Nynorsk personal pronouns

person	first person	second person	reflexive	third person
case	singular			singular masculine	singular feminine	singular neuter
nominative	eg, je1	du		han	ho	det, dat2
accusative	meg	deg	seg	han, honom2	ho, henne2	det, dat2
dative2	meg	deg	seg	honom	henne	di2
genitive	min	din	sin	hans	hennar, hennes1	dess3
case	plural
nominative	me, vi	de, dokker			dei
accusative	oss, okk	dykk, dokker	seg		dei, deim2
dative	oss, okk	dykk, dokker	seg		deim2
genitive	vår, okkar	dykkar, dokkar	sin		deira, deires1

¹Obsolete. ²Landsmål. ³Rare or literary. Cursive forms unofficial today.

Old French

Alternative forms

• jo, jeo, jou, ge

Etymology

From Vulgar Latin eo, from Latin ego.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (early) /d͡ʒə/
• IPA^(key): (late) /ʒə/

Pronoun

je

1. I
   • circa 1176, Chrétien de Troyes, Cligès:

     qant je vos voi de tel meniere

     when I see you in such a state

Descendants

• Bourguignon: i, je
• Gallo: je
• Lorrain: i, idj, jge, dje, jé
• Middle French: ie, je, i', j'
  • French: je, j'
• Norman: je
• Picard: ej, jou
• Walloon: dji

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jɛ/

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛ
• Syllabification: je

Etymology 1

Pronoun

je

1. accusative of one
2. accusative of ono

See also

• Appendix:Polish pronouns

Etymology 2

Verb

je

1. third-person singular present indicative of jeść

Etymology 3

Verb

je

1. (colloquial) third-person singular present indicative of być

Saterland Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian jē, from Proto-West Germanic *jā. Cognates include West Frisian ja and German ja. Doublet of jee and jä.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jə/
• Hyphenation: je
• Rhymes: -ə

Particle

je

1. Used to intensify a statement to express it is a known fact; obviously, of course

References

• Marron C. Fort (2015), “je”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

Serbo-Croatian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /je/

Etymology 1

Shortened from jȅst (“is”).

Verb

je ? (Cyrillic spelling је)

1. is (clitic third-person singular present of bȉti (“to be”))

Etymology 2

Pronoun

je (Cyrillic spelling је)

1. of her (clitic genitive singular of òna (“she”))
2. her (clitic accusative singular of òna (“she”))

Declension

    Inflection of 3rd-person pronouns

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
nominative	ȏn	òna	òno	òni	òne	òna
genitive	njȅga, ga	njȇ, je	njȅga, ga	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih
dative	njȅmu, mu	njȏj, joj	njȅmu, mu	njȉma, im	njȉma, im	njȉma, im
accusative	njȅga, ga, nj	njȗ, ju, je	njȅga, ga, nj	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih
vocative	—	—	—	—	—	—
locative	njȅm, njȅmu	njȏj	njȅm, njȅmu	njȉma	njȉma	njȉma
instrumental	njȋm, njíme	njȏm, njóme	njȋm, njíme	njȉma	njȉma	njȉma

Slovak

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [je]

Verb

je

1. third-person singular of byť
2. third-person singular of jesť

Slovene

Pronunciation 1

• IPA^(key): /jɛ́/

Verb

jȅ

1. third-person singular present of bíti

Pronunciation 2

• IPA^(key): /jèː/

Verb

jẹ́

1. third-person singular present of jẹ́sti

Swahili

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya)

  (file)

Particle

je

1. well? now? (used to call attention to a question)

Usage notes

Je precedes the question, and is more commonly used in writing (to supplement for what is usually conveyed by tone of voice in speech).

Adverb

-je

1. A clitic placed at the end of a verb, meaning how.

   umelalaje?

   how did you sleep?

Ternate

Etymology

Clipping of waje.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʒe/

Conjunction

je

1. Alternative form of waje (“complementizer, that”)

   ana iwaje je kolano osone ― they say that the king is dead

References

• Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Turkish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʒe/

Noun

je (definite accusative jeyi, plural jeler)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter J.

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) harf; a, be, ce, çe, de, e, fe, ge, yumuşak ge, he, ı, i, je, ke, le, me, ne, o, ö, pe, re, se, şe, te, u, ü, ve, ye, ze

Turkmen

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʒe/

Noun

je (definite accusative jeni, plural jeler)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter J.

Declension

Declension of je

	singular	plural
nominative	je	jeler
accusative	jäni	jeleri
genitive	jäniň	jeleriň
dative	jä	jelere
locative	jede	jelerde
ablative	jeden	jelerden

Welsh

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dʒeː/

Noun

je f (plural jeau, not mutable)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter J.

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) llythyren; a, bi, ec, èch, di, èdd, e, èf, èff, èg, eng, aetsh, i / i dot, je, ce, el, èll, em, en, o, pi, ffi, ciw, er, rhi, ès, ti, èth, u / u bedol, fi, w, ecs, y, sèd

West Makian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒe/

Numeral

je

1. attaches to pronouns to form the dual

   ini je ― you two

   eme je ― they two

References

• Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎^[3], Pacific linguistics