se

See also: σε and Appendix:Variations of "se"

Translingual

Proper noun

se

1. (ISO country codes) Sweden

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English

Etymology

From Mandarin 瑟 (sè).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sɛ/

Noun

se (plural ses)

1. (music) A type of ancient Chinese plucked zither.

Translations

See se/translations § Noun.

Anagrams

• 'e's, -es, E's, ES, Es, E♭s, E♯s, e's, es, es-

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Abinomn

Noun

se

1. cloud

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Afrikaans

Alternative forms

• s'n (used without a following noun)
• syn (obsolete)

Etymology

From Dutch zijn, z'n (“his, its”). An Afrikaans innovation is the use of se regardless of the number or gender of the possessor, which may be due to a merger with the Dutch genitive suffix -s.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sə/

Particle

se

1. follows a noun to indicate that this noun possesses that which follows, much like English 's

   Dis my ouma se huis. — This is my grandmother’s house.

See also

• van

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Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *tśe(i), *tśi from Proto-Indo-European *kwe-, *kw(e)i- (“how, what”). Interrogative and relative pronoun, especially in connection with a preposition.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sɛ/

Conjunction

se

1. that, as, when

   Më duket se ke nevojë për disa shokë të rinj. — It seems to me that you need some new friends.

   Im vëlla më tha se don të bisedojë me ty rreth librit të ri. — My brother told me that he wants to talk to you about the new book.

Related terms

• si
• sa

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Bonan

Etymology

From Proto-Mongolic *usun.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sə/

Noun

se

1. water

References

• Üjiyediin Chuluu (Chaolu Wu), Introduction, Grammar, and Sample Sentences for Baoan, SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS (Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA), November 1994
• Henry G. Schwarz, The Minorities of Northern China: A Survey (1984), page 140: 'water' Daur os

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Breton

Pronoun

se

1. that, this

   Petra eo se? — What's that?

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Catalan

Etymology

From Latin sē, from Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun).

Pronoun

se (enclitic, contracted 's, proclitic es, contracted proclitic s')

1. himself, herself, itself (direct or indirect object)
2. oneself (direct or indirect object)
3. themselves (direct or indirect object)
4. each other (direct or indirect object)

Usage notes

The use of se and other direct personal pronouns can indicate the passive in Catalan.

Declension

Catalan personal pronouns and clitics

	strong/subject	weak (direct object)		weak (indirect object)		possessive
singular		proclitic	enclitic	proclitic	enclitic
1st person	jo, mi3	em, m’	-me, ’m	em, m’	-me, ’m	meu
1st person majestic1	nós	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
2nd person	tu	et, t’	-te, ’t	et, t’	-te, ’t	teu
2nd person formal1	vós	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
2nd person very formal2	vostè	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
3rd person masculine	ell	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
3rd person feminine	ella	la, l’4	-la	li	-li	seu
3rd person neuter		ho	-ho	li	-li	seu
3rd person reflexive	si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
plural
1st person	nosaltres	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
2nd person	vosaltres	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
2nd person formal2	vostès	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person masculine	ells	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person feminine	elles	les	-les	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person reflexive	si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
adverbial
ablative/genitive		en, n’	-ne, ’n
locative		hi	-hi
1) Behaves grammatically as plural. 2) Behaves grammatically as third person.			3) Only as object of a preposition. 4) Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

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Central Huasteca Nahuatl

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [se]

Numeral

se

1. (it is) one in number.

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Cimbrian

Alternative forms

• ze (Sette Comuni)

Etymology

From Middle High German si(e) (“they”), merged from Old High German sie m pl, sio f pl, siu n pl, from Proto-Germanic *īz m, *ijôz f, *ijō n, the nominative plural forms of *iz. Cognate with German sie, Dutch zij.

Pronoun

se

1. (Luesrna) they

Inflection

Personal pronouns
	singular	plural
1st person	i	biar
2nd person	du	iar
3rd person	er, si, 'z	se

References

• “se” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

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Czech

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sę.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sɛ/

• audio

  (file)

Pronoun

se (reflexive pronoun)

1. (accusative) oneself (clitic form of reflexive pronoun sebe)

   myself

   yourself

   himself

   herself

   itself

   ourselves

   yourselves

   themselves

Declension

Declension

	singular
nominative	—
genitive	sebe
dative	sobě, si
accusative	sebe, se
vocative	—
locative	sobě
instrumental	sebou

Synonyms

• sebe

Related terms

• si

Preposition

se (also s)

1. with

Further reading

• se in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
• se in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989

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Dalmatian

Etymology

From Latin sē.

Pronoun

se

1. (reflexive) oneself

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Danish

Etymology

From Old Danish se, from Old Norse (East) *sēa, (Old Norse (West) sjá), from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną, cognate with English see, German sehen. From Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to see, notice”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈseˀ]
• Rhymes: -eːˀ

Verb

se (imperative se, infinitive at se, present tense ser, past tense så, perfect tense har set)

1. to see
2. (reciprocal passive) to see each other

Conjugation

Inflection of se

	present	past
simple	ser	så
perfect	har set	havde set
passive	ses	sås
participle	seende	set
imperative	se	—
infinitive	se	—
auxiliary verb	have	—
gerund	seen	—

reciprocal

Inflection of se

	present	past
simple	ses	sås
perfect	har sets or setes	havde sets or setes
passive	—	—
participle	-	sets or setes
imperative	-	—
infinitive	ses	—
auxiliary verb	have	—
gerund	—	—

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Dimasa

Numeral

sé

1. one

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Esperanto

Etymology

Borrowed from Italian se, influenced by French si and Latin sī.

Pronunciation

• Audio

  (file)

• IPA^(key): /se/
• Hyphenation: se

Conjunction

se

1. if

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Ewe

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sɛ/

Noun

se (plural sewo)

1. law

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Fala

Alternative forms

• si

Etymology

From Old Portuguese se, sse, from Latin sē, from Proto-Indo-European *se-.

Pronoun

se

1. used for passive constructions with transitive verbs and undetermined agent (equivalent to one)
   • 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme II, Chapter 2: Recunquista:

     Non poemos analizar con pormenoris estis siglos, pero tampoco se debi toleral que, sin fundamentus, se poña en duda algo que a Historia documentá nos lega sobre nossa terra.

     We can’t thoroughly analyse these centuries, but one mustn’t tolerate that, unfoundedly, something documented history tells us about our land be questioned.

2. reflexive and reciprocal: oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, yourself; each other, one another
   • 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Anexu: A Porcá:

     Cumían algu de herba por camiñus, se bañaban i os devulvían a casa por as tardis.

     They ate some pasture along the way, bathed themselves and were returned to their home in the afternoon.

Synonyms

• (reflexive): -si

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Faroese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /seː/

Noun

se n (genitive singular ses, plural se)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter C.

Declension

Declension of se
n4	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	se	seið	se	seini
accusative	se	seið	se	seini
dative	se, sei	senum	seum	seunum
genitive	ses	sesins	sea	seanna

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Fijian

Noun

se

1. flower
2. gills

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Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe. For plural forms, see etymology of ne.

The oblique stem si- is seen in some forms and is also found in other Finnic languages, such as the following cognates of the partitive singular sitä: Karelian sitä, Livvi sittäh, Veps sidä, Votic sitä. This is possibly a remnant of the original expected form **si (due to final e > i) which was reversed in some forms, possibly as influence from the plural ne.

The stem sii- seen in internal locative case forms may have been generalized from the plural forms as a means to distinguish from partitive/essive sitä, sinä; expected internal locative cases *sissä, *sistä may have been avoided as a dissimilation. Compare Veps siš (inessive singular of se).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈse/, [ˈs̠e̞]
• Rhymes: -e
• Syllabification: se

Pronoun

se (stem se-, also si-, and sii-, see below)

1. (demonstrative) it
2. (demonstrative) that (when the speaker does not point at the thing, either physically or mentally)
3. (colloquial and dialectal) he, she
4. (colloquial) the (as a definite article; see the usage notes below)

Usage notes

• Due to the influence of Germanic languages, and nowadays especially to that of English, se may often be used as a kind of definite article in colloquial Finnish, though in standard Finnish it is ungrammatical, where word order expresses whether something is definite or indefinite. (Compare the usage of yksi.)

(standard) Mies tuli luokseni. → (colloquial) Se mies tuli mun luokse.

The man came to me.

(standard) Luokseni tuli mies. → (colloquial) Yks mies tuli mun luokse.

A man came to me.

Determiner

se

1. that (not pointed at by the speaker)

Inflection

Irregular.

Declension of se noun case singular plural adverbial form singular plural nominative se ne superessive siellä – genitive sen niiden, niitten delative sieltä – partitive sitä niitä sublative sinne – accusative se, sen ne lative siis – inessive siinä niissä temporal silloin – elative siitä niistä causative siten – illative siihen niihin multiplicative – – adessive sillä niillä distributive – – ablative siltä niiltä temp. dist. – – allative sille niille prolative – – essive sinä niinä situative – – translative siksi niiksi oppositive – – instructive – (niin) abessive – (niittä) comitative – niine

Synonyms

• (he or she): hän

Derived terms

• See se/derived terms § Finnish.

Descendants

• Kven: se

See also

Finnish demonstratives

	proximal	medial	distal
singular	tämä	se	tuo
plural	nämä	ne	nuo

Finnish personal pronouns

	first	second		third anim	third inan
		familiar	polite
singular	minä	sinä	Te	hän	se
plural	me	te		he	ne

Anagrams

• es

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French

Etymology

From Middle French se, from Old French se, from Latin sē, from Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun). See also soi.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sə/

• audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ə
• Homophone: ce

Pronoun

se m or f (pre-vocalic s')

1. The third-person reflexive and reciprocal direct and indirect object pronoun.
   1. (to) himself
   2. (to) herself
   3. (to) oneself
   4. (to) itself
   5. (to) themselves
   6. (to) each other
2. (Louisiana) The second-person plural reflexive and reciprocal direct and indirect object pronoun.

   Je suis partie à la chasse et faut vous autres se comportes bien. ― I'm going hunting and y'all need to behave yourselves.

Usage notes

• Se becomes s' before a vowel or unaspirated h, and sometimes, in nonstandard writing, in other cases where the e would be silent, e.g. in lyrics.
• Se is often used with an actual subject, but it is also very often used with an abstract subject:

  Il est normal de se parler. — It is normal to talk to oneself.

Derived terms

• s'en aller

Related terms

See Template:French personal pronouns for other pronouns.

See also

• The other reflexive and reciprocal direct and indirect object pronouns: me, m', te, t', nous, vous.
• The third-person reflexive and reciprocal disjunctive pronoun: soi.

Further reading

• “se” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

Anagrams

• es, ès

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Galician

Etymology 1

From Old Galician and Old Portuguese se (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from Latin sī.

Conjunction

se

1. if

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the main entry.

Alternative forms

• xe

Pronoun

se

1. accusative/dative of si

References

• “se” in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval, SLI - ILGA 2006-2012.
• “se” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006-2013.
• “se” in Álvarez, Rosario (coord.): Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués, Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega.

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Garo

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

se

1. husband

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German Low German

Alternative forms

• sei

Etymology

From Middle Low German sê, variously from Old Saxon sia and Old Saxon siu, ultimately developed from forms of Proto-Germanic *hiz and possibly influenced by Proto-Germanic *sa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /zeː/, /seː/, /zɛɪ/, /sɛɪ/

Pronoun

se

1. she

   Se is Anke. — She is Anke (Annie).

Pronoun

se

1. they

   Se kaamt ut Bremen. — They come from Bremen.

   • 1861, G. Ungt, Twee Geschichten in Mönstersk Platt. Ollmanns Jans in de Friümde un Ollmanns Jans up de Reise, page 163:

     Dao gävven⁵ sick de Beiden dann auk an, datt se wier by ähr keimen.⁶

     ⁵ gaben – gaben sich an – strengten sich an.   ⁶ zu ihnen kamen.

See also

• dative and possessive of se: ehr, eer, er, är, ähr

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Haitian Creole

Etymology

From French c'est (“it is”)

Verb

se

1. to be
2. that is (compare French c'est)
3. it is (compare French c'est)

Usage notes

• Use ye at the end of a clause.
• This word does not appear when the predicate is an adjective or prepositional phrase, except when the preposition in the prepositional phrase is pou (“for”) or tankou (“like”).

References

• [1]

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Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈʃɛ]

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ʃɛ

Conjunction

se (clitic)

1. Alternative form of sem.

Derived terms

• See se/derived terms § Hungarian.

See also

• se-

Further reading

• (not … either, not even): se in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh: A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (’The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.
• ([folksy, informal] alternative form of sem): se, redirecting to sem in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh: A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (’The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.

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Ido

Etymology

From Esperanto se.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /se/, /sɛ/

Conjunction

se

1. if

   La klerko komencus laborar se ilu povus. — The clerk would begin to work if he could.

   Se me povus, me komprus altra domo. — If I could, I would buy another house.

Noun

se (plural se-i)

1. The name of the Latin script letter S/s.

See also

• (Latin script letter names) litero; a, be, ce, che, de, e, fe, ge, he, i, je, ke, le, me, ne, o, pe, que, re, se, she, te, u, ve, we, xe, ye, ze ^{(Category: io:Latin letter names)}

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Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe. Cognates include Finnish se and Estonian see.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈse/

Pronoun

se

1. this, that
2. it (inanimate)

Determiner

se

1. this, that

Declension

Inflection of se
	singular	plural
nominative	se	neet
genitive	senen	niijjen
partitive	sitä	niitä
illative	siihe	niihe
inessive	siin	niiz
elative	siint	niist
allative	sille	niille
adessive	sill	niil
ablative	silt	niilt
translative	siks	niiks
essive	sinä	niin

1930s inflection of se singular plural nominative se neet genitive senen niijen accusative sen neet partitive sitä niitä illative siihe niihe inessive siin niis elative siint niist allative sille niille adessive sil niil ablative silt niilt translative siks niiks essive senennä niinnä

See also

Ingrian demonstratives

		proximal	medial	distal
singular	pronoun	tämä	se	too
	determiner	tää
plural	pronoun	nämät	neet	noot
	determiner	näät

Ingrian personal pronouns

	first	second	third anim	third inan
singular	miä	siä	hää	se
plural	möö	töö	höö	neet

References

• V. I. Junus, Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎^[2], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, 1936, page 99
• Ruben E. Nirvi, Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 1971, page 514
• Vitalij Chernyavskij, Ižoran keel (Ittseopastaja)‎^[3], 2005, page 16
• Olga I. Konkova; Nikita A. Dyachinkov, Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎^[4], 2014, →ISBN, pages 13-14

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Interlingua

Pronoun

se (third person)

1. Reflexive: oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves.

   Illa se videva in le speculo. ― She saw herself in the mirror.

2. Reciprocal: each other, one another.

   Quando illes se cognosceva? ― When did they meet (each other)?

3. Used for passive constructions with undetermined agent (translated by "one").

   De mi casa se vide le mar. ― From my house the sea is seen.

   (Literally, “...the sea sees itself.”)

4. Hence, used for expressions of the type "to get/become ...-ed".

   espaventar — “to frighten”; espaventar se = "to get frightened" (lit., "to frighten oneself")

Usage notes

• (reflexive, reciprocal, oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, each other, one another): Many verbs bear a reflexive pronoun by default. Se must be replaced by me, te, etc., according to the subject.

  infiltrar se — “to infiltrate”

  repentir se — “to repent”

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Istriot

Etymology

From Latin sī.

Conjunction

se

1. if
   • 1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 99:

     Biela, se ti vedissi li galiere

     Beautiful one, if you saw the galleys

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Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /se/
• Rhymes: -e

Etymology 1

From Late Latin se, from Latin sī, from Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun).

Conjunction

se

1. if

   Se non è vero, è ben trovato.

   If it is not true, it is a good story.

2. whether
3. if only

Derived terms

• See se/derived terms § Italian.

Etymology 2

From Latin sē, from Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun).

Pronoun

se

1. Alternative form of si
2. Alternative spelling of sé

Usage notes

Used when followed by a third-person direct object clitic (lo, la, li, le, or ne).

See also

Italian personal pronouns

Number	Person	Gender	Nominative	Reflexive	Accusative	Dative	Conjunctive	Disjunctive	Locative	Partitive
Singular	first	—	io	mi, m', -mi			me	me	—
	second	—	tu	ti, t', -ti			te	te
	third	m	lui	si2, s', -si	lo, l', -lo	gli, -gli	glie, se2	lui, sé	ci, c', vi, v' (formal)	ne, n'
		f	lei, Lei1		la, La1, l', L'1, -la, -La1	le3, Le1, -le3, -Le1		lei, Lei1, sé
Plural	first	—	noi	ci, c', -ci			ce	noi	—
	second	—	voi, Voi4	vi, Vi4, v', V'4, -vi, -Vi4			ve	voi, Voi4
	third	m	loro, Loro1	si, s', -si	li, Li1, -li, -Li1	gli, -gli, loro (formal), Loro1	glie, se	loro, Loro1, sé	ci, c', vi, v' (formal)	ne, n'
		f			le, Le1, -le, -Le1
1	Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead.
2	Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive.
3	Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language.
4	Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous).

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Japanese

Romanization

se

1. Rōmaji transcription of せ
2. Rōmaji transcription of セ

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Kalasha

Etymology

From Sanskrit स (sa), सा (sā), from Proto-Indo-European *só.

Pronoun

se

1. he/she/it (absent from speaker) (3rd-person personal pronoun)

Coordinate terms

• áya

See also

See Template:kls-personal pronouns for further pronouns.

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Karelian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe. Cognates include Finnish se and Estonian see.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈse/

Determiner

se

1. this, that

Pronoun

se

1. this, that
2. it (inanimate)

Declension

Declension of se singular plural nominative se ne genitive sen niijen partitive sitä niitä inessive siinä niissä elative siitä niistä illative siih niih adessive sillä niilä ablative siltä niiltä essive sinä niinä translative siksi niiksi abessive siittä niittä comitative niineh

See also

Karelian demonstratives

	proximal	medial	distal
singular	tämä	se	tuo
plural	nämä	ne	nuo

Karelian personal pronouns

	first	second	third anim	third inan
singular	mie	sie	hiän	se
plural	myö	työ	hyö	ne

References

• P. M. Zaykov, Грамматика Карельского языка (фонетика и морфология) [Grammar of the Karelian language (phonetics and morphology)], 1999, →ISBN, page 58

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Kven

Etymology

From Finnish se, from Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈse/

Determiner

se

1. this, that

Pronoun

se

1. this, that
2. he, she, it

Declension

Declension of se singular plural nominative se net genitive sen niitten, niinen partitive sitä niitä illative siihen niihin inessive siinä niissä elative siitä, siittä niistä allative sille, sillet niile, niilet adessive sillä niilä ablative siltä niiltä translative sinä niinä essive siksi niiksi

Synonyms

• (he, she): hän

See also

Kven demonstratives

	proximal	medial	distal
singular	tämä	se	tuo
plural	nämät	net	nuot

Kven personal pronouns

	first	second	third anim	third anim or inan
singular	mie	sie	hän	se
plural	met	tet	het	net

References

• Eira Söderholm, Kvensk grammatikk, Tromsø: Cappelen Damm Akademisk, 2017, →ISBN, page 278

---

Ladin

Etymology

From Latin sē.

Pronoun

se

1. (indefinite) one, you, we, they, people. Note: often translated using the passive voice in English.
2. (reflexive) oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves; (reciprocal) each other, one another. Note: With some verbs, si is not translated in English.

---

Lashi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /se/, [sɛʔ]

Verb

se

1. to know
2. to be able to

References

• Hkaw Luk, A grammatical sketch of Lacid‎^[5], Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis), 2017

---

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /seː/, [s̠eː]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /se/, [sɛ]

• Audio (Classical)

  (file)

Pronoun

sē (accusative and ablative, no nominative)

1. (reflexive) the accusative of the third-person singular and plural reflexive pronoun: oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves

   Vōcālis est littera quae per sē syllabam facere potest. ― A vowel is a letter that can form a syllable by itself.

   Quīntus quōmodo sē habet hodiē? ― How's Quintus doing today? (literally, “is holding himself”)

   In mare sē praecipitāvit. ― He drowned himself in the ocean.

2. (reflexive) the ablative of the third-person singular and plural reflexive pronoun

Usage notes

• sēsē is very common as the emphatic form of the accusative pronoun, especially in reference to a preceding ipse, or at the beginning or the end of a clause.

Declension

Latin personal pronouns together with the possessive and reflexive pronouns

Number	Person	Gender	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative	Ablative	Possessive
Singular	First	—	ego	meī	mihi	mē		meus, -a, -um
	Second	—	tū	tuī	tibi	tē		tuus, -a, -um
	Reflexive third	—	—	suī	sibi	sē, sēsē		suus, -a, -um
	Third	Masculine	is	eius	eī	eum	eō	eius
		Feminine	ea			eam	eā
		Neuter	id			id	eō
Plural	First	—	nōs	nostrī, nostrum	nōbīs	nōs	nōbīs	noster, -tra, -trum
	Second	—	vōs	vestrī, vestrum	vōbīs	vōs	vōbīs	vester, -tra, -trum
	Reflexive third	—	—	suī	sibi	sē, sēsē		suus, -a, -um
	Third	Masculine	eī, iī	eōrum	eīs	eōs	eīs	eōrum
		Feminine	eae	eārum		eās		eārum
		Neuter	ea	eōrum		ea		eōrum

Derived terms

• See se/derived terms § Latin.

Descendants

• See se/derived terms § Latin.

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Ligurian

Etymology

From Late Latin se(d), from Latin sī (“if”) + quid (“what”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /se/

Conjunction

se

1. if

---

Livonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe. Cognates include Finnish se and Estonian see.

Pronoun

se

1. that
2. he

---

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sę.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sɛ]

Pronoun

se

1. myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, oneself
2. each other, one another
3. used to form passives

Derived terms

• se wě

References

• se in Manfred Starosta (1999): Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag.

---

Luxembourgish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /zə/

Pronoun

se

1. unstressed form of si

Declension

See Template:lb-decl-personal pronouns for declension.

---

Malay

Malay cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : se

Alternative forms

• See se/derived terms § Malay.

Etymology

Shortened form of esa, from Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sə/
• Rhymes: -sə, -ə

Numeral

se (Jawi spelling س)

1. one

1. (Terengganu dialect) En

Synonyms

• See se/derived terms § Malay.

Derived terms

• See se/derived terms § Malay.

---

Maltese

Alternative forms

• ser

Etymology

Sometimes thought to have been inherited from Arabic سَ‎ (sa), from سَوْفَ‎ (sawfa). However, it is more likely that the similarity is entirely coincidental and that Maltese se(r) is merely a shortened form of sejjer.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sɛ/

Particle

se

1. Indicates a future tense.

---

Mandarin

Romanization

se

1. Nonstandard spelling of sè.

Usage notes

• English transcriptions of Mandarin speech often fail to distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without the appropriate indication of tone.

---

Middle Dutch

Pronoun

se

1. accusative of si (“they”)

---

Middle English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sɛː/, /seː/

Etymology 1

From Old English swē, swǣ, variants of swā (“so”). More at so.

Adverb

se

1. so

Etymology 2

Noun

se

1. Alternative form of see (“sea”)

Etymology 3

Noun

se

1. Alternative form of see (“see”)

Etymology 4

Pronoun

se

1. Alternative form of sche

---

Middle French

Etymology

From Old French se, from Latin sē.

Pronoun

se

1. The third-person reflexive and reciprocal direct object pronoun.
   1. himself
   2. herself
   3. oneself
   4. itself
   5. themselves
   6. each other
2. The third-person reflexive and reciprocal indirect object pronoun.
   1. to himself
   2. to herself
   3. to oneself
   4. to itself
   5. to themselves
   6. to each other

      ils se donnerent bataille ― they gave each other battle (they gave battle to each other)

Usage notes

• Whether to translate as himself, herself, oneself, itself, themselves or each other depends on the gender (male, female or none) and number (singular or plural).
• Usually becomes s' before a vowel. In older manuscripts, it becomes s- with no apostrophe.

Descendants

• French: se

---

Middle Low German

Alternative forms

• su, sia

Etymology

Variously from Old Saxon sia and Old Saxon siu, ultimately developed from forms of Proto-Germanic *hiz and possibly influenced by Proto-Germanic *sa.

Pronunciation

• Stem vowel: ê⁴
  • (originally) IPA^(key): /seː/

Pronoun

sê

1. (third person singular female nominative) she
2. her (accusative of sê)
3. (third person plural nominative) they
4. them (accusative of sê)

Declension

See Template:gml-perpron for declension.

Descendants

• See se/derived terms § Middle Low German.

---

Neapolitan

Etymology

From Latin sē.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /se/
• Rhymes: -e

Pronoun

se

1. reflexive third person pronoun: oneself, himself, itself, herself, themselves etc.

---

North Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian siā, from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sɛ/

Verb

se (present se, 2nd singular sjochst, 3rd singular sjocht, past saag, perfect sen)

1. (Sylt) to see

---

Northern Kurdish

Etymology

From West Iranian *spaka "dog-like, relating to dogs" (compare Old Median σπάκα (“dog”), Persian سگ‎ (sag), and Old Armenian ասպակ (aspak, “dog”), a borrowing from Median), from Proto-Iranian [Term?] (compare Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬁‎ (spā), Pashto سپۍ‎ (spəy)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian [Term?] (compare Sanskrit श्वन् (śvā́)), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ.

Noun

Central Kurdish	سەگ‎ (seg)

se ?

1. dog

---

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse sjá, from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to see, notice”).

Pronunciation

• Audio

  (file)

Verb

se (imperative se, present tense ser, passive ses or sees, simple past så, past participle sett, present participle seende)

1. to see (perceive with the eyes).

Derived terms

• See se/derived terms § Norwegian Bokmål.

See also

• sjå (Nynorsk)

References

• “se” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

---

Old English

Alternative forms

• þē – late nom. masc. sg. form

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *siz, replacing earlier *sā, from Proto-Germanic *sa, from Proto-Indo-European *só.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /seː/

Article

sē

1. the

   sē mōna ― the moon

   sēo sunne ― the sun

   þæt seofonstierre ― the Pleiades

   þā steorran ― the stars

   • late 10th century, Ælfric's Lives of Saints

     Sē bisċop wæs bisiġ mid þām cyninge.

     The bishop was busy with the king.

   • c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 7:13

     Gangaþ inn þurh þæt nearwe ġeat.

     Go in through the narrow gate.

Determiner

sē

1. that

   Sele mē þone hamer.

   Give me that hammer.

   Cūðes þū þā rēadfiexan þe þū ǣr wiþ sprǣċe?

   Did you know that redhead who you were talking to earlier?

Pronoun

sē

1. that

   Hē fōr hām, and æfter þām ne ġeseah iċ hine nǣfre mā.

   He went home, and after that I never saw him again.

   • early 8th century, Beowulf, line 11

     Þæt wæs gōd cyning!

     That was a good king!

2. also sometimes used (in the appropriate gender and case) to mean "he," "she," "it," "they," etc.
   • early 8th century, Beowulf, line 469

     Heregar... sē wæs betera þonne iċ.

     Heregar... he was better than me.

   • late 10th century, Ælfric, "On the Purification of St. Mary"

     Sēo lifde mid hire were seofon ġēar.

     She lived with her husband for seven years.

   • c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 12:3

     Þā swungon hīe þone and forlēton hine īdelhendne.

     Then they beat him and left him empty-handed.

3. the one / that one

   Iċ eom sē þe cnocaþ.

   I am the one who knocks.

   Hēo nis sēo þe þū oferreċċan þearft.

   She's not the one you need to convince.

   Rǣtst þū nū þās bōc oþþe þā?

   Are you reading this book right now or that one?

   Hwæðer is þīn, þē þæt swearte hors þē þæt hwīte?

   Which one is yours, the black horse or the white one?

4. (relative) that, who, what

   Ne biþ eall þæt glitnaþ nā gold.

   Not everything that glitters is gold.

   • Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript E, year 605

     Þǣr man ofslōg ēac twā hund prēosta þā cōmon þæder þæt hīe sċylden ġebiddan for Wēala here. Sċromail wæs ġehāten heora ealdor, sē ætbærst þanon fīftiga sum.

     There two hundred priests were killed who had come to pray for the Welsh army. Scromail was the name of their leader, who was one of fifty to escape from there.

   • c. 900, King Alfred's translation of The Consolation of Philosophy

     Wel mē līcode þæt þū ǣr sæġdes.

     I really liked what you said before.

Declension

Declension of se

Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	sē	sēo	þæt
Accusative	þone	þā	þæt
Genitive	þæs	þǣre	þæs
Dative	þām	þǣre	þām
Instrumental	þon, þȳ, þē	þǣre	þon, þȳ, þē
	Plural
Nominative		þā
Accusative		þā
Genitive		þāra
Dative		þām
Instrumental		þām

Usage notes

• The word "the" was used somewhat more sparingly in Old English than in the modern language. One reason is, English had only recently developed a word for "the" (sē previously only meant "that"), leaving many nouns and phrases which had a definite meaning but which people continued to use without a definite article out of custom. Examples of words which usually went without the word "the" include:
  • Names of peoples, such as Engle (“the Angles”), Seaxan (“the Saxons”), and Crēcas (“the Greeks”). Ġelīefst þū þæt Dene magon bēon oferswīðde? (“Do you believe the Danes can be defeated?”).
  • All river names. On Temese flēat ān sċip (“A boat was floating on the Thames”).
  • A few nouns denoting types of locations, namely sǣ (“the sea”), wudu (“the woods”), and eorþe (“the ground”). Þū fēolle on eorðan and slōge þīn hēafod (“You fell on the ground and hit your head”). Note that eorþe was often used with a definite article when it meant "the Earth."
  • "the world," whether expressed with weorold or middanġeard. Iċ fēle æt hām on ealre weorolde, þǣr þǣr sind wolcnu and fuglas and mennisċe tēaras (“I feel at home in the whole world, where there are clouds and birds and human tears”).
  • A couple abstract concepts, namely sōþ (“the truth”) and ǣ (“the law”). Iċ seċġe ēow sōþ, þæt iċ swerie (“I'm telling you the truth, I swear”).
  • Dryhten (“the Lord”).
  • morgen (“the morning”) and ǣfen (“the evening”). Iċ ārās on lætne morgen and ēode niðer (“I got up late in the morning and went downstairs”).
  • The four seasons, lengten (“spring”), sumor (“summer”), hærfest (“fall”), and winter (“winter”). On sumore hit biþ wearm and on wintra ċeald (“In the summer it's warm and in the winter it's cold”).
  • forþġewitennes (“the past”), andweardnes (“the present”), and tōweardnes (“the future”). Þā þe forðġewitennesse ġemunan ne magon, hīe bēoþ ġeniðrode hīe tō ġeedlǣċenne (“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it”).
  • forma sīþ (“the first time”), ōþer sīþ (“the second time”), etc. Hwæt þōhtest þū þā þū mē forman sīðe ġemēttest? (“What did you think when you met me for the first time?”).
  • þīestra (“the dark”). Iċ āwēox, ac iċ nǣfre ne ġeswāc mē þīestra tō ondrǣdenne (“I grew up, but I never stopped being scared of the dark”).
  • Genitive phrases could include the word "the" before the head noun, but most often did not. Instead, genitive phrases were commonly formed like possessive phrases in modern English, with the genitive noun preceding the head noun ("John's car," not "the car of John"). Thus “the fall of Rome” was Rōme hryre, literally “Rome's fall,” and “the god of fire” was fȳres god, literally “fire's god.”

Descendants

• Middle English: se, ze, sæ

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Old French

Etymology 1

From Latin sē (“himself, herself, itself”), accusative of reflexive pronoun.

Alternative forms

• sei
• soi

Pronoun

se m or f (invariable)

1. himself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
2. herself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
3. itself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
4. oneself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
5. themselves (reflexive direct and indirect third-person plural pronoun)

Descendants

• French: se

Etymology 2

From Latin si.

Conjunction

se

1. if
2. then (afterwards; following)

Descendants

• French: si

---

Old Frisian

Pronoun

se

1. she
2. they

---

Old Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sʲe]

Determiner

se

1. Alternative form of so used after palatalized consonants and front vowels

---

Old Saxon

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *sa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /seː/

Article

sē m (demonstrative)

1. definite article: the

   sē māno ― the moon

2. demonstrative adjective: that, those

   Hē gaf thē gift. ― He gave that gift.

Declension

Declension of sē

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Neuter	Feminine
nominative	sē	that	sīu	thē
accusative	than	that	thē	thē
genitive	thēs	thēs	thēra	thēra
dative	thēm	thēm	thēra	thēm
instrumental	thiu, thia, thuo, thuru		-

See also

• Feminine: siu
• Neuter: that

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Pennsylvania German

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sə/

Etymology

Compare German sie.

Pronoun

se

1. she
2. her

Declension

• See se/derived terms § Pennsylvania German.

---

Phalura

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /se/

Determiner

se (demonstrative, Perso-Arabic spelling سےۡ)

1. the
2. that (agr: rem fem / rem non-nom masc)

References

• Liljegren, Henrik; Haider, Naseem, Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[6], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, 2011, →ISBN

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /se/

Determiner

se (demonstrative, Perso-Arabic spelling سےۡ)

1. the
2. those (agr: rem)

References

• Liljegren, Henrik; Haider, Naseem, Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[7], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, 2011, →ISBN

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /se/

Pronoun

se (demonstrative, Perso-Arabic spelling سےۡ)

1. it
2. she (rem fem nom)

References

• Liljegren, Henrik; Haider, Naseem, Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[8], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, 2011, →ISBN

Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /se/

Pronoun

se (demonstrative, Perso-Arabic spelling سےۡ)

1. they (rem nom)

References

• Liljegren, Henrik; Haider, Naseem, Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[9], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, 2011, →ISBN

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Pilagá

Pronoun

se

1. I

   se-take ― I want

References

• 2001, Alejandra Vidal, quoted in Subordination in Native South-American Languages

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Pipil

Pipil cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : sē     Ordinal : achtu     Adverbial : seujti     Distributive : sejsē ika

Etymology

From Proto-Uto-Aztecan *sɨmayV. Compare Classical Nahuatl ce (“one”). Cognate with Hopi suukya' (“one”), Shoshone seme' (“one”), Cahuilla súplli (“one”), and O'odham hema (“one”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈseː/

Numeral

sē

1. one

   Nikneki semaya se

   I want only one

Article

sē

1. a, indefinite article

   Tikitat se tekulut tik ne kwajkwawit

   We saw an owl in the trees

Pronoun

sē

1. someone, something, indefinite pronoun

   Walajsik se ina ka metzishmati

   Someone came who said she/he knows you

   Se anmejemet nemi pal yawi pal kikua ne takwal

   One of you has to go to buy the food

   Ne nunan nechmakak se anmupal

   My mom gave me something for you all

---

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sɛ/

Pronoun

se

1. (colloquial) oneself, myself, yourself, itself, etc.

   Synonym: sobie

   Daj se z tym spokój.

   Give it a break.

Further reading

• se in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• se in Polish dictionaries at PWN

---

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /sɨ/
• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /si/
  • Homophone: si
• (South Brazil) IPA^(key): /se/
  • Homophone: cê
• Hyphenation: se
• Rhymes: -i

Etymology 1

From Old Portuguese sse, se, from Latin sē, from Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun).

Pronoun

se m or f

2. third-person singular and plural reflexive pronoun; himself; herself; itself; themself; themselves

   Ela se viu no espelho.

   She saw herself in the mirror.

4. third-person singular and plural reciprocal pronoun; each other; one another

   Quando eles se conheceram?

   When did they meet (each other)?

6. second-person singular and plural reflexive and reciprocal pronoun, when used with second-person pronouns other than tu and vós; yourself; yourselves

   E você se diz um professor!

   And you call yourself a teacher!

8. forms the passive voice; be; get

   espantar ― to frighten

   espantar-se ― to get frightened (Literally, “to frighten oneself”)

   Da minha casa se vê o mar.

   The sea can be seen from my house. (Literally, "From my house oneself sees the sea.")

10. impersonal reflexive pronoun; oneself

    Vive-se bem em Belém.

    One lives well in Belém. (Literally, *"∅ lives oneself well in Belém.")

Usage notes

• When the verb precedes se, a hyphen must be used. In Portugal post-verb se is more common, while in Brazil it usually precedes the verb.
• (reflexive and reciprocal): Many verb senses take a reflexive pronoun by default; they are called pronominal verbs. Se must be replaced by me, te, etc. according to the subject.

  comunicar-se (com) ― to communicate (with)

  arrepender-se ― to repent

• Many ergative English verbs are translated by a bare verb for transitive usage and a pronominal one for intransitive:

  O professor acalmou os alunos.

  The teacher calmed the students down.

  O professor acalmou-se.

  The teacher calmed down.

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:se.

See also

See Template:Portuguese personal pronouns for further pronouns.

Etymology 2

From Old Portuguese se, from Latin sī (“if”).

Alternative forms

• si (eye dialect)

Conjunction

se

2. if (introduces a condition)
   • 2007, J. K. Rowling, Lya Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte, Rocco, page 317:

     Desculpe, acho que dá mais medo se for meia-noite!

     I'm sorry, I thought it would be more fearsome if it were midnight!}}

   Se for sair, leve um guarda-chuva.

   If you go out, take an umbrella.

   Só começaremos se nos pagarem.

   We will only begin if they pay us.

   Synonym: caso

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:se.

Antonyms

• caso contrário, senão

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Romanian

Etymology

From Latin sē, from Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /se/
• Rhymes: -e

Pronoun

se

1. (reflexive pronoun) oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves

Related terms

• sine

---

Romansch

Alternative forms

• (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan) si
• (Sutsilvan, Surmiran) sen
• (Puter, Vallader) sü

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Adverb

se

1. (Sutsilvan, Surmiran) up, upward, upwards

---

Rwanda-Rundi

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *cé.

Noun

sé 1a (plural bāsé 2a)

1. his/her father
2. his/her paternal uncle

---

Samoan

Article

se

1. a (singular indefinite article)

See also

• le

---

Serbo-Croatian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /se/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *sę.

Pronoun

1. oneself (clitic form of reflexive pronoun)
   1. myself
   2. yourself
   3. himself, herself, itself
   4. ourselves
   5. yourselves
   6. themselves

Declension

Declension of

	singular	plural
nominative	—	—
genitive
dative
accusative
vocative	—	—
locative
instrumental

Etymology 2

From .

Particle

1. this is; here is
   • 1404, anonymous, Kočerin tablet:

     се лежи вигань милошевиꙉь

     Here lies Viganj Milošević

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Slovene

Etymology

From .

Pronoun

1. oneself: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself (accusative)
2. ourselves, yourselves, themselves (accusative)

Inflection

See Template:sl-decl-ppron for inflection.

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Spanish

Etymology 1

From , from .

Pronoun

1. oneself, himself, herself, itself, yourself; each other; one another
2. and

Usage notes

• is used as a suffix with verbs in the infinitive and imperative.

Etymology 2

From (from , compare , ), whose pronunciation shifted from to in Early Modern Spanish, at which point it was reanalyzed as (rather than shifting to as expected).

Pronoun

1. and

See also

See Appendix:Spanish pronouns for an overview of Spanish pronouns and Template:es-personal pronouns for a pronoun table.

Further reading

• “se” in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014.

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Sranan Tongo

Etymology

Borrowed from .

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Swedish

Etymology

From , , , from , , from , from . The final -g of the past tense form was added under influence of the Old Swedish plural form .

Cognate with , and , , and .

Pronunciation

• audio

  (file)

Verb

1. to see; use one's sight
   • 1888, August Strindberg, Fröken Julie

     Tvärtom, fröken Julie, som ni ser har jag skyndat uppsöka min övergivna!

     Quite the opposite, miss Julie, as you can see I have rushed to find my abandoned one!

   • 1915, John Wahlborg, Stjärnbanér i blågult

     Vad jag sett och hört och känt har helt enkelt överväldigat mig.

     What I have seen and heard and felt has quite simply overwhelmed me.

2. to see; to understand

3. to see, to visualize; to form a mental picture of

Derived terms

• See .

Related terms

• See .

See also

• See .

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Tarantino

Pronoun

1. it
2. one

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Tocharian A

Etymology

From . Cognate with , and .

Noun

1. son

See also

• See .

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Turkish

Noun

1. The name of the Latin-script letter [[S#|S]].

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Tuvaluan

Article

1. ,

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Veps

Etymology

From , from . Cognates include and .

Pronoun

1. it

Inflection

See Template:vep-decl-se for inflection.

Determiner

1. that

Inflection

See Template:vep-decl-se for inflection.

References

• , ; , , ”, in []‎^[10], Petrozavodsk: Periodika, 2007

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Volapük

Preposition

1. out of

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Zazaki

Adverb

1. how
2. if
3. what

Numeral

1. hundred