sa

See also: Appendix:Variations of "sa"

Languages (98)

Abau • Acehnese • Ainu • Albanian • Ama • Atong (India) • Bahnar • Balinese • Banjarese • Catalan • Cebuano • Chipewyan • Drung • Duriankere • Duun • Eastern Cham • Estonian • Finnish • Franco-Provençal • French • Futuna-Aniwa • Galician • Garo • Gothic • Guaraní • Hadza • Haitian Creole • Hanunoo • Haroi • Hausa • Higaonon • Iban • Ido • Igbo • Indonesian • Irish • Italian • Japanese • Jarai • Kabyle • Kamakan • Lhao Vo • Ligurian • Livonian • Louisiana Creole • Lower Sorbian • Macanese • Malay • Maltese • Mandarin • Maranao • Masalit • Matal • Minangkabau • Northern Roglai • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Ojibwe • Old French • Old Frisian • Old Galician-Portuguese • Old Irish • Pali • Palu'e • Papiamentu • Pawaia • Polish • Rade • Rawang • Romani • Romanian • Sardinian • Scottish Gaelic • Serbo-Croatian • Slovak • South Slavey • Southern Ndebele • Sranan Tongo • Sumerian • Swazi • Swedish • Tagalog • Talysh • Tooro • Tunica • Turkish • Vietnamese • Welsh • West Frisian • West Makian • Western Cham • Xârâgurè • Xhosa • Yámana • Zhuang • Zou • Zulu

Page categories

Translingual

Symbol

sa

(international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Sanskrit.

Abau

Noun

sa

woman

References

transnewguinea.org, citing D. C. Laycock, Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea (1968), Oceanic Linguistics, 7 (1): 36-66

Acehnese

**Acehnese numbers ^(edit)**
		10
	← 0	1	2 →	10 →
Cardinal: sa Ordinal: phôn

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sa/

Numeral

sa

one

References

Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*esa”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

Ainu

Noun

sa (Kana spelling サ)

elder sister
Synonym: nanna

References

John Batchelor (1905) An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language)‎^[3], Tokyo, London: Methodist Publishing House; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co., page 385
Vovin, Alexander V. (2016) “On the Linguistic Prehistory of Hokkaidō”, in Gruzdeva Ekaterina, Janhunen Juha, editors, Crosslinguistics and Linguistic Crossings in Northeast Asia. Papers on the Languages of Sakhalin and Adjacent Regions (Studia Orientalia; 117), Helsinki, pages 29–38

Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *si-a, a combination of two pronominal members, Proto-Indo-European *kʷih₂ and *h₂ew-/*h₂en-. Alternatively from Proto-Albanian *tšja^[1] or, as per Meyer, from Greek σαν (san, “when, whenever”).^[2]

Pronoun

sa

how much

Derived terms

sasi

References

^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “sa”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 392
^ Meyer, G. (1891) “sa”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the Albanian Language] (in German), Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, →DOI, page 375

Ama

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sa/

Noun

sa

rain

Atong (India)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sʰa/

Numeral

sa (Bengali script সা)

one

Synonyms

References

van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary.

Bahnar

Etymology

From Proto-Bahnaric *caː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *caʔ (“to eat”); cognate with Halang cha, Koho saa, Semai ca, Pacoh cha, Khmer ស៊ី (sii) and Mon စ (ca).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /saː/

Verb

sa

to eat

Balinese

Romanization

sa

Romanization of ᬲ

Banjarese

	A user has added this entry to requests for verification⁽⁺⁾ with the reason: “is this shortened form really used? (except for the proclitic sa-)”
	If it cannot be verified that this term meets our attestation criteria, it will be deleted. Feel free to edit this entry as normal, but do not remove `{{rfv}}` until the request has been resolved.

**Banjarese cardinal numbers**
< 0	1	2 >
Cardinal : sa

Numeral

sa

Short for asa (“one”).

Catalan

Etymology 1

From Old Catalan sa~san, from Latin sānus, from Proto-Indo-European *swā-n- (“healthy; whole; active; vigorous”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [sə]
IPA^(key): (Valencia) [sa]
Homophone: ça

Adjective

sa (feminine sana, masculine plural sans, feminine plural sanes)

healthy

Derived terms

Related terms

Etymology 2

From Latin ipsa.

Article

sa f

(Balearic) nominative feminine singular of es

References

“sa” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
“sa”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025.
“sa” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
“sa” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Cebuano

Alternative forms

's — contraction, informal

Etymology 1

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sa. Compare Tagalog sa, Bikol Central sa, Hiligaynon sa.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sa/ [s̪ɐ]

Preposition

sa

marks the indirect object or recipient of the verb: to
Coordinate terms: kang, (colloquial) ni — used before personal names

Gihatag na nako ang tanan sa akong amigo. ― I already gave everything to my friend.
refers to the location of something or some action: in; at; on
Naa sa lamisa. ― On the table.

Sa Pilipinas ko gipanganak. ― I was born in the Philippines.
refers to motion towards or away from a definite location:
1. to the; towards the
  Synonym: padulong (sa)
  
  Moadto siya sa sinehan unya. ― He's going to the movies later.
2. from the; away from the
  Synonym: gikan (sa)
  
  Mihawa ko sa balay. ― I went away from the house.
refers to a time period: at; on; in; during (of a year, month, day of the week, time of day, etc.)
Synonyms: (colloquial) inig-, ig-

Sa Lunes mi mouli. ― We're going home on Monday.
refers to accompaniment with a definite partner or object: with; together with; in company with
Synonyms: uban (sa/ang), kuyog (sa/ang)

Nikuyog si Juan sa iyang papa. ― Juan went with his father.
used in comparisons: than
Synonym: kaysa (sa/kang)

Mas paspas ang eroplano sa imong sakyanan. ― The airplane is faster than your car.
refers to the cause of action: due to; because of
Synonyms: tungod sa, kay

Namatay sila sa kagutom. ― They died of hunger.
refers to the definite tool or instrument used for doing: with, through, by
Synonym: gamit (ang)

Iyang gisagpa sa kamot. ― He slapped him with the hand.
refers to the basis of action: through, by, on the basis of
Migawas ang estudyante sa pagsugot sa maestro. ― The student went out by the teacher's permission.

Usage notes

Used in combination with other words to form more specific prepositional phrases:
sa babaw (sa) ― on top (of)

sa sulod (sa) ― within, inside (of)

pinaagi sa ― by means of

tungod sa ― due to, because of
In senses where definiteness is encoded, sa is used in contrast with og, which refers to indefinite relations.

Etymology 2

From earlier sang, conflating with sa (“to, in, at”). Compare Hiligaynon sang, Waray-Waray han, Tagalog ng.

Article

sa

definite indirect marker for nouns other than personal names
Coordinate term: og — for indefinite nouns

Mikaon sa isda ang iring.
The cat ate the fish.

Gikaon sa iring ang isda.
The cat ate the fish.
of, 's; marks possession
luto sa inahan ― mother's cooking

babaw sa lamisa ― on top of the table
1. of the; with a definite possessor
  Coordinate term: og — see Usage notes
  
  anak sa hari ― son of the king

Usage notes

In marking possession, the usage of sa is contrasted with that of og in certain possessive relations, such as kinship terms:
inahan sa hari ― mother of the king

inahan og hari ― mother of a king
But this distinction does not apply to all possessive phrases:
mga dahon sa punuan ― (a/the) tree's leaves

mga dahon og punuan ― is ungrammatical
However, the contrast is mostly unused in everyday speech, with sa used in all possessive phrases.

Etymology 3

Compare Tagalog sina, Tausug hinda, Kinaray-a sanday.

Article

sa

(archaic) direct marker for plural personal names
Synonyms: sila ni, silang

Etymology 4

From usa, isa.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsaʔ/ [ˈs̪aʔ]

Noun

sà

shortened form of usa, isa (“for now, before doing”)

Etymology 5

Elision of the "l" in sala (“strain”), from Proto-Philippine *sáraʔ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsa(ː)/ [ˈs̪a(ː)]

Noun

sa

(Cebu) shortened form of sala (“strain”)

Etymology 6

Elision of the "l" in sala (“fault, sin”), from Inherited from Proto-Philippine *salaq.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsa(ː)ʔ/ [ˈs̪a(ː)ʔ]

Noun

sâ

(Cebu) shortened form of sala (“fault, sin”)

Chipewyan

Etymology

Compare South Slavey sa

Noun

sa

sun
watch

Drung

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sV-wa.

Noun

sa

tooth

References

Ross Perlin (2019) A Grammar of Trung‎^[4], Santa Barbara: University of California

Duriankere

Noun

sa

water

Duun

Noun

sa

fire

Eastern Cham

**Eastern Cham cardinal numbers**
< 0	1	2 >
Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /saː/

Numeral

sa (Akhar Thrah spelling ꨧ, Cham symbol ꩑)

one

References

Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*esa”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

Estonian

Alternative forms

Sa (optional capitalization)

Etymology

Short form of sina

Pronoun

sa (genitive su, partitive sind, long form sina)

you, thou (in unstressed positions)
Mis sa teed seal? ― What are you doing there?

Declension

Declension of sa
2nd person	singular		plural
2nd person	long	short	long	short
nominative	sina	sa	teie	te
genitive	sinu	su	teie	te
partitive	sind		teid
illative	sinusse	susse		teisse
inessive	sinus	sus		teis
elative	sinust	sust		teist
allative	sinule	sulle		teile
adessive	sinul	sul		teil
ablative	sinult	sult		teilt
translative	sinuks	–	teieks	teiks
terminative	sinuni	–	teieni	–
essive	sinuna	–	teiena	–
abessive	sinuta	–	teieta	–
comitative	sinuga	suga	teiega	–

Finnish

Etymology

See sinä; developed through contraction.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsɑ/, [ˈs̠ɑ̝]
Rhymes: -ɑ
Syllabification^(key): sa
Hyphenation^(key): sa

Pronoun

sa

(personal, archaic, poetic) you (second-person singular pronoun)

Declension

Other forms than the nominative generally align with sä.

Synonyms

sinä (standard Finnish; see it for full list)

Anagrams

-as, as

Franco-Provençal

Determiner

sa

feminine singular of son

French

Etymology

From Old French sa, from Latin sua feminine form of suus.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sa/
Audio: (file)

Determiner

sa f sg

(possessive) his, her, its, their, one's
Emma est allée chez sa sœur.
Emma went to her sister's house.

Pierre a perdu sa carte d’identité.
Pierre has lost his identity card.

Sa voiture est blanche.
Their car is white.

Related terms

French possessive determiners
			possessee
			singular		plural
			m	f	plural
possessor	singular	1^st	mon¹	ma	mes
		2^nd	ton¹	ta	tes
		3^rd	son¹	sa	ses
	plural	1^st	notre		nos
		2^nd	votre²		vos²
		3^rd	leur		leurs

¹ Also used before feminine adjectives and nouns beginning with a vowel or mute h.
² Also used as the polite singular form.
For the singular persons there are gender-neutral neologisms man, tan, san. These are extremely rare.

Anagrams

as

Futuna-Aniwa

Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *saqa.

Adjective

sa

bad
ugly

Galician

Etymology

Either from Proto-Germanic *saliz (“house, hall”),^[1] or from Proto-Germanic *sēaną (“to sow”).^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsaː/

Noun

sa f (plural sas)

generation, litter
sowing season

References

Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “sa”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega

^ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “sala”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos
^ Piel, J. M. (1973), "Betrachtungen zu hisp.-got. *sala, gal.-pg. Sáa, Sá", in Studia Iberica. Festschrift für Hans Flache. München: Francke Verlag. page 463.

Garo

**Garo cardinal numbers**
	1	2 >
Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tjak ~ g-t(j)ik. Cognate with Tibetan གཅིག (gcig), Burmese တစ် (tac).

Numeral

sa

one

Gothic

Romanization

sa

Romanization of 𐍃𐌰

Guaraní

Adjective

sa

(cardinal number) one hundred

Derived terms

saha

Hadza

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sa/

Verb

sa

to rain

Noun

sa

the form of sako or its inflections after a determiner

Haitian Creole

Etymology

From French ça.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sa/

Verb

sa

can, to be able to

Determiner

sa

this
these
- 2019 March 19, “Rankont ann Itali ant Anvwaye Espesyal Etazini ak Larisi sou Kriz Venezuela a”, in Lavwadlamerik‎^[6]:
  Dapre Misey Guaido, 2 peyi sa yo ap defann sèlman enterè biznis yo ak Venezuela.
  According to Mr. Guaido, these two countries are only defending their business interests in Venezuela.
that
those

Pronoun

sa

(demonstrative) this
(demonstrative) these
(demonstrative) that
(demonstrative) those
(interrogative) what
(relative) what

Derived terms

kisa

Hanunoo

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *sa (locative marker).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsa/ [ˈsa]
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: sa

Preposition

sa (Hanunoo spelling ᜰ)

to
Synonym: (literary) kan
on; at; in
by
for
from

Usage notes

For personal names, kan (or kana if plural) is used instead.

Haroi

**Haroi cardinal numbers**
< 0	1	2 >
Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral

sa

one

References

Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*esa”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

Hausa

Etymology

Generally thought to be from Proto-Chadic (compare Proto-Central Chadic *ɬa, whence Mbuko slā, Uldeme slà, Bana slá, Muyang ɬà, Moloko ɬa, Zulgo-Gemzek sla, Podoko sla, Daba zlà, Lagwan nsla), Ngizim tla. possibly cognate with Somali sac, Newman dissents and considers it a possible borrowing.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sâː/
- (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA^(key): [sâː]

Noun

sâ m (feminine sānìyā, plural shānū, possessed form sân)

bull, ox, cattle

Higaonon

Preposition

sa

of

Iban

Affix

sa

short form for satu, often pronounced as se-.
combine with a verb in nasal form e.g. se +‎ kayoh (kayoh means "paddle") to form a noun sengayoh (a paddle).
combine with a verb in nasal form and a prefix pe- e.g. sa +‎ pe +‎ san (san means "a load") to form a noun sapenyan (as much as one can carry) and sa +‎ pe +‎ temu (temu means "opinion") to form sapenemu (as much as one knows).

References

Richards, Anthony. An Iban-English Dictionary, Volume 1 Clarendon Press. 1981.

Ido

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sa/

Determiner

sa

(archaic) Alternative form of sua.
- 1909-1910, Progreso – duesma yaro, page 40:
  Segun sa opiniono la max (maxim) importanta neceso por I.L. esas la max granda perfekteso, e ne la amaso di adheranti, [...]
  According to his opionion the most important necessity for an I.L. is the perfection, and not the amount of adherents, [...]

Igbo

Pronunciation

(inherent tone): IPA^(key): /sá/

Verb

sá

to wash, to scrub.
Ana m asa efere.
I am washing plates.

Indonesian

Etymology

Clipping of saya.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sa/
Hyphenation: sa

Pronoun

sa

(Papuan) I (first person singular prononun)

Irish

Etymology

From Middle Irish (i)sind, (i)sin, from Old Irish isin(d/t) (“in the m or f or n sg dative”), isin (“into the m or f sg accusative”), isa (“into the n sg accusative”), from Proto-Celtic *in sindū/sindai (“in the m sg/f sg dative”), *in sindom/sindam (“into the m sg/f sg accusative”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sˠə/

Contraction

sa

Contraction of i + an.
Tá an fear sa bhád. ― The man is in the boat

Tá na páistí ag súgradh sa tsráid. ― The children are playing in the street.

Táimid inár suí sa seomra (or) tseomra. ― We are sitting in the room.

Usage notes

This contraction is obligatory, i.e. *i an never appears uncontracted. Used before consonant sounds only; otherwise, san is used. Triggers:

lenition of b, c, f, g, m, p and changes initial s to ts in Ulster varieties,
lenition of b, c, g, m, p, changes initial s to ts, and triggers eclipsis of f in Munster varieties,
eclipsis and changes initial s to ts in feminine nouns while not affecting s in masculine nouns in Connacht varieties,
in An Caighdeán Oifigiúil causes lenition of b, c, f, g, m, p and changes initial s to ts in feminine nouns (An Córas Lárnach) or all nouns (Córas an tSéimhithe).

Often understood to be a contraction of ins an, but the forms san, sa were in common use by the 12th century and accepted in Classical Gaelic poetry while ins is a later innovation with the -n- reintroduced by analogy.

Related terms

Irish preposition contractions

Basic form	Contracted with							Copular forms
Basic form	an (“the sg”)	na (“the pl”)	mo (“my”)	do (“your”)	a (“his, her, their; which (present)”)	ár (“our”)	ar (“which (past)”)	(before consonant)	(present/future before vowel)	(past/conditional before vowel)
de (“from”)	den	de na desna*	de mo dem*	de do ded, det	dá	dár		dar	darb	darbh
do (“to, for”)	don	do na dosna*	do mo dom*	do do dod, dot	dá	dár		dar	darb	darbh
faoi (“under, about”)	faoin	faoi na	faoi mo	faoi do	faoina	faoinár	faoinar		faoinarb	faoinarbh
i (“in”)	sa, san	sna	i mo im*	i do id, it	ina	inár	inar		inarb	inarbh
le (“with”)	leis an	leis na	le mo lem*	le do led, let	lena	lenár	lenar		lenarb	lenarbh
ó (“from, since”)	ón	ó na ósna*	ó mo óm*	ó do ód, ót	óna	ónár	ónar		ónarb	ónarbh
trí (“through”)	tríd an	trí na	trí mo	trí do	trína	trínár	trínar		trínarb	trínarbh
*Dialectal.

References

Osborn Bergin (1916) “Irish Grammatical Tracts (Introductory)”, in Ériu, volume 8, Supplement, Royal Irish Academy, →DOI, →JSTOR, §67, page 17
McKenna, Lambert, editor (1944), Bardic Syntactical Tracts, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, page 113: “Before pl. art. i n- gives is na, ’sna; in such cases a h- gives as na. (…) Before sg. art. i n- is isin, san (often sa before consonants).”
Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “i”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
Gramadach na Gaeilge: An Caighdeán Oifigiúil‎^[7], Seirbhís Thithe an Oireachtais, 2017, pages 8–10, 15–18

Italian

Alternative forms

sà (misspelling)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsa/^*^[1]
Rhymes: -a
Hyphenation: sà

Verb

sa

third-person singular present indicative of sapere
Giovanni sa dov'è Laura. ― Giovanni knows where Laura is.

References

^ sa in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

Japanese

Romanization

sa

The hiragana syllable さ (sa) or the katakana syllable サ (sa) in Hepburn romanization.

Jarai

**Jarai cardinal numbers**
< 0	1	2 >
Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral

sa

one

Kabyle

**Kabyle cardinal numbers**
< 6	7	8 >
Cardinal : sa Arabic loanword : sebɛa

Etymology

From Proto-Berber.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sa/

Numeral

sa (feminine sat)

seven
Synonym: sebɛa

Kamakan

Alternative forms

zan (Kamakan)

Noun

sa

(Kotoxo) water

References

Chestmir Loukotka, La família lingüística Kamakan del Brasil
Márcio Silva Martins Andérbio, Revisão da família lingüística Kamakã proposta por Chestmir Loukotka (thesis, Université de Brasilia, 2007 page 52)

Lhao Vo

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *swiʔ (“water; liquid; body fluid”). Cognate with Burmese သွေး (swe:).

Noun

sa

blood

References

Dr. Ola Hanson, "A Dictionary of the Kachin Language" (1906).

Ligurian

Verb

sa

third-person singular present indicative of savéi

Livonian

Alternative forms

sinā

Etymology

A shorter form of sinā.

Pronoun

sa

you; second person pronoun, referring to the addressee

Declension

Declension of sa
	singular (ikšlug)	plural (pǟgiņlug)
nominative (nominatīv)	sinā sa	tēg teg
genitive (genitīv)	sin	täd
partitive (partitīv)	sīnda	tēḑi
dative (datīv)	sinnõn sin	täddõn tän
instrumental (instrumentāl)	sinkõks	tädkõks
illative (illatīv)	sinnõ sinnõz	tēži
inessive (inesīv)	sinsõ	tēši
elative (elatīv)	sinstõ	tēšti

References

Renāte Blumberga, Tapio Mäkeläinen, Karl Pajusalu (2013), Lībieši: vēsture, valoda un kultūra, Rīga: Līvõ Kultūr sidām, →ISBN

Louisiana Creole

Etymology

Inherited from French sera (“will be”) or similar (e.g., seras), an inflection of French être (“to be”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sa/
Rhymes: -a
Homophones: ça, sâ

Verb

sa

(auxiliary, copulative) will be

Related terms

Lower Sorbian

Preposition

sa

Obsolete spelling of za.

Macanese

Etymology 1

Reduced form of sua. Semantically derived from Cantonese 嘅 (ge³, possessive marker).

Alternative forms

sua

Particle

sa

particle appended after pronouns to denote ownership: -'s
iou-sa filo ― my child

êle-sa ― his; her; their (sg.)

ilôtro-sa casa ― their (pl.) house

uví mai-sa ladínha ― to listen to mother's scolding

Usage notes

According to native speakers, sa is more commonly used than sua.
The particle is not inflected for gender.
Almost always spelt connected using a hyphen in the vast majority of writings, but not mandatory.

Related terms

su

Etymology 2

Uncertain. Possibly from Portuguese sabe (“know”), thus a doublet of sábi.

Alternative forms

sa', sá

Particle

sa

expletive particle expressing confirmation or explanation
Sâm diabo? Nunca, sâm tacho-sa!
Is it the devil? No, it's a pot!

References

https://www.macaneselibrary.org/pub/english/uipatua.htm
Batalha, Graciete Nogueira (1988) “sa”, in Glossário do dialecto macaense: notas linguísticas, etnográficas e folclóricas [Glossary of the Macanese dialect: linguistic, ethnographic and folkloric notes], Macau: Instituto Cultural de Macau, page 525

Malay

Numeral

sa

(1924-1972) Obsolete spelling of se.

Maltese

Etymology

Probably from Arabic حَتَّى (ḥattā, “until; as far as; even”). The form, though without doubt unusual, might be explained from earlier *ħta by assimilation in fast speech. Compare Moroccan Arabic حتى (ḥta). Compare also Spanish hasta, which, if related, might point to the existence of an obsolete Maghrebi variant *ḥastā. Joseph Aquilina preferred to derive the Maltese form from a contraction of Italian sino a, variant of fino a (“until; as far as”). Both may also have reinforced each other.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sa/

Preposition

sa

until
Se nħobbok sal-aħħar nifs ta’ ħajti. ― I’ll love you until the last breath of my life.
as far as

Derived terms

Mandarin

Romanization

sa (sa⁵ / sa⁰, Zhuyin ˙ㄙㄚ)

Hanyu Pinyin reading of 𠮿

sa

Nonstandard spelling of sā.
Nonstandard spelling of sǎ.
Nonstandard spelling of sà.

Usage notes

Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Maranao

Noun

sa

tea

References

A Maranao Dictionary, by Howard P. McKaughan and Batua A. Macaraya

Masalit

Noun

sa

water

References

Timothy Leffel, Focus constructions in Masalit (New York University, 05/31/2011)

Matal

Etymology 1

Likely from Proto-Chadic *sa (“to drink”).^[1] Cognate with Mpade se (“to drink”).

Verb

sa

to drink
Kà uwana may azà à gi, kavàw à gi tatak may, nəlay akə̀s à gi, katə̀ɗàw gi iyaw gəsà, gəgà məlok gà, kakə̀sàw gi la ahàl səla. (Mata 25:35)^[2]
For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink (lit: so I drank), I was a stranger and you welcomed me as a guest. (Matthew 25:35)

Kəla uwabeyuwi uwana asà iyaw aŋa suwa uwanay, nəlay adàkəsay aya (Yuhana 4:13)^[3]
Everyone who drinks of this water will be thirsty again.(John 4:13)

Etymology 2

Likely from Proto-Chadic *(-)sə (“to come”).^[4]

Verb

sa

to come
La kità Yuhana asà à waŋ, azùw aw, asà aw, ŋgaha azladza tagòɗ kà: 'Masla la masasəɗok mawisiga.' (Mata 11:18)^[5]
For John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say, ‘He has a demon!’ (Matthew 11:18)

La mavakay uwatà Yesu asà à uda la kay, ŋgaha ahàd adzà madzay la gay dərəv kà matapla tatak à azladza. (Matthew 13:1)^[6]
On that day Jesus came out of the house and was sitting by the sea. (Matthew 13:1)

"Sà à waŋ, sà à waŋ", tagòɗ à mamətsay, ama mamətsay ahòy atà à ahàl. (Mafətala 9:6)^[7]
Come here, come here, they said to the death, but the death flew from them (Revelation 9:6)

References

^ Newman, Paul (1977) Chadic Classification and Reconstructions (Afroasiatic Linguistics; 5)‎^[1], number 1, Malibu: Undena
^ http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Matt/25#35
^ http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/John/4#13
^ Newman, Paul (1977) Chadic Classification and Reconstructions (Afroasiatic Linguistics; 5)‎^[2], number 1, Malibu: Undena
^ http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Matt/11#18
^ http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Matt/13#1
^ http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Rev/9

Minangkabau

**Minangkabau cardinal numbers**
< 0	1	2 >
Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral

sa

one

Synonyms

ciek

Derived terms

sa-

Northern Roglai

**Northern Roglai cardinal numbers**
< 0	1	2 >
Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral

sa

one

Norwegian Bokmål

Verb

sa

simple past of si

Norwegian Nynorsk

Verb

sa

past of seia

Ojibwe

Particle

sa

emphasis marker
Mii sa go ozhiitaawaad igo.
They were getting ready.

References

The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/main-entry/sa-pc-disc

Old French

Etymology

From Latin sua, feminine of suus.

Determiner

sa f (masculine son, plural ses)

his/hers/its (third-person singular possessive)

Descendants

French: sa

Old Frisian

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *swa.

Conjunction

sā

so
as
or

Old Galician-Portuguese

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sa/

Determiner

sa

feminine singular of seu

Pronoun

sa

feminine singular of seu

Old Irish

Determiner

sa

Alternative spelling of so

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

𑀲 (Brahmi script)
स (Devanagari script)
স (Bengali script)
ස (Sinhalese script)
သ (Burmese script)
ส or สะ (Thai script)
ᩈ (Tai Tham script)
ສ or ສະ (Lao script)
ស (Khmer script)
𑄥 (Chakma script)

Alternative scripts

so (Latin script)
𑀲𑁄 (Brahmi script)
सो (Devanagari script)
সো (Bengali script)
සො (Sinhalese script)
သော or သေႃ (Burmese script)
โส (Thai script)
ᩈᩮᩣ (Tai Tham script)
ໂສ (Lao script)
សោ (Khmer script)
𑄥𑄮 (Chakma script)

Pronoun

sa

he, it

Adjective

sa

masculine nominative singular of ta (“that”)

Noun

sa

vocative singular of san (“dog”)

Palu'e

**Palu'e cardinal numbers**
< 0	1	2 >
Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *isa, *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *isa, *əsa, *asa.

Numeral

sa

one

Papiamentu

Alternative forms

sabi (synonym)

Etymology

From Portuguese saber and Spanish saber and Kabuverdianu sabe.

Verb

sa

to know

Pawaia

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sá/, [sá]

Noun

sa

water

References

Phonological Considerations of Pawaia, in Oceania Linguistic Monographs, issues 14-15 (1971)
Transnewguinea.org, citing both D. Trefry, A comparative study of Kuman and Pawaian (1969) and G. E. MacDonald, The Teberan Language Family, pages 111-121, in The Linguistic Situation in the Gulf District and Adjacent Area, Papua New Guinea (editor K. J. Franklin) (1973)

Polish

Pronunciation

(Greater Poland):
- (Kuyavia) IPA^(key): /ˈsa/
- (Northern Greater Poland) IPA^(key): /ˈsa/
- (Eastern Greater Poland) IPA^(key): /ˈsa/

Adverb

sa (not comparable)

(Northern Greater Poland, Eastern Greater Poland, Kuyavia) Alternative form of sam (“here”)

Rade

**Rade cardinal numbers**
< 0	1	2 >
Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral

sa

one

Rawang

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sɑ˧/

Etymology 1

Verb

sa

to wait.

Etymology 2

Noun

sa

bird; fowl.

Romani

Pronoun

sa

all

Romanian

Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *sa, from Latin sua, the feminine form of suus.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sa/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -a

Determiner

sa f

feminine singular of său: his/her

Pronoun

sa f (possessive pronouns)

(preceded by "a") his/hers (that which is his or hers)

Sardinian

Alternative forms

s' (apocopated, used before vowels)

Etymology

From Latin ipsa (“herself”), feminine of ipse (“himself”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /su/

Article

sa f (plural (Logudorese, Nuorese) sas or (Campidanese) is, masculine su)

(Logudorese, Campidanese, Nuorese) the (feminine singular definite article)

References

Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes
Wagner, Max Leopold (1960–1964) “ísse”, in Dizionario etimologico sardo, Heidelberg

Scottish Gaelic

Alternative forms

sa'

Etymology

From Middle Irish (i)sind, (i)sin, from Old Irish isin(d/t) (“in the m or f or n sg dative”), isin (“into the m or f sg accusative”), isa (“into the n sg accusative”).

Preposition

sa

in the
sa bhliadhna de dh'aois Chrìost ― in the year of our Lord, anno domini

Usage notes

Triggers lenition.
This form is used before nouns beginning with b, c, g, m or p; otherwise san is used instead.
Often understood to be a contraction of anns a', but the forms san, sa were in common use by the 12th century and accepted in Classical Gaelic poetry while anns is a later innovation with the -n- reintroduced by analogy.

Related terms

ann an
anns

References

Osborn Bergin (1916) “Irish Grammatical Tracts (Introductory)”, in Ériu, volume 8, Supplement, Royal Irish Academy, →DOI, →JSTOR, §67, page 17
McKenna, Lambert, editor (1944), Bardic Syntactical Tracts, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, page 113: “Before pl. art. i n- gives is na, ’sna; in such cases a h- gives as na. (…) Before sg. art. i n- is isin, san (often sa before consonants).”
Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “i”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Serbo-Croatian

Preposition

sa (Cyrillic spelling са)

Alternative form of s; used instead of s when the following word or group of words start with sibilants s, z, š or ž and before instrumental form of first-person pronoun ja (mnom).

Slovak

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sę, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sen, from Proto-Indo-European *swé.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [sa]

Pronoun

sa

accusative of seba
Vidím sa v zrkadle. ― I see myself in the mirror.

Koho vidíš v zrkadle? Seba. ― Whom do you see in the mirror? Myself.

Usage notes

In regular sentences, it must take the 2nd position.
Modlím sa. ― I am praying.
In the past tense, it takes the third 3rd while the inflected form of the verb byť takes the 2nd position.
Modlil som sa. ― I was praying.
In the conditional mood, it takes the 4th position of the sentences with the inflected form of byť occupying the 3rd position and the pronoun by taking the 2nd position.
Modlil by som sa, keby... ― I would pray, if ...

Related terms

Slovak personal pronouns
		substantive		possessive
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st person		ja	my	môj	náš
2nd person	familiar	ty	vy	tvoj	váš
2nd person	polite	vy		váš
3rd person	m	on	oni* / ony	jeho	ich
	f	ona		jej
	n	ono		jeho
reflexive		seba, sa (clitic)		svoj

* masculine animate only, ony otherwise

South Slavey

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *x̯ʷa. Cognates include Navajo shá and Dogrib sa.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [sà(ʔ)]
Hyphenation: sa

Noun

sa (stem -za-)

sun
month

Declension

Possessive inflection of sa (*-zaá*)
		singular	plural
1st person		sezaá	naxezaá
2nd person		nezaá	naxezaá
3rd person	¹⁾	—	gizaá
3rd person	²⁾	mezaá	gozaá
4th person		yezaá	gozaá
reflexive	sp.	ɂedezaá	kedezaá
reflexive	unsp.	dezaá
reciprocal		—	ɂełezaá
indefinite		ɂezaá
areal		gozaá

¹⁾ Used when the subject is a group of human beings
and the object is singular.
²⁾ Used when the previous condition does not apply.

Derived terms

sadzee

References

Keren Rice (1989) A Grammar of Slave, Berlin, West Germany: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 215

Southern Ndebele

Verb

-sa^?

to take

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Sranan Tongo

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sa/

Etymology 1

From English shall or borrowed from Dutch zal.

Particle

sa

Verbal marker for modal aspect.
Verbal marker for the future tense.
Synonym: o
- 1975, “Basya Adyuku koni”, in Ursy M. Lichtveld, Jan Voorhoeve, editors, Creole drum. An Anthology of Creole Literature in Surinam‎^[8], New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 86:
  A krabdagu taki: - Angri e kiri mi ba. A di mi si yu e nyan, ne mi kon.
  Adyuku taki: - We san mi e nyan, mi no sabi efu yu sa nyan en. Na kasaba dokun mi tyari. Efu yu sa nyan en, dan mi sa gi yu.
  The crab-eating raccoon said: 'I'm starving, brother. When I saw that you're eating, I came over immediately.
  Adyuku said: 'I say, I don't know whether you'll [want to] eat what I'm eating. I brought cassava duckanoo. If you'll eat it, then I'll give it to you.
- 1999, Hillary de Bruin, “Liederen uit de praktijk van de duman [Songs from the Winti priest's practice]”, in OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse taalkunde, letterkunde en geschiedenis‎^[9], Instituut ter Bevordering van de Surinamistiek, →ISSN, page 152:
  Blesi sa kon bogobogo, Masra pramis' m'anga yu, Lek'wan alen a sa wiki, Kraf' den di bribi fu tru, Sula fu seigi, wan dei sa was' kon na gron, now wan tu dropu de spiti, ma sibibusi sa kon
  Blessing will come abundantly / the Lord promised to me and you / like a rainshower it will awaken / strengthen those who truly believe / With cataracts of blessing / one day the ground will be awash / now a few droplets are spitting / but torrential rains will come

Etymology 2

From English saw.

Noun

sa

A saw (tool with a serrated blade, used for sawing).

Sumerian

Romanization

sa

Romanization of 𒊓 (sa)

Swazi

Verb

-sá

to dawn

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Swedish

Etymology

Apocopic form of sade

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsɑː/
Rhymes: -ɑː

Verb

sa

(somewhat informal) past indicative of säga

Anagrams

-as, as

Tagalog

Etymology 1

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sa. Compare Bikol Central sa, Cebuano sa, Hiligaynon sa, Waray-Waray ha, Tausug ha, and Gorontalo ta.

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /sa/ [sɐ]
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: sa

Preposition

sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)

indirect object marker: to
Binigay ko na ang lahat sa kaibigan ko. ― I already gave everything to my friend.
used to refer to the location of something or some action: in; at; on (not used in a positive equational sentence)
Sa Pilipinas ako ipinanganak. ― I was born in the Philippines.

Wala siya sa opisina. ― He's not at the office.
used to refer towards a location: to; toward
Pupunta siya sa sinehan mamaya. ― He's going to the movies later.
used to refer to accompaniment: with; together with; in company with
Sumama si Juan sa tatay niya. ― Juan went with his father.
used to refer to a time period: at; on; in; during (of a year, month, day of the week, time of day, etc.)
Sa Lunes kami uuwi. ― We're going home on Monday.
used in comparisons: than
Synonym: kaysa

Mas mabilis ang eroplano sa kotse mo. ― The airplane is faster than your car.
used to refer to a place of origin or where one comes from: from; of (usually with galing or tubo)
Tubo siya sa Cebu. ― He is a native from Cebu.
a prescribed point in time when something occurred: upon; on; at the time of
Sa pagpasok niya sa bahay, tumunog ang telepono. ― Upon his entrance to the house, the telephone rang.
used to refer to the cause: due to; from; of
Namatay sila sa gutom. ― They died of hunger.
used to refer to the basis: on the basis of; on
Lumabas ang estudyante sa pahintulot ng guro. ― The student went out based on the permission from the teacher.
used to refer to one's dependence on or use of: on; through the use of
Nabuhay sila sa tubig at tinapay lamang. ― They lived only on water and bread.
used in combination with other words to form more specific prepositional phrases
sa pamamagitan ng ― by means of

mula sa ― from

Usage notes

This is not used with names of people or other living beings, where kay or kina is used instead.
For positive equational sentences, to refer to a location of something, nasa, na kay, or na kina is used instead.

Alternative forms

s — text messaging

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜐ (sa).

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /sa/ [sɐ]
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: sa

Noun

sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)

the name of the Latin-script letter S/s, in the Abakada alphabet
Synonyms: (in the Filipino alphabet) es, (in the Abecedario) ese

Etymology 3

See tsa.

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈsa/ [ˈsa]
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: sa

Noun

sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)

Obsolete form of tsa.

Talysh

Etymology

Cognate with Persian (sad).

Numeral

sa

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Tooro

Etymology

Inherited from Common Bantu *-ca (“empty”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sa/

Adjective

-sa (declinable)

(rare) empty, bare
Near-synonym: -onka

bigere bisa ― barefoot

Declension

Inflected forms of *-sa*
Noun class	indefinite		definite
Noun class	singular	plural	singular	plural
1/2	musa	basa	omusa	abasa
3/4	musa	misa	omusa	emisa
5/6	lisa	masa	erisa	amasa
7/8	kisa	bisa	ekisa	ebisa
9/10	nsa	nsa	ensa	ensa
11/10	rusa	nsa	orusa	ensa
12/14	kasa	busa	akasa	obusa
13	—	tusa	—	otusa
14/6	busa	masa	obusa	amasa
15/6	kusa	masa	okusa	amasa
16	hasa	—	ahasa	—

Derived terms

busa (“naked; nothing”)

References

Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[10], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 349
Rubongoya, L. T. (2013) Katondogorozi y'Orunyoro-Rutooro n'Orungereza [Runyoro–Rutooro-English and English-Runyoro–Rutooro dictionary]‎^[11], Kampala: Modrug Publishers, →ISBN, page 352
Entry 9239 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3

Tunica

Noun

sa

dog

Turkish

Phrase

sa

(Internet) Initialism of selamünaleyküm.

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

(Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [saː˧˧]
(Huế) IPA^(key): [ʂaː˧˧] ~ [saː˧˧]
(Saigon) IPA^(key): [ʂaː˧˧] ~ [saː˧˧]

Etymology 1

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 蹉 (“to slip; to fall”, SV: tha)?”

Verb

sa • (蹉, 沙, 莎)

to fall (especially from the sky); to drop down; to prolapse

Derived terms

Related terms

sà
sạ

Etymology 2

Sino-Vietnamese word from 紗.

Noun

sa

gauze

Derived terms

Etymology 3

Romanization

sa

Sino-Vietnamese reading of 沙 (“sand”)
Sino-Vietnamese reading of 砂 (“sand”)

Derived terms

Welsh

Verb

sa (not mutable)

(South Wales) first-person singular present negative colloquial of bod
Sa i’n gwybod.
I don’t know.
(colloquial) Contraction of basai.

Usage notes

Unlike other negative verb forms, the present negative form—and so, which is used for all other persons—is not complemented by ddim after the subject.

West Frisian

Conjunction

sa

so

West Makian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /s̪a/

Verb

sa

(stative) to be bad
(stative) to be rotten

Conjugation

Conjugation of sa (stative verb)
		singular	plural
		singular	inclusive	exclusive
1st person		tisa	misa	asa
2nd person		nisa	fisa
3rd person	inanimate	isa	disa
3rd person	animate	masa	disa
imperative		—, sa	—, sa

References

Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎^[12], Pacific linguistics

Western Cham

**Western Cham cardinal numbers**
< 0	1	2 >
Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sa/

Numeral

sa

one

References

Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*esa”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

Xârâgurè

Etymology

Compare Drehu xe (“smack”).

Verb

sa

hit

References

Claire Moyse-Faurie, Constructions expressing middle, reflexive and reciprocal situations in some Oceanic languages, in Reciprocals and Reflexives: Theoretical and Typological Explorations

Xhosa

Etymology 1

Verb

-sa^?

to take

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [sâː]

Ideophone

sâ

Signifies scattering.

Yámana

Pronoun

sa

you

Zhuang

Etymology

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Related to Mandarin 沙 (shā) or Lao ຊາຍ (sāi) and Thai ทราย (saai)?”

Pronunciation

(Standard Zhuang) IPA^(key): /θa˨˦/
Tone numbers: sa¹
Hyphenation: sa

Noun

sa (Sawndip form 砟, 1957–1982 spelling sa)

sand

Adjective

sa (1957–1982 spelling sa)

sandy

Zou

Etymology 1

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *saa.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sà/
Hyphenation: sa

Adjective

sa

hot

Etymology 2

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *shaa, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sja-n.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sǎ/
Hyphenation: sa

Noun

sá

meat
animal

Derived terms

Etymology 3

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *tshaʔ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sâ/
Hyphenation: sa

Adjective

sà

dense, thick

References

Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 62

Zulu

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *-kéa.

Verb

-sá

(intransitive) to dawn

Inflection

tone H (infinitive *ukusa*)
imperative
	positive	negative
infinitive	ukusa	ukungasi

	simple	+ object concord
singular	yisa	-se
plural	yisani	-seni

present
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngiyasa, ngisa	engisayo, engisa	ngisa	angisi	engingasi	ngingasi
2nd singular	uyasa, usa	osayo, osa	usa	awusi	ongasi	ungasi
1st plural	siyasa, sisa	esisayo, esisa	sisa	asisi	esingasi	singasi
2nd plural	niyasa, nisa	enisayo, enisa	nisa	anisi	eningasi	ningasi
class 1	uyasa, usa	osayo, osa	esa	akasi	ongasi	engasi
class 2	bayasa, basa	abasayo, abasa	besa	abasi	abangasi	bengasi
class 3	uyasa, usa	osayo, osa	usa	awusi	ongasi	ungasi
class 4	iyasa, isa	esayo, esa	isa	ayisi	engasi	ingasi
class 5	liyasa, lisa	elisayo, elisa	lisa	alisi	elingasi	lingasi
class 6	ayasa, asa	asayo, asa	esa	awasi	angasi	engasi
class 7	siyasa, sisa	esisayo, esisa	sisa	asisi	esingasi	singasi
class 8	ziyasa, zisa	ezisayo, ezisa	zisa	azisi	ezingasi	zingasi
class 9	iyasa, isa	esayo, esa	isa	ayisi	engasi	ingasi
class 10	ziyasa, zisa	ezisayo, ezisa	zisa	azisi	ezingasi	zingasi
class 11	luyasa, lusa	olusayo, olusa	lusa	alusi	olungasi	lungasi
class 14	buyasa, busa	obusayo, obusa	busa	abusi	obungasi	bungasi
class 15	kuyasa, kusa	okusayo, okusa	kusa	akusi	okungasi	kungasi
class 17	kuyasa, kusa	okusayo, okusa	kusa	akusi	okungasi	kungasi

recent past
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngisile, ngisē	engisile, engisē	ngisile, ngisē	angisanga	engingasanga	ngingasanga
2nd singular	usile, usē	osile, osē	usile, usē	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
1st plural	sisile, sisē	esisile, esisē	sisile, sisē	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
2nd plural	nisile, nisē	enisile, enisē	nisile, nisē	anisanga	eningasanga	ningasanga
class 1	usile, usē	osile, osē	esile, esē	akasanga	ongasanga	engasanga
class 2	basile, basē	abasile, abasē	besile, besē	abasanga	abangasanga	bengasanga
class 3	usile, usē	osile, osē	usile, usē	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
class 4	isile, isē	esile, esē	isile, isē	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
class 5	lisile, lisē	elisile, elisē	lisile, lisē	alisanga	elingasanga	lingasanga
class 6	asile, asē	asile, asē	esile, esē	awasanga	angasanga	engasanga
class 7	sisile, sisē	esisile, esisē	sisile, sisē	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
class 8	zisile, zisē	ezisile, ezisē	zisile, zisē	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
class 9	isile, isē	esile, esē	isile, isē	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
class 10	zisile, zisē	ezisile, ezisē	zisile, zisē	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
class 11	lusile, lusē	olusile, olusē	lusile, lusē	alusanga	olungasanga	lungasanga
class 14	busile, busē	obusile, obusē	busile, busē	abusanga	obungasanga	bungasanga
class 15	kusile, kusē	okusile, okusē	kusile, kusē	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
class 17	kusile, kusē	okusile, okusē	kusile, kusē	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga

remote past
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngāsa	engāsa	ngāsa	angisanga	engingasanga	ngingasanga
2nd singular	wāsa	owāsa	wāsa	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
1st plural	sāsa	esāsa	sāsa	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
2nd plural	nāsa	enāsa	nāsa	anisanga	eningasanga	ningasanga
class 1	wāsa	owāsa	āsa	akasanga	ongasanga	engasanga
class 2	bāsa	abāsa	bāsa	abasanga	abangasanga	bengasanga
class 3	wāsa	owāsa	wāsa	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
class 4	yāsa	eyāsa	yāsa	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
class 5	lāsa	elāsa	lāsa	alisanga	elingasanga	lingasanga
class 6	āsa	āsa	āsa	awasanga	angasanga	engasanga
class 7	sāsa	esāsa	sāsa	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
class 8	zāsa	ezāsa	zāsa	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
class 9	yāsa	eyāsa	yāsa	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
class 10	zāsa	ezāsa	zāsa	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
class 11	lwāsa	olwāsa	lwāsa	alusanga	olungasanga	lungasanga
class 14	bāsa	obāsa	bāsa	abusanga	obungasanga	bungasanga
class 15	kwāsa	okwāsa	kwāsa	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
class 17	kwāsa	okwāsa	kwāsa	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga

potential
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngingasa	—	ngingasa	ngingese	—	ngingese
2nd singular	ungasa	—	ungasa	ungese	—	ungese
1st plural	singasa	—	singasa	singese	—	singese
2nd plural	ningasa	—	ningasa	ningese	—	ningese
class 1	angasa	—	engasa	angese	—	engese
class 2	bangasa	—	bengasa	bangese	—	bengese
class 3	ungasa	—	ungasa	ungese	—	ungese
class 4	ingasa	—	ingasa	ingese	—	ingese
class 5	lingasa	—	lingasa	lingese	—	lingese
class 6	angasa	—	engasa	angese	—	engese
class 7	singasa	—	singasa	singese	—	singese
class 8	zingasa	—	zingasa	zingese	—	zingese
class 9	ingasa	—	ingasa	ingese	—	ingese
class 10	zingasa	—	zingasa	zingese	—	zingese
class 11	lungasa	—	lungasa	lungese	—	lungese
class 14	bungasa	—	bungasa	bungese	—	bungese
class 15	kungasa	—	kungasa	kungese	—	kungese
class 17	kungasa	—	kungasa	kungese	—	kungese

immediate future
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngizokusa	engizokusa	ngizokusa	angizukusa	engingezukusa	ngingezukusa
2nd singular	uzokusa	ozokusa	uzokusa	awuzukusa	ongezukusa	ungezukusa
1st plural	sizokusa	esizokusa	sizokusa	asizukusa	esingezukusa	singezukusa
2nd plural	nizokusa	enizokusa	nizokusa	anizukusa	eningezukusa	ningezukusa
class 1	uzokusa	ozokusa	ezokusa	akazukusa	ongezukusa	engezukusa
class 2	bazokusa	abazokusa	bezokusa	abazukusa	abangezukusa	bengezukusa
class 3	uzokusa	ozokusa	uzokusa	awuzukusa	ongezukusa	ungezukusa
class 4	izokusa	ezokusa	izokusa	ayizukusa	engezukusa	ingezukusa
class 5	lizokusa	elizokusa	lizokusa	alizukusa	elingezukusa	lingezukusa
class 6	azokusa	azokusa	ezokusa	awazukusa	angezukusa	engezukusa
class 7	sizokusa	esizokusa	sizokusa	asizukusa	esingezukusa	singezukusa
class 8	zizokusa	ezizokusa	zizokusa	azizukusa	ezingezukusa	zingezukusa
class 9	izokusa	ezokusa	izokusa	ayizukusa	engezukusa	ingezukusa
class 10	zizokusa	ezizokusa	zizokusa	azizukusa	ezingezukusa	zingezukusa
class 11	luzokusa	oluzokusa	luzokusa	aluzukusa	olungezukusa	lungezukusa
class 14	buzokusa	obuzokusa	buzokusa	abuzukusa	obungezukusa	bungezukusa
class 15	kuzokusa	okuzokusa	kuzokusa	akuzukusa	okungezukusa	kungezukusa
class 17	kuzokusa	okuzokusa	kuzokusa	akuzukusa	okungezukusa	kungezukusa

remote future
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngiyokusa	engiyokusa	ngiyokusa	angiyukusa	engingeyukusa	ngingeyukusa
2nd singular	uyokusa	oyokusa	uyokusa	awuyukusa	ongeyukusa	ungeyukusa
1st plural	siyokusa	esiyokusa	siyokusa	asiyukusa	esingeyukusa	singeyukusa
2nd plural	niyokusa	eniyokusa	niyokusa	aniyukusa	eningeyukusa	ningeyukusa
class 1	uyokusa	oyokusa	eyokusa	akayukusa	ongeyukusa	engeyukusa
class 2	bayokusa	abayokusa	beyokusa	abayukusa	abangeyukusa	bengeyukusa
class 3	uyokusa	oyokusa	uyokusa	awuyukusa	ongeyukusa	ungeyukusa
class 4	iyokusa	eyokusa	iyokusa	ayiyukusa	engeyukusa	ingeyukusa
class 5	liyokusa	eliyokusa	liyokusa	aliyukusa	elingeyukusa	lingeyukusa
class 6	ayokusa	ayokusa	eyokusa	awayukusa	angeyukusa	engeyukusa
class 7	siyokusa	esiyokusa	siyokusa	asiyukusa	esingeyukusa	singeyukusa
class 8	ziyokusa	eziyokusa	ziyokusa	aziyukusa	ezingeyukusa	zingeyukusa
class 9	iyokusa	eyokusa	iyokusa	ayiyukusa	engeyukusa	ingeyukusa
class 10	ziyokusa	eziyokusa	ziyokusa	aziyukusa	ezingeyukusa	zingeyukusa
class 11	luyokusa	oluyokusa	luyokusa	aluyukusa	olungeyukusa	lungeyukusa
class 14	buyokusa	obuyokusa	buyokusa	abuyukusa	obungeyukusa	bungeyukusa
class 15	kuyokusa	okuyokusa	kuyokusa	akuyukusa	okungeyukusa	kungeyukusa
class 17	kuyokusa	okuyokusa	kuyokusa	akuyukusa	okungeyukusa	kungeyukusa

present subjunctive
	positive	negative
1st singular	ngise	ngingasi
2nd singular	use	ungasi
1st plural	sise	singasi
2nd plural	nise	ningasi
class 1	ase	angasi
class 2	base	bangasi
class 3	use	ungasi
class 4	ise	ingasi
class 5	lise	lingasi
class 6	ase	angasi
class 7	sise	singasi
class 8	zise	zingasi
class 9	ise	ingasi
class 10	zise	zingasi
class 11	luse	lungasi
class 14	buse	bungasi
class 15	kuse	kungasi
class 17	kuse	kungasi

past subjunctive
	positive	negative
1st singular	ngasa	ngangasa, angasa, angangasa
2nd singular	wasa	wangasa, awasa, awangasa
1st plural	sasa	sangasa, asasa, asangasa
2nd plural	nasa	nangasa, anasa, anangasa
class 1	wasa	wangasa, akasa, akangasa
class 2	basa	bangasa, abasa, abangasa
class 3	wasa	wangasa, awasa, awangasa
class 4	yasa	yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
class 5	lasa	langasa, alasa, alangasa
class 6	asa	angasa, awasa, awangasa
class 7	sasa	sangasa, asasa, asangasa
class 8	zasa	zangasa, azasa, azangasa
class 9	yasa	yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
class 10	zasa	zangasa, azasa, azangasa
class 11	lwasa	lwangasa, alwasa, alwangasa
class 14	basa	bangasa, abasa, abangasa
class 15	kwasa	kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa
class 17	kwasa	kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa

Etymology 2

Clipping of -yisa.

Verb

-sa

(transitive) to take to
(transitive) to convey, to send, to transfer

Inflection

tone L (infinitive *ukusa*)
imperative
	positive	negative
infinitive	ukusa	ukungasi

	simple	+ object concord
singular	yisa	-se
plural	yisani	-seni

present
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngiyasa, ngisa	engisayo, engisa	ngisa	angisi	engingasi	ngingasi
2nd singular	uyasa, usa	osayo, osa	usa	awusi	ongasi	ungasi
1st plural	siyasa, sisa	esisayo, esisa	sisa	asisi	esingasi	singasi
2nd plural	niyasa, nisa	enisayo, enisa	nisa	anisi	eningasi	ningasi
class 1	uyasa, usa	osayo, osa	esa	akasi	ongasi	engasi
class 2	bayasa, basa	abasayo, abasa	besa	abasi	abangasi	bengasi
class 3	uyasa, usa	osayo, osa	usa	awusi	ongasi	ungasi
class 4	iyasa, isa	esayo, esa	isa	ayisi	engasi	ingasi
class 5	liyasa, lisa	elisayo, elisa	lisa	alisi	elingasi	lingasi
class 6	ayasa, asa	asayo, asa	esa	awasi	angasi	engasi
class 7	siyasa, sisa	esisayo, esisa	sisa	asisi	esingasi	singasi
class 8	ziyasa, zisa	ezisayo, ezisa	zisa	azisi	ezingasi	zingasi
class 9	iyasa, isa	esayo, esa	isa	ayisi	engasi	ingasi
class 10	ziyasa, zisa	ezisayo, ezisa	zisa	azisi	ezingasi	zingasi
class 11	luyasa, lusa	olusayo, olusa	lusa	alusi	olungasi	lungasi
class 14	buyasa, busa	obusayo, obusa	busa	abusi	obungasi	bungasi
class 15	kuyasa, kusa	okusayo, okusa	kusa	akusi	okungasi	kungasi
class 17	kuyasa, kusa	okusayo, okusa	kusa	akusi	okungasi	kungasi

recent past
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngisile, ngisē	engisile, engisē	ngisile, ngisē	angisanga	engingasanga	ngingasanga
2nd singular	usile, usē	osile, osē	usile, usē	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
1st plural	sisile, sisē	esisile, esisē	sisile, sisē	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
2nd plural	nisile, nisē	enisile, enisē	nisile, nisē	anisanga	eningasanga	ningasanga
class 1	usile, usē	osile, osē	esile, esē	akasanga	ongasanga	engasanga
class 2	basile, basē	abasile, abasē	besile, besē	abasanga	abangasanga	bengasanga
class 3	usile, usē	osile, osē	usile, usē	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
class 4	isile, isē	esile, esē	isile, isē	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
class 5	lisile, lisē	elisile, elisē	lisile, lisē	alisanga	elingasanga	lingasanga
class 6	asile, asē	asile, asē	esile, esē	awasanga	angasanga	engasanga
class 7	sisile, sisē	esisile, esisē	sisile, sisē	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
class 8	zisile, zisē	ezisile, ezisē	zisile, zisē	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
class 9	isile, isē	esile, esē	isile, isē	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
class 10	zisile, zisē	ezisile, ezisē	zisile, zisē	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
class 11	lusile, lusē	olusile, olusē	lusile, lusē	alusanga	olungasanga	lungasanga
class 14	busile, busē	obusile, obusē	busile, busē	abusanga	obungasanga	bungasanga
class 15	kusile, kusē	okusile, okusē	kusile, kusē	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
class 17	kusile, kusē	okusile, okusē	kusile, kusē	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga

remote past
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngāsa	engāsa	ngāsa	angisanga	engingasanga	ngingasanga
2nd singular	wāsa	owāsa	wāsa	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
1st plural	sāsa	esāsa	sāsa	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
2nd plural	nāsa	enāsa	nāsa	anisanga	eningasanga	ningasanga
class 1	wāsa	owāsa	āsa	akasanga	ongasanga	engasanga
class 2	bāsa	abāsa	bāsa	abasanga	abangasanga	bengasanga
class 3	wāsa	owāsa	wāsa	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
class 4	yāsa	eyāsa	yāsa	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
class 5	lāsa	elāsa	lāsa	alisanga	elingasanga	lingasanga
class 6	āsa	āsa	āsa	awasanga	angasanga	engasanga
class 7	sāsa	esāsa	sāsa	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
class 8	zāsa	ezāsa	zāsa	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
class 9	yāsa	eyāsa	yāsa	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
class 10	zāsa	ezāsa	zāsa	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
class 11	lwāsa	olwāsa	lwāsa	alusanga	olungasanga	lungasanga
class 14	bāsa	obāsa	bāsa	abusanga	obungasanga	bungasanga
class 15	kwāsa	okwāsa	kwāsa	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
class 17	kwāsa	okwāsa	kwāsa	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga

potential
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngingasa	—	ngingasa	ngingese	—	ngingese
2nd singular	ungasa	—	ungasa	ungese	—	ungese
1st plural	singasa	—	singasa	singese	—	singese
2nd plural	ningasa	—	ningasa	ningese	—	ningese
class 1	angasa	—	engasa	angese	—	engese
class 2	bangasa	—	bengasa	bangese	—	bengese
class 3	ungasa	—	ungasa	ungese	—	ungese
class 4	ingasa	—	ingasa	ingese	—	ingese
class 5	lingasa	—	lingasa	lingese	—	lingese
class 6	angasa	—	engasa	angese	—	engese
class 7	singasa	—	singasa	singese	—	singese
class 8	zingasa	—	zingasa	zingese	—	zingese
class 9	ingasa	—	ingasa	ingese	—	ingese
class 10	zingasa	—	zingasa	zingese	—	zingese
class 11	lungasa	—	lungasa	lungese	—	lungese
class 14	bungasa	—	bungasa	bungese	—	bungese
class 15	kungasa	—	kungasa	kungese	—	kungese
class 17	kungasa	—	kungasa	kungese	—	kungese

immediate future
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngizokusa	engizokusa	ngizokusa	angizukusa	engingezukusa	ngingezukusa
2nd singular	uzokusa	ozokusa	uzokusa	awuzukusa	ongezukusa	ungezukusa
1st plural	sizokusa	esizokusa	sizokusa	asizukusa	esingezukusa	singezukusa
2nd plural	nizokusa	enizokusa	nizokusa	anizukusa	eningezukusa	ningezukusa
class 1	uzokusa	ozokusa	ezokusa	akazukusa	ongezukusa	engezukusa
class 2	bazokusa	abazokusa	bezokusa	abazukusa	abangezukusa	bengezukusa
class 3	uzokusa	ozokusa	uzokusa	awuzukusa	ongezukusa	ungezukusa
class 4	izokusa	ezokusa	izokusa	ayizukusa	engezukusa	ingezukusa
class 5	lizokusa	elizokusa	lizokusa	alizukusa	elingezukusa	lingezukusa
class 6	azokusa	azokusa	ezokusa	awazukusa	angezukusa	engezukusa
class 7	sizokusa	esizokusa	sizokusa	asizukusa	esingezukusa	singezukusa
class 8	zizokusa	ezizokusa	zizokusa	azizukusa	ezingezukusa	zingezukusa
class 9	izokusa	ezokusa	izokusa	ayizukusa	engezukusa	ingezukusa
class 10	zizokusa	ezizokusa	zizokusa	azizukusa	ezingezukusa	zingezukusa
class 11	luzokusa	oluzokusa	luzokusa	aluzukusa	olungezukusa	lungezukusa
class 14	buzokusa	obuzokusa	buzokusa	abuzukusa	obungezukusa	bungezukusa
class 15	kuzokusa	okuzokusa	kuzokusa	akuzukusa	okungezukusa	kungezukusa
class 17	kuzokusa	okuzokusa	kuzokusa	akuzukusa	okungezukusa	kungezukusa

remote future
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngiyokusa	engiyokusa	ngiyokusa	angiyukusa	engingeyukusa	ngingeyukusa
2nd singular	uyokusa	oyokusa	uyokusa	awuyukusa	ongeyukusa	ungeyukusa
1st plural	siyokusa	esiyokusa	siyokusa	asiyukusa	esingeyukusa	singeyukusa
2nd plural	niyokusa	eniyokusa	niyokusa	aniyukusa	eningeyukusa	ningeyukusa
class 1	uyokusa	oyokusa	eyokusa	akayukusa	ongeyukusa	engeyukusa
class 2	bayokusa	abayokusa	beyokusa	abayukusa	abangeyukusa	bengeyukusa
class 3	uyokusa	oyokusa	uyokusa	awuyukusa	ongeyukusa	ungeyukusa
class 4	iyokusa	eyokusa	iyokusa	ayiyukusa	engeyukusa	ingeyukusa
class 5	liyokusa	eliyokusa	liyokusa	aliyukusa	elingeyukusa	lingeyukusa
class 6	ayokusa	ayokusa	eyokusa	awayukusa	angeyukusa	engeyukusa
class 7	siyokusa	esiyokusa	siyokusa	asiyukusa	esingeyukusa	singeyukusa
class 8	ziyokusa	eziyokusa	ziyokusa	aziyukusa	ezingeyukusa	zingeyukusa
class 9	iyokusa	eyokusa	iyokusa	ayiyukusa	engeyukusa	ingeyukusa
class 10	ziyokusa	eziyokusa	ziyokusa	aziyukusa	ezingeyukusa	zingeyukusa
class 11	luyokusa	oluyokusa	luyokusa	aluyukusa	olungeyukusa	lungeyukusa
class 14	buyokusa	obuyokusa	buyokusa	abuyukusa	obungeyukusa	bungeyukusa
class 15	kuyokusa	okuyokusa	kuyokusa	akuyukusa	okungeyukusa	kungeyukusa
class 17	kuyokusa	okuyokusa	kuyokusa	akuyukusa	okungeyukusa	kungeyukusa

present subjunctive
	positive	negative
1st singular	ngise	ngingasi
2nd singular	use	ungasi
1st plural	sise	singasi
2nd plural	nise	ningasi
class 1	ase	angasi
class 2	base	bangasi
class 3	use	ungasi
class 4	ise	ingasi
class 5	lise	lingasi
class 6	ase	angasi
class 7	sise	singasi
class 8	zise	zingasi
class 9	ise	ingasi
class 10	zise	zingasi
class 11	luse	lungasi
class 14	buse	bungasi
class 15	kuse	kungasi
class 17	kuse	kungasi

past subjunctive
	positive	negative
1st singular	ngasa	ngangasa, angasa, angangasa
2nd singular	wasa	wangasa, awasa, awangasa
1st plural	sasa	sangasa, asasa, asangasa
2nd plural	nasa	nangasa, anasa, anangasa
class 1	wasa	wangasa, akasa, akangasa
class 2	basa	bangasa, abasa, abangasa
class 3	wasa	wangasa, awasa, awangasa
class 4	yasa	yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
class 5	lasa	langasa, alasa, alangasa
class 6	asa	angasa, awasa, awangasa
class 7	sasa	sangasa, asasa, asangasa
class 8	zasa	zangasa, azasa, azangasa
class 9	yasa	yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
class 10	zasa	zangasa, azasa, azangasa
class 11	lwasa	lwangasa, alwasa, alwangasa
class 14	basa	bangasa, abasa, abangasa
class 15	kwasa	kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa
class 17	kwasa	kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa

References

C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “sa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “sa”
C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “sa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “sa”

[1] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “sa”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 392

[2] Meyer, G. (1891) “sa”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the Albanian Language] (in German), Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, →DOI, page 375

[3] Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “sala”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

[4] Piel, J. M. (1973), "Betrachtungen zu hisp.-got. *sala, gal.-pg. Sáa, Sá", in Studia Iberica. Festschrift für Hans Flache. München: Francke Verlag. page 463.

[5] sa in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

[6] Newman, Paul (1977) Chadic Classification and Reconstructions (Afroasiatic Linguistics; 5)‎^[1], number 1, Malibu: Undena

[7] ttp://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Matt/25#35

[8] ttp://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/John/4#13

[9] Newman, Paul (1977) Chadic Classification and Reconstructions (Afroasiatic Linguistics; 5)‎^[2], number 1, Malibu: Undena

[10] ttp://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Matt/11#18

[11] ttp://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Matt/13#1

[12] ttp://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Rev/9

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		Direct		Indirect		Oblique
		Definite	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Oblique
Common	Singular	ang	ing^†, 'y	sa, sang^†	og	sa
Common	Plural	ang mga	ing mga^†, 'y mga	sa mga, sang mga^†	og mga	sa mga
Personal	Singular	si		ni		kang*
Personal	Plural	sila ni, silang sa^†		nila ni, nilang na^†		(kan)ila ni, (kan)ilang ka^†
^†Archaic *Indirect personal forms used instead in colloquial speech.

	person	pronoun	possessive
singular	first	iou, io, mi, ieu	iou-sa, iou-sua^#, minha, io-sa, io-sua^#
	second	vôs	vôs-sa, vôsso, su, vôs-sua^#
	third	êle, êla*	êle-sa, su, êle-sua^#
plural	first	nôs, nosôtro*	nôs-sa, nôsso, nôs-sua^#
	second	vosôtro	vosôtro-sa, su, vosôtro-sua^#
	third	ilôtro, elôtro, olôtro, ulôtro*	ilôtro-sa, su, ilôtro-sua^#
reflexive (all persons)		onçóm	su, onçóm-sa*, onçóm-sua^#

Translingual

Symbol

Abau

Noun

References

Acehnese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Numeral

References

Ainu

Noun

References

Albanian

Etymology

Pronoun

Derived terms

References

Ama

Pronunciation

Noun

Atong (India)

Pronunciation

Numeral

Synonyms

References

Bahnar

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Balinese

Romanization

Banjarese

Numeral

Catalan

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Adjective

Derived terms

Related terms

Etymology 2

Article

References

Cebuano

Alternative forms

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Preposition

Usage notes

See also

Etymology 2

Article

Usage notes

Etymology 3

Article

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

Noun

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

Noun

Etymology 6

Pronunciation

Noun

Chipewyan

Etymology

Noun

Drung

Etymology

Noun

References

Duriankere

Noun

Further reading

Duun

Noun

Further reading

Eastern Cham

Etymology

Pronunciation