je

See also: Appendix:Variations of "je"

Languages (46)

Albanian • Bassa • Blagar • Bourguignon • Czech • Dutch • Esperanto • Franco-Provençal • French • Garo • German • Gullah • Haitian Creole • Icelandic • Ido • Igbo • Indonesian • Italian • Japanese • Jersey Dutch • Kari'na • Lashi • Lower Sorbian • Malay • Marshallese • Mbyá Guaraní • Middle French • Middle Low German • Mokilese • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old Czech • Old French • Polish • Samogitian • Saterland Frisian • Serbo-Croatian • Slovak • Slovene • Spanish • Swahili • Ternate • Turkish • Turkmen • Upper Sorbian • Welsh • West Makian

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Page categories

Albanian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /je/

Verb

je

1. second-person singular present indicative of jam

Bassa

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dʒe]

Noun

je

1. jealousy
2. a kind of lizard

References

• Bassa-English Dictionary
• 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

Blagar

Noun

je

1. canoe

References

• Antoinette Schapper, The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 1 (2014), p. 173

Bourguignon

Alternative forms

• i (normal form)

Etymology

The traditional form is i but je is found as early as in the first recorded texts in Bourguignon. However nowadays, it is rare to find it, most speakers saying i as it is a typical feature of Bourguignon.

Pronoun

je

1. (rare) alternative form of i

Related terms

Bourguignon personal pronouns

Number	Person	Gender	Nominative (subject)	Inversion	Reflexive	Accusative (direct complement)	Dative (indirect complement)	Disjunctive (tonic)	Locative (at)	Genitive (of)
Singular	First	—	i (rarely je)	-je	me, m’			moi	—	—
	Second	—	tu, t'	-tu	te, t’			toi	—	—
	Third	Masculine	ai, before vowels el	-ti	se, s’	le, l’	lu	lu	y	en
		Feminine	ale			la, l’		lei
		Neuter	çai	-ce		çai		çai, çan	—	—
		—	an	-an		—	—	soi	—	—
Plural	First	—	i (rarely je)	-je	nos				—	—
	Second	—	vos	-vos	vos				—	—
	Third	Masculine	ai, before vowels el	-ti	se, s’	les	lor	lor	y	en
		Feminine	ales

Czech

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jь, *ja, *je, originally from Proto-Indo-European *eno-, *ono-, *no-.

Alternative forms

• ně (prepositional)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈjɛ]
• Hyphenation: je

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛ

Pronoun

je pl

1. accusative of oni / ony / ona

   Jak často jste je vídala, paní?

   How often did you see them, madam?

Etymology 2

Formerly jest, from Proto-Slavic *estь, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈjɛ]
• Hyphenation: je

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛ

Verb

je

1. third-person singular present indicative of být

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jə/

• Audio:

  (file)

Etymology 1

Pronoun

je

1. subjective unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”)

   Wat doe je daar? ― What are you doing there?

2. objective unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”)

   Ik doe dit wel voor je. ― I'll do this for you.

   Hoe gaat het met je? — Goed. En met jou?

   How are you? — I'm good. What about you?

3. subjective unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”)

   Wat doe je daar? ― What are you doing there?

4. objective unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”)

   Ik doe dit wel voor je. ― I'll do this for you.

5. (indefinite personal pronoun, informal) one, people, you, someone, anyone; an unspecified individual or group of individuals (as subject or object)

   Je mag hier niet zwemmen. ― Swimming is not allowed here.

   In dat restaurant kun je heerlijk eten. ― There is great food to be had in that restaurant.

   • 1995 May 23, Marleen Barth, “'Politiek moet leren luisteren naar scholen' ['Politicians must learn to listen to schools']”, in Trouw‎^[1], page 4:

     „Als je als directeur ondernemend van aard bent en je kunt goed leidinggeven, dan ben je natuurlijk wel gelukkig met meer vrijheid. Maar dat geldt voor veel directeuren niet.(...)"

     "If a headteacher is entrepreneurial by nature and if he or she is a good manager, they'll obviously be happy with more freedom. But this does not apply to many headteachers.(...)"

6. (personal pronoun, colloquial) I, one; used to talk about oneself indirectly, especially about feelings or personal experiences

   Je gaat wel even een moeilijk periode door, maar je zoekt toch naar een oplossing. ― I did go through a difficult period, but I looked for a solution nonetheless.

   • 1994 December 31, Wang An Oe, “'Voor een paar tientjes was ik ineens directeur' ['For a couple of tenners, I suddenly became a CEO']”, in Leeuwarder Courant‎^[2], page 17:

     Het echtpaar Duijm uit Spijkenisse toog zo'n vier maanden geleden naar de Kamer van Koophandel omdat meneer en mevrouw wel wat zagen in een strijkservice. (...) „Voor ƒ 58 inschrijfgeld waren we plotseling directeur en directrice. Na afloop voel je weer de frisse lucht buiten en dan denk je wel even: waar zijn we aan begonnen?"

     About four months ago, Mr and Mrs Duijm from Spijkenisse went to the Chamber of Commerce because the couple saw business potential for an ironing service. (...) "For a ƒ58 registration fee, we were suddenly CEOs. Afterwards, I felt the fresh outside air again and at that moment I did think to myself: what did we get ourselves into?"

   • 2022 October 31, Gummbah, De Volkskrant‎^[3] (cartoon), retrieved 23 November 2022:

     Hoe gaat het nou?
     Slecht !... Ja, je hebt toch net je moeder begraven, hè

     How are things?
     Bad! After all, I just buried my mother, right?

Usage notes

• When je is the unstressed subjective form of jullie, it is construed with a singular verb. Compare:

Het is gevaarlijk, maar jullie moeten weten wat je doet.

It’s dangerous, but you must decide what you’re doing.

• In informal language, je often replaces jij, jou, and jouw, with those forms used for emphasis or contrast.

Heb je aan je maat gevraagd of ’ie z’n boor voor je kan meenemen? — Ja, hij zei dat ik ’m daarna aan jou mag geven zodat jij ’m voor jouw klusje kunt gebruiken.

Did you ask your mate to bring his drill for you? — Yes, he said I can give it to you afterwards so you can use it for your project.

Declension

Dutch personal pronouns

	subject		object		possessive			reflexive	genitive5
singular	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	pred.
1st person	ik	'k1	mij	me	mijn	m'n1	mijne	me	mijner, mijns
2nd person	jij	je	jou	je	jouw	je	jouwe	je	jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u, zich7	uwer, uws
3rd person masculine	hij	ie1	hem	'm1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine	zij	ze	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	hare	zich	harer, haars
3rd person neuter	het	't1	het	't1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
3rd person gender-neutral8	hen	–	hen	–	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner, huns
plural	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	pred.
1st person	wij	we	ons	–	ons, onze2	–	onze	ons	onzer, onzes
2nd person	jullie	je	jullie	je	jullie	je	–	je	–
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u, zich7	uwer, uws
3rd person	zij	ze	hen3, hun4	ze	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner, huns

¹⁾ Not as common in written language.
²⁾ Inflected as an adjective.
³⁾ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative).
⁴⁾ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative).
⁵⁾ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions.
⁶⁾ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people").
⁷⁾ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.'
⁸⁾ Not officially recognized in standard Dutch. It has gained popularity, especially in mainstream media and queer circles, as a respectful term for non-binary individuals.

Descendants

• Jersey Dutch: je

Etymology 2

Determiner

je (second person, possessive)

1. possessive unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”): your (singular)

   Neem je boek en maak die oefening. ― Take your book and do that exercise.

2. possessive unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”): your (plural), y'all's

   Neem je boeken en maak die oefening. ― Take your books and do that exercise.

Declension

Dutch personal pronouns

	subject		object		possessive			reflexive	genitive5
singular	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	pred.
1st person	ik	'k1	mij	me	mijn	m'n1	mijne	me	mijner, mijns
2nd person	jij	je	jou	je	jouw	je	jouwe	je	jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u, zich7	uwer, uws
3rd person masculine	hij	ie1	hem	'm1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine	zij	ze	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	hare	zich	harer, haars
3rd person neuter	het	't1	het	't1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
3rd person gender-neutral8	hen	–	hen	–	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner, huns
plural	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	pred.
1st person	wij	we	ons	–	ons, onze2	–	onze	ons	onzer, onzes
2nd person	jullie	je	jullie	je	jullie	je	–	je	–
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u, zich7	uwer, uws
3rd person	zij	ze	hen3, hun4	ze	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner, huns

¹⁾ Not as common in written language.
²⁾ Inflected as an adjective.
³⁾ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative).
⁴⁾ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative).
⁵⁾ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions.
⁶⁾ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people").
⁷⁾ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.'
⁸⁾ Not officially recognized in standard Dutch. It has gained popularity, especially in mainstream media and queer circles, as a respectful term for non-binary individuals.

Etymology 3

Pronoun

je (second person, reflexive)

1. reflexive of jij (“you (singular)”): yourself

   Heb je je gewassen? ― Did you wash yourself?

2. reflexive of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”): yourselves

   Hebben jullie je goed voorbereid? ― Have you all prepared yourselves well?

Declension

Dutch personal pronouns

	subject		object		possessive			reflexive	genitive5
singular	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	pred.
1st person	ik	'k1	mij	me	mijn	m'n1	mijne	me	mijner, mijns
2nd person	jij	je	jou	je	jouw	je	jouwe	je	jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u, zich7	uwer, uws
3rd person masculine	hij	ie1	hem	'm1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine	zij	ze	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	hare	zich	harer, haars
3rd person neuter	het	't1	het	't1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
3rd person gender-neutral8	hen	–	hen	–	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner, huns
plural	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	pred.
1st person	wij	we	ons	–	ons, onze2	–	onze	ons	onzer, onzes
2nd person	jullie	je	jullie	je	jullie	je	–	je	–
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u, zich7	uwer, uws
3rd person	zij	ze	hen3, hun4	ze	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner, huns

¹⁾ Not as common in written language.
²⁾ Inflected as an adjective.
³⁾ In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative).
⁴⁾ In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative).
⁵⁾ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions.
⁶⁾ To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people").
⁷⁾ Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.'
⁸⁾ Not officially recognized in standard Dutch. It has gained popularity, especially in mainstream media and queer circles, as a respectful term for non-binary individuals.

Esperanto

Etymology

From German je (“ever, per”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /je/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -e
• Hyphenation: je

Preposition

je

1. An all-purpose preposition.

Usage notes

The preposition je can replace any other preposition and remain grammatically correct, albeit more ambiguous. It is usually clear what meaning is intended based on context.

It is most useful for prepositional phrases not involving a literal physical connection, and instead, the correct preposition in the source language is mandated by convention only:

"He bets on the horses." (He doesn't place his money on the physical body of the horse.)

"I typed it on the computer." (It was actually typed using the computer.)

"She'll be here in a minute." (She'll be here within or after a minute.)

Without context, Donu ĝin je mi could mean any of the following:

Donu ĝin je [al] mi. — “Give it to me.”

Donu ĝin je [el] mi. — “Give it from me.”

Donu ĝin je [kun] mi. — “Give it with me.”

Without context, La kato saltis je la tablon could mean any of the following:

La kato saltis je [sur] la tablon. — “The cat jumped onto the table.”

La kato saltis je [sub] la tablon. — “The cat jumped under the table.”

La kato saltis je [malantaŭ] la tablon. — “The cat jumped behind the table.”

Related terms

• je la tria
• je mia bedaŭro

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin eo.

Pronoun

je (prevocalic j', postpositive -jo) (ORB, broad)

1. I (first-person singular nominative)

See also

Franco-Provençal personal pronouns

			nominative	accusative	dative	tonic1	possessive2
singular	1st person		jo	mè			min
	2nd person		te	tè			tin
	3rd person	masculine	il	lo / le	lui		sin
		feminine	el	la	lyé
		neuter	o		y	—
		reflexive	—	sè
plural	1st person		nos				noutro
	2nd person		vos				voutro
	3rd person	masculine	ils	los / les	lor		lor
		feminine	els	les	lor / lyés
		reflexive	—	sè

¹ Disjunctive or object of a preposition.   ² Generally preceded by a definite article.

References

• je in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
• je in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

French

Etymology

From Middle French je, from Old French je, from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʒə/, [ʒɵ]
• (informal) IPA^(key): (before a voiced segment) /ʒ/, (before an unvoiced segment) /ʃ/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio (Switzerland (Valais)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Toulouse)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Vosges)):

  (file)

• Audio (France):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Grenoble)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Vosges)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Vosges)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Hérault)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Saint-Étienne)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Lyon)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Massy)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Somain)):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ə

Pronoun

je (first person singular, plural nous, object me, emphatic moi, possessive determiner mon)

1. I

Usage notes

• When several pronouns are included in the same sentence, it is considered impolite to say the pronoun je first; it must be the last one, and tu must be said after third persons (this applies also for toi and moi):
  • Nous irons, Rose, toi et moi.

    We will go, Rose, you and I.

Derived terms

• j'

Related terms

French personal pronouns

number	person	gender	nominative (subject)	accusative (direct complement)	dative (indirect complement)	locative (at)	genitive (of)	disjunctive (tonic)1	emphatic reflexive	relative	proximal	distal
singular	first	—	je, j’	me, m’		—	—	moi	moi-même	—
	second	—	tu	te, t’		—	—	toi	toi-même	—
	third	masculine	il2	le, l’	lui	y	en	lui	lui-même	celui	celui-ci	celui-là
		feminine	elle	la, l’				elle	elle-même	celle	celle-ci	celle-là
		indeterminate	on3, l’on (formal), ce4, c’, ça	—	—	—	—	—	—	ce	ceci	cela, ça
		reflexive	—	se, s’5		—	—	soi	soi-même	—
plural	first	—	nous	nous		—	—	nous	nous-mêmes	—
	second6	—	vous	vous		—	—	vous	vous-mêmes, vous-même6	—
	third	masculine	ils7	les	leur	y	en	eux7	eux-mêmes7	ceux	ceux-ci	ceux-là
		feminine	elles					elles	elles-mêmes	celles	celles-ci	celles-là

¹ The disjunctive (tonic) forms are also used after an explicit preposition (de/d’, à, pour, chez, dans, vers, sur, sous, ...), instead the accusative, dative, genitive, locative, or reflexive forms, where a preposition is implied.
² Il is also used as an impersonal nominative-only pronoun.
³ On can also function as a first person plural (although agreeing with third person singular verb forms).
⁴ The nominal indeterminate form ce (demonstrative) can also be used with the auxiliary verb être as a plural, instead of the proximal or distal gendered forms.
⁵ The reflexive third person singular forms (se or s’) for accusative or dative are also used as third person plural reflexive.
⁶ Vous is also used as the polite singular form, in which case the plural disjunctive tonic vous-mêmes becomes singular vous-même.
⁷ Ils, eux and eux-mêmes are also used when a group has a mixture of masculine and feminine members.

Further reading

• “je”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Garo

Etymology

Likely borrowed from Bengali যেই (jei)

Pronoun

je

1. that which
2. whatever
3. whoever

References

• Burling, R. (2003), The Language of the Modhupur Mandi (Garo) Vol. II: The Lexicon‎^[4], Bangladesh: University of Michigan, page 56

German

Etymology

From Middle High German ie, from Old High German io.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jeː/

• Audio (Germany (Berlin)):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -eː
• Homophone: jäh (regional)

Adverb

je

1. ever
   • 1930, Paul Joachimsen, Der Humanismus und die Entwicklung des deutschen Geistes, in: Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, 8, page 467:

     Und nun kommt die Reformation selbst. Die größte geistige Umwälzung, die je ein Volk des Abendlandes erlebt hat.

     And now comes the Reformation itself. The largest spiritual upheaval that was ever experienced by a nation of the Occident.

2. per
3. (with “desto”, “umso” or (dated) “je”) the

   je mehr, desto besser ― the more the better

   je früher, umso besser ― the sooner the better

Derived terms

• je länger je lieber (“the longer it lasts, the more I like it”)
• je nach
• je nachdem

Further reading

• “je” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
• Friedrich Kluge (1883), “je”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891

Gullah

Gullah numbers ^(edit)

←  4	5	6  →
African Cardinal: je     American Cardinal: fibe     Ordinal: fibe     Adverbial: fuh fibe     Multiplier: fibe-time     Collective: allfibe

Etymology

From Fula je and juwi.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʒɛː/

Adjective

je

1. fifth

Number

je

1. five

Usage notes

• Gullah communicates both the number and its ordinal adjective in the same word.

References

• Lorenzo Dow Turner, Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect (1969)

Haitian Creole

Etymology

From earlier zye, from Saint Dominican Creole French z'yeu, from French les yeux (“the eyes”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʒe/

Noun

je

1. eye

   Alternative form: zye

Icelandic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jɛː/
• Rhymes: -ɛː

Etymology 1

Shortening of Jesús (“Jesus”).

Interjection

je

1. oh my!

Derived terms

• je minn eini

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English yeah.

Interjection

je

1. (slang, dated) yeah (indicating enthusiastic appreciation, etc.)

Etymology 3

Noun

je n (genitive singular jes, nominative plural je)

1. (obsolete) name of the letter J, j

   Synonym: joð

Declension

Declension of je (neuter)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	je	jeið	je	jein
accusative	je	jeið	je	jein
dative	jei	jeinu	jeum	jeunum
genitive	jes	jesins	jea	jeanna

Ido

Etymology

From j +‎ -e.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʒe/, /ʒɛ/

Noun

je (plural je-i)

1. The name of the Latin script letter J/j.

See also

• Latin script letter names: literi: a · be · ce · che · de · e · fe · ge · he · i · je · ke · le · me · ne · o · pe · que · re · se · she · te · u · ve · we · xe · ye · ze ^[edit]

Igbo

Alternative forms

• jee (Onitsha)

Verb

je

1. go
2. walk

Derived terms

• ije

Indonesian

Etymology

From Dutch jee. Doublet of ye. Represented Dutch-derived J (pronounced /j/, modern Y) before 1972.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʒe/, [d͡ʒe]

Noun

jé (plural je-je)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.
2. (1901–1947, 1947–1972) superseded spelling of ye

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) huruf; a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ki, er, es, te, u, ve, we, eks, ye, zet

Further reading

• “je”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈje/
• Rhymes: -e
• Hyphenation: jé

Pronoun

je (dialectal, Romanesco and central Italy)

1. alternative form of gli (3^rd-person masculine singular dative pronoun; 3^rd-person masculine/feminine plural dative pronoun)
2. alternative form of le (3^rd-person feminine singular dative pronoun)

Japanese

Romanization

je

1. The katakana syllable ジェ (je) in Hepburn-like romanization.
2. The katakana syllable ヂェ (je) in Hepburn-like romanization.

Jersey Dutch

Alternative forms

• jāi

Etymology

From Dutch je.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jə/

Pronoun

je

1. you (second-person singular subjective personal pronoun)

Kari'na

Etymology

From Proto-Cariban *ô, *jô; compare Apalaí je, Trió je, Wayana je, Waiwai yo, Akawaio ö, Macushi ye, Pemon ye, Ye'kwana yedü / dhedü, Yao (South America) hoieelii.

Pronunciation

• (Venezuela) IPA^(key): [ðe]
• (Suriname) IPA^(key): [je]

Noun

je (possessed jery)

1. tooth
2. sharpness

References

• Courtz, Hendrik (2008), A Carib grammar and dictionary‎^[5], Toronto: Magoria Books, →ISBN, page 285
• Ahlbrinck, Willem (1931), “ye”, in Encyclopaedie der Karaïben, Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, page 548; republished as Willem Ahlbrinck, Doude van Herwijnen, transl., L'Encyclopédie des Caraïbes‎^[6], Paris, 1956, page 537

Lashi

Pronunciation

• (Waingmaw) IPA^(key): [d͡ʑe˧˧]
• Hyphenation: je

Adverb

je

1. Used to form comparisons: more
   • 2005, “Apoem ayang꞉ 25:23 [Genesis 25:23]”, in Jhoem꞉ mougsougˮ [The Book of the Bible]‎^[7], page 28:

     dayug su꞉ gi dayug su꞉ thoʼ je yoem꞉ boo wa nghoid

     The one will be stronger than the other

References

• Hkaw Luk (2017), A grammatical sketch of Lacid‎^[8], Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis), page 121

Lower Sorbian

Alternative forms

• nje (after a preposition)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jɛ/

Pronoun

je

1. accusative of wóni

Malay

Etymology 1

Phonetic spelling of ja in Johor-Riau Malay, clipping of sahaja or saja.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʒə/
• Rhymes: -ə

Adverb

je

1. (informal) alternative form of sahaja

Etymology 2

From English jay.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒe/ [ˈd͡ʒe]

Noun

jé (plural je-je or je²)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.

Synonyms

• je (Indonesian)
• jim (Jawi letter name)

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) huruf; e, bi, si, di, i, ef, ji, hec, ai, je, ke, el, em, en, o, pi, kiu, ar, es, ti, yu, vi, dabel yu, eks, way, zed

Marshallese

Etymology

From Proto-Micronesian *tia, from Proto-Oceanic *tian, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tian, from Proto-Austronesian *tiaN.

Pronunciation

• (phonetics) IPA^(key): [tʲe]
• (phonemic) IPA^(key): /tʲej/
• Bender phonemes: {jȩy}

Noun

je

1. abdomen
2. stomach
3. innard

References

• Marshallese–English Online Dictionary

Mbyá Guaraní

Particle

je

1. indicates hearsay or indirect source of information.

   Mboapy'i je oo jepe raka'e.

   It is said that few could escape.

Middle French

Pronoun

je

1. alternative form of ie

Middle Low German

Pronunciation

• Stem vowel: ê⁴
  • (originally) IPA^(key): /jeː/

Pronoun

jê

1. alternative form of gî

Mokilese

Verb

je

1. to shout

References

• Harrison, Sheldon P., Mokilese-English Dictionary, University of Hawaii Press 1977

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

Borrowed from Old East Norse jak.(Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jeː/, /jɛː/, /jæː/
• IPA^(key): /jeːɡ/, /jeː/ (rare, Northern Romerike)

Pronoun

je (accusative meg or (dialectal) me)

1. (pre-1938 or dialectal) alternative form of eg (“I”)

See also

Norwegian Nynorsk personal pronouns

		first person	second person	reflexive	third person
					masculine	feminine	neuter
singular	nominative	eg, je1	du	—	han	ho	det, dat2
	accusative	meg	deg	seg	han, honom2	ho, henne2	det, dat2
	dative2	meg	deg	seg	honom	henne	di2
	genitive	min	din	sin	hans	hennar, hennes1	dess3
plural	nominative	me, vi	de, dokker	—	dei
	accusative	oss, okk	dykk, dokker	seg	dei, deim2
	dative	oss, okk	dykk, dokker	seg	deim2
	genitive	vår, okkar	dykkar, dokkar	sin	deira, deires1

¹Obsolete. ²Landsmål. ³Rare or literary. Italic forms unofficial today.

Old Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈjɛ/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈjɛ/

Pronoun

je

1. singular accusative of ono

Old French

Alternative forms

• e, eo, eu, io
• j, jei, jen, jeo, jeu, jo, joe, jou, ju
• g, ge, gé, gen, geo, gié, go, gou, gu

Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.

Pronoun

je

1. I
   • c. 1176, Chrétien de Troyes, Cligès:

     qant je vos voi de tel meniere

     when I see you in such a state

Descendants

Descendants

• Angevin: je
• Bourbonnais-Berrichon: je
• Bourguignon: i, je
• Champenois: ju, je, jou
• Franc-Comtois: i
• Middle French: ie, je, i', j' (elided)
  • French: je, j'
  • Norman: jeo, je
• Gallo: je
• Lorrain: i, idj, jge, dje, jé
• Orléanais: je
• Picard: ej, jou
• Poitevin-Saintongeais: jhe
• Walloon: dji

References

• “je”, in DEAF: Dictionnaire Étymologique de l'Ancien Français, Heidelberg: Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1968-.

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈjɛ/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛ
• Syllabification: je

Etymology 1

Pronoun

je

1. accusative of one
2. accusative of ono

See also

• Appendix:Polish pronouns

Etymology 2

Verb

je

1. third-person singular present indicative of jeść

Etymology 3

Verb

je

1. (colloquial) third-person singular present indicative of być

Samogitian

Etymology

Compare Lithuanian jei.

Conjunction

je

1. if

References

• “Žemaičių Žodynas”, in Žemaičių žemė‎^[9] (overall work in Lithuanian), 2012, page 19: “Je — jeigu, jei”

Saterland Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian jē, from Proto-West Germanic *jā. Cognates include West Frisian ja and German ja. Doublet of jee and jä.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jə/
• Hyphenation: je
• Rhymes: -ə

Particle

je

1. Used to intensify a statement to express it is a known fact; obviously, of course

References

• Marron C. Fort (2015), “je”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

Serbo-Croatian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /je/

Etymology 1

Shortened from jȅst (“is”).

Verb

je ? (Cyrillic spelling је)

1. is (clitic third-person singular present of bȉti (“to be”))

Etymology 2

Pronoun

je ? (Cyrillic spelling је)

1. of her (clitic genitive singular of òna (“she”))
2. her (clitic accusative singular of òna (“she”))

Declension

Inflection of 3rd-person pronouns

	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	ȏn	òna	òno	òni	òne	òna
genitive	njȅga, ga	njȇ, je	njȅga, ga	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih
dative	njȅmu, mu	njȏj, joj	njȅmu, mu	njȉma, im	njȉma, im	njȉma, im
accusative	njȅga, ga, nj	njȗ, ju, je	njȅga, ga, nj	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih
vocative	—	—	—	—	—	—
locative	njȅm, njȅmu	njȏj	njȅm, njȅmu	njȉma	njȉma	njȉma
instrumental	njȋm, njíme	njȏm, njóme	njȋm, njíme	njȉma	njȉma	njȉma

Slovak

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [je]

Etymology 1

The older jest, derived from Proto-Slavic *estь, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.

Verb

je

1. third-person singular present indicative of byť

Related terms

• jestvovať

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ěstь, 3rd person singular present form of *ěsti (“to eat”). See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

je

1. third-person singular present indicative of jesť

Slovene

Pronunciation 1

• IPA^(key): /jɛ́/

Verb

jȅ

1. third-person singular present of bíti

Pronunciation 2

• IPA^(key): /jèː/

Verb

jẹ́

1. third-person singular present of jẹ́sti

Spanish

Etymology

Onomatopoeic.

Interjection

je

1. Used to represent laughter, mockery or disbelief; heh.

Usage notes

• When used to express laughter, the word may be reduplicated in order to suggest expressive or sincere laughter.

Further reading

• “je”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 10 December 2024

Swahili

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Particle

je

1. well? now? (used to call attention to a question)

Usage notes

Je precedes the question, and is more commonly used in writing (to supplement for what is usually conveyed by tone of voice in speech).

Adverb

-je

1. A clitic placed at the end of a verb, meaning how.

   umelalaje?

   how did you sleep?

Ternate

Etymology

Clipping of waje.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʒe/

Conjunction

je

1. alternative form of waje (“complementizer, that”)

   ana iwaje je kolano osone ― they say that the king is dead

References

• Rika Hayami-Allen (2001), A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Turkish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈʒe/

Noun

je (definite accusative jeyi, plural jeler)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) harf; a, be, ce, çe, de, e, fe, ge, yumuşak ge, he, ı, i, je, ke, le, me, ne, o, ö, pe, re, se, şe, te, u, ü, ve, ye, ze

Turkmen

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʒe/

Noun

je (definite accusative jeni, plural jeler)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.

Declension

Declension of je

	singular	plural
nominative	je	jeler
accusative	jäni	jeleri
genitive	jäniň	jeleriň
dative	jä	jelere
locative	jede	jelerde
ablative	jeden	jelerden

Upper Sorbian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈjɛ/
• Rhymes: -ɛ
• Syllabification: je

Verb

je

1. third-person singular present of być

   Wón je zadołženy.

   He is in debt.

Welsh

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dʒeː/

Noun

je f (plural jeau, not mutable)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) llythyren; a, bi, ec, èch, di, èdd, e, èf, èff, èg, eng, aetsh, i / i dot, je, ce, el, èll, em, en, o, pi, ffi, ciw, er, rhi, ès, ti, èth, u / u bedol / u gwpan, fi, w, ecs, y, sèd

West Makian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒe/

Numeral

je

1. attaches to pronouns to form the dual

   ini je ― you two

   eme je ― they two

References

• Clemens Voorhoeve (1982), The Makian languages and their neighbours‎^[10], Pacific linguistics