沙

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沙 U+6C99, 沙
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6C99
← 沘
[U+6C98] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 沚 →
[U+6C9A]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

沙 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 水火竹 (EFH), four-corner 39120, composition ⿰氵少)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 611, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17212
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1005, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1562, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+6C99

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 沙
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 沙 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 沙 (Cantonese)
放大顯示的沙子，本為一平方釐米

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 沙
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (沙) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
硰 *ʔsaːlʔ, *sʰaːlʔ, *sraːl
娑 *saːl, *saːlʔ
挱 *saːl, *sraːl
挲 *saːl
桫 *saːl
渻 *saːl, *sreŋʔ, *seŋʔ
沙 *sraːl, *sraːls
紗 *sraːl
砂 *sraːl
鯊 *sraːl
裟 *sraːl
桬 *sraːl
髿 *sraːl, *soːl
魦 *sraːl, *soːl
莎 *soːl
莏 *soːl

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 水 (“water”) + 少 (“to lack; to be short of”).

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(s/z)a-j (“earth, sand”). Compare Tibetan ས (sa, “sand”) and Burmese သဲ (sai:, “sand”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • suói - vernacular;
  • sá - literary.
  • Min Dong
    • Note:
    • săi - vernacular;
    • să - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • soa, se - vernacular;
    • sa/see - literary.
    Note:
    • sua1 - vernacular;
    • sa1 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 沙
    Mandarin Beijing /ʂa⁵⁵/
    Harbin /ʂa⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /sɑ²¹/
    Jinan /ʂa²¹³/
    Qingdao /ʂa²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /ʂa²⁴/
    Xi'an /sa²¹/
    Xining /sa⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /ʂa⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /ʂa³¹/
    Ürümqi /sa⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /sa²¹³/
    Chengdu /sa⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /sa⁵⁵/
    Kunming /ʂa̠⁴⁴/
    Nanjing /ʂɑ³¹/
    Hefei /ʂa²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /sa¹¹/
    Pingyao /sɑ¹³/
    Hohhot /sa³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /so⁵³/
    Suzhou /so⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /sɑ³³/
    Wenzhou /so³³/
    Hui Shexian /sa³¹/
    Tunxi /sɔ¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /sa³³/
    Xiangtan /dɒ³³/
    Gan Nanchang /sɑ⁴²/
    Hakka Meixian /sa⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /sɑ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /sa⁵³/
    Nanning /sa⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /sa⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /sa⁵⁵/
    /sua⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /sa⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /suɛ⁵⁴/
    /sa⁵⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /sua³³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /sa²³/
    /tua²³/
    Rime
    Character 沙 沙
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Initial (聲) 生 (21) 生 (21)
    Final (韻) 麻 (98) 麻 (98)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open Open
    Division (等) II II
    Fanqie 所加切 所嫁切
    Baxter srae sraeH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ʃˠa/ /ʃˠaH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʃᵚa/ /ʃᵚaH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ʃa/ /ʃaH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʂaɨ/ /ʂaɨH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ʃa/ /ʃaH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ʃa/ /ʃaH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʂa/ /ʂaH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		shā shà
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		saa1 saa3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 沙
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		shā
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ sræ ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*sˁraj/
    English sand

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 沙 沙
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 11025 11035
    Phonetic
    component         		沙 沙
    Rime
    group         		歌 歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		1 1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		鯊 嗄
    Old
    Chinese         		/*sraːl/ /*sraːls/
    Definitions[edit]

    沙

    1. sand
      泥沙  ―  níshā  ―  silt
      沙漠  ―  shāmò  ―  desert
    2. (usually used in place names) shoal
    3. something granular
      豆沙  ―  dòushā  ―  red bean paste
    4. mushy and rough (as sand), texture of a watermelon of good quality.
      沙瓤  ―  shāráng  ―  mushy watermelon pulp, Refers to the watermelon when the flesh becomes loose and fine-grained
      沙梨  ―  shālí  ―  Pyrus pyrifolia
      西沙瓜  ―  xīshāguā  ―  alternative of 硒砂瓜 (xī shā guā)
    5. (of a voice) hoarse; husky
      沙啞／沙哑  ―  shāyǎ  ―  hoarse
      叫到把聲沙嗮 [Cantonese, trad.]
      叫到把声沙嗮 [Cantonese, simp.]
      giu3 dou3 baa2 seng1 saa1 saai3 [Jyutping]
      shout so much that one's voice is all hoarse
    6. (Buddhism) the number 10-8
    7. Short for 沙皇 (shāhuáng).
      沙俄  ―  Shā'é  ―  Russian Empire
    8. (Malaysia, Singapore) Short for 沙巴 (Shābā, “Sabah”).
    9. (Mainland China) Short for 沙特阿拉伯 (Shātè Ālābó, “Saudi Arabia”).
    10. a surname
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (sand):
    Dialectal synonyms of 沙子 (“sand”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 沙
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 沙粒, 沙礫
    Mandarin Beijing 沙子
    Taiwan 沙子
    Xianxian (Xiaoying) 沙子
    Harbin 沙子
    Wuchang (Yingchengzi) 沙子
    Yantai (Muping) 沙
    Jinan 沙子
    Wanrong 沙
    Xi'an 沙子
    Dingbian 沙子
    Yinchuan 沙子
    Xining 沙子
    Ürümqi 沙子
    Wuhan 沙
    Chengdu 沙子, 沙, 河沙
    Guiyang 沙
    Guilin 沙子
    Guilin (Lingui) 沙子
    Liuzhou 沙子
    Liuzhou (Luorong) 沙子
    Nanning (Wuming) 沙子, 沙, 河沙
    Yizhou 沙子
    Luocheng (Dongmen) 沙子
    Tianlin (Langping) 沙子
    Xuzhou 沙子
    Yangzhou 沙子
    Nanjing 沙子
    Hefei 沙子
    Qimen (Anling Junhua) 沙子
    Dagudi (Maliba) 沙子
    Reshuitang (Longling) 沙子
    Mae Salong (Lancang) 沙子
    Mae Sai (Tengchong) 沙子
    Oudomxay 沙
    Pematangsiantar 泥沙
    Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) 沙子
    Cantonese Guangzhou 沙
    Hong Kong 沙
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 沙, 泥沙
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 沙
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 沙公
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 沙公
    Macau 沙
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 沙
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 沙
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 沙
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 沙
    Foshan 沙
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 沙
    Foshan (Shunde) 沙
    Foshan (Sanshui) 沙
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 沙
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 沙
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 沙
    Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 沙
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 沙
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 沙
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 沙
    Taishan 沙
    Taishan (Guanghai) 沙
    Kaiping (Chikan) 沙
    Enping (Niujiang) 沙
    Heshan (Yayao) 沙
    Dongguan 沙
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 沙
    Yangjiang 沙
    Nanning 沙
    Yulin 沙
    Guiping 沙
    Guiping (Jintian) 沙
    Guiping (Jiangkou) 沙
    Guiping (Madong) 沙
    Mengshan (Xihe) 沙
    Guigang (Nanjiang) 沙
    Beiliu (Tangliao) 沙
    Baise 沙
    Bobai 沙
    Lingshan 沙
    Pubei 沙
    Qinzhou 沙
    Qinzhou (Changtan) 沙子
    Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) 沙
    Beihai 沙, 沙子, 泥沙
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 沙
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 沙
    Ningming 沙
    Hengzhou 沙
    Hezhou (Pumen) 沙
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 沙
    Chongzuo (Laituan) 沙
    Fusui (Qujiu) 沙
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 沙
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 沙
    Móng Cái 沙
    Mandalay (Taishan) 沙
    Gan Nanchang 沙子, 沙
    Pengze 沙子
    Lichuan 沙子, 沙
    Pingxiang 沙子
    Hakka Meixian 沙仔, 沙
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 泥沙
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 沙
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 沙
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 沙公
    Conghua (Lütian) 沙
    Yudu 沙子
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 沙仔
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 沙仔
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 沙仔
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 沙
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 沙仔, 沙
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 沙
    Hong Kong 沙公
    Beiliu (Tang'an) 沙
    Beiliu (Gonghe) 沙, 沙公
    Xingye (Gaofeng) 沙
    Mashan (Pianlian) 沙
    Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui) 沙子
    Lipu (Shuangduitun) 沙
    Pingle (Tong'an) 沙公, 沙子
    Yangshuo (Jinbao) 沙子
    Senai (Huiyang) 沙
    Huizhou Jixi 沙
    Qimen (Anling Minhua) 沙
    Jin Taiyuan 沙子
    Xinzhou 沙子
    Min Bei Jian'ou 沙
    Pucheng (Shibei) 沙
    Min Dong Fuzhou 沙
    Gutian 沙
    Min Nan Xiamen 沙
    Quanzhou 沙
    Zhangzhou 沙
    Manila (Hokkien) 沙
    Pingnan (Shangdu) 沙
    Pingnan (Pingtian) 沙
    Guiping (Xiaowen) 沙
    Guiping (Dongsheng) 沙
    Guilin (Biyange) 沙塗
    Chaozhou 沙
    Jieyang 沙
    Bangkok (Teochew) 沙
    Haikou 沙, 塗沙
    Min Zhong Yanping (Wangtai) 沙
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 土沙, 沙
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 沙
    Nanning (Shajing) 沙
    Nanning (Gejiayuan) 沙
    Nanning (Zhegulu) 沙
    Nanning (Silian) 沙
    Nanning (Xiuxiang) 沙子
    Binyang 沙子
    Chongzuo (Laituan) 沙
    Northern Pinghua Guilin (Chaoyang) 沙子
    Guilin (Zhuyuan) 沙子
    Guilin (Wutong, Lingui) 沙, 沙子
    Guilin (Liutang, Lingui) 沙子
    Lingchuan (Sanjie) 沙哩
    Lingchuan (Tanxia) 沙
    Lingchuan (Shuangzhou) 沙哩
    Guanyang (Guanyinge) 沙子
    Yangshuo (Jima) 沙子
    Liucheng (Yangmei) 沙
    Luocheng (Niubi) 沙
    Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 沙子
    Yuanling (Shaojiwan) 沙子
    Luxi (Liangjiatan) 沙子
    Chengbu (Xuntou) 沙子
    Wu Shanghai (Chongming) 沙
    Suzhou 沙, 河沙
    Danyang 沙
    Hangzhou 沙子
    Wenzhou 沙
    Jinhua 沙
    Xiang Changsha 沙子, 沙婆子, 沙婆
    Shuangfeng 沙子
    Quanzhou 沙子
    Guanyang (Wenshi) 沙子
    Compounds[edit]
    Derived terms from 沙
    Descendants[edit]
    • → Proto-Tai: *zwɯəjᴬ

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    沙

    1. (dialectal) to shake in order to gather impurities to be removed

    Pronunciation 3[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    沙

    1. (alt. form 娑) to twirl; to whirl
    2. (alt. form 挲) to fondle; to caress
    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 沙 – see 砂.
    (This character, 沙, is the second-round simplified form of 砂.)
    Notes:

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    沙

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    沙(すな) • (suna) 

    1. sand

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    沙(いさご) • (isago) 

    1. small rock
    2. sand

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    沙(さ) or 沙(しゃ) • (sa or sha) 

    1. Number of units, 1 of 100 million parts.

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 沙 (MC ʃˠa, ʃˠaH). Recorded as Middle Korean 사 (sa) (Yale: sa) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    沙 (eumhun 모래 사 (morae sa))

    1. Hanja form? of 사 (“sand”).
      Synonym: 砂 (사 (sa))

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    沙: Hán Nôm readings: sa

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    References[edit]

    • Nom Foundation
    • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
    • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
    • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville
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