砂

砂	U+7802, 砂 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7802

Translingual

Han character

Stroke order

砂 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+4, 9 strokes, Cangjie input 一口火竹 (MRFH), four-corner 1962₀, composition ⿰石少)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 827, character 20
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24046
Dae Jaweon: page 1242, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2420, character 4
Unihan data for U+7802

Chinese

simp. and trad.		砂
2nd round simp.		沙

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (沙) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
硰	ʔsaːlʔ, sʰaːlʔ, *sraːl
娑	saːl, saːlʔ
挱	saːl, sraːl
挲	*saːl
桫	*saːl
渻	saːl, sreŋʔ, *seŋʔ
沙	sraːl, sraːls
紗	*sraːl
砂	*sraːl
鯊	*sraːl
裟	*sraːl
桬	*sraːl
髿	sraːl, soːl
魦	sraːl, soːl
莎	*soːl
莏	*soːl

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sraːl): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 少 (OC *sraːl, *sraːls). Originally, this character was a variant form of 沙, a Pictogram (象形) that represents the appearance of sand along a riverbank.^[1]

References

^ Digital Shinjigen 2017

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shā (sha¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄕㄚ
Cantonese (Jyutping): saa¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sâ
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): soa / see / se / sa

(Teochew, Peng'im): sua¹ / sa¹
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹so
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): sa¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shā
  - Zhuyin: ㄕㄚ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sha
  - Wade–Giles: sha¹
  - Yale: shā
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sha
  - Palladius: ша (ša)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂä⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: saa¹
  - Yale: sā
  - Cantonese Pinyin: saa¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: sa¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /saː⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sâ
  - Hakka Romanization System: sa^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: sa¹
  - Sinological IPA: /sa²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soa
  - Tâi-lô: sua
  - Phofsit Daibuun: soaf
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sua⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /sua³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: see
  - Tâi-lô: see
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɛ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: se
  - Tâi-lô: se
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sef
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /se⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sa
  - Tâi-lô: sa
  - Phofsit Daibuun: saf
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /sa³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /sa⁴⁴/

Note:

soa/see/se - vernacular;
sa - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: sua¹ / sa¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sua / sa
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /sua³³/, /sa³³/

Note:

sua1 - vernacular;
sa1 - literary.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹so
  - MiniDict: so^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹so
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /so⁵³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: sa¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sa̠³³/

Middle Chinese: srae

Rime
Character	砂
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	生 (21)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	所加切
Baxter	srae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʃˠa/
Pan Wuyun	/ʃᵚa/
Shao Rongfen	/ʃa/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʂaɨ/
Li Rong	/ʃa/
Wang Li	/ʃa/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʂa/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shā
Expected Cantonese Reflex	saa¹

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*sraːl/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	砂
Reading #	1/1
No.	11027
Phonetic component	沙
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	鯊
Old Chinese	/*sraːl/
Notes	俗沙字

Definitions

砂

alternative form of 沙 (“sand”)
alternative form of 沙 (“extremely mushy and/or rough (as sand), texture of a watermelon of good quality”)
砂糖 ― shātáng ― granulated sugar

硒砂瓜 ― xīshāguā ― Selenium(-rich) Gourd
(Malaysia, Singapore) short for 砂拉越 (Shālāyuè, “Sarawak”)

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

砂

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

sand

Readings

Go-on: しゃ (sha, Jōyō)^{←しや (sya, historical)}
Kan-on: さ (sa, Jōyō)
Kun: すな (suna, 砂, Jōyō)、いさご (isago, 砂)、す (su, 砂)

Compounds

砂(さ)金(きん) (sakin, “gold dust”)
砂(さ)漣(れん) (saren, “sand ripple”)
砂(さ)漏(ろう) (sarō, “hourglass”)
砂(じゃ)利(り) (jari, “gravel; child”), 砂(ざ)利(り) (zari, “gravel”)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
砂
すな Grade: 6
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
沙

Attested in the Myōgoki (1275). According to one theory,^[1] the word is shortened from earlier attested 砂子 (sunago, “sand”); see there for more.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) すな [sùná] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]
IPA^(key): [sɨna̠]

(Kyōto) すな [súná] (Kōki – [0])^[1]^[4]

(Kagoshima) すな [súnà] (type A)^[4]

Some dialects in the Shikoku and Kyūshū regions have the initial consonant irregularly voiced in the standalone noun, as zuna. This includes the dialects of Shūsō, Iyo, Tosa, Nagasaki, Tsushima, Shimabara, Saga, Kagoshima, and Ōsumi.^[1]^[5]

Noun

砂(すな) • (suna)

[from 1275] sand; grit
- 1894: 女学雑誌 "Women's University Magazine"
  砂(すな)を入(い)れてお手(て)玉(だま)をつくるが、女兒(をなご)の慰(なぐ)さみにて、紙鳶(たこ)は男兒(をとこ)の遊(あそ)びなりき。
  Suna o irete otedama o tsukuru ga, onago no nagusami nite, tako wa otoko no asobi nariki.
  Although the beanbags were filled up by putting sand in, the girls are in their fun, and the kites were the boy's games.
- Hirayama (1992-1994, volume 3, page 2625):^[5]
  ズナ⸣オ　マッ⸣（砂を撒く）。
  zúná ò má’ (ˋ) (suna o maku).
  to sprinkle sand (read in the Kagoshima dialect)

Derived terms

砂(すな)磯(いそ) (sunaiso, “sandy beach”)
砂(すな)川(がわ) (sunagawa, “sandy river”)
砂(すな)久(きゅう) (sunakyū, “bad food and rundown lodging”, sumo cant)
砂(すな)粒(つぶ) (sunatsubu, “sand grain”)
砂(すな)時(ど)計(けい) (sunadokei, “hourglass”)
砂(すな)原(はら) (sunahara, “sandy plain”)
砂(すな)払(ばら)い (sunabarai, “winter solstice tradition of removing sand”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
砂
いさご Grade: 6
kun'yomi

Alternative spellings
沙沙子

Attested in the Nihon Shoki (720). Some sources connect the initial isa- element to 石 (ishi, “stone”).^[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) いさご [ìságó] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [isa̠ɡo̞]

(Kyōto) いさご [íságó] (Kōki – [0])^[1]^[4]

Historical evolution of the Kyoto pitch accent

(the Heian period) HHH
(the Muromachi period) HHH

※ H for high and flat syllables (◌́), L for low and flat syllables (◌̀), F for high-to-low syllables (◌̂), R for low-to-high syllables (◌̌).
※ References: ^[1]

Noun

砂(いさご) • (isago)

[from 720] (dated) sand; fine pebbles

Derived terms

砂(いさご)川(がわ) (isagogawa, “river with a sandy riverbed”)
砂(いさご)路(じ) (isagoji, “a road with lots of sand”)
砂子(いさご)煎(せん)餅(べい) (isagosenbei, “a kind of rice cracker”)
砂(いさご)土(づち) (isagozuchi, “soil mixed with sand”)
砂(いさご)の中(なか)の金(こがね) (isago no naka no kogane, “something good found in a bad thing”, literally “gold found in the sand”)
砂(いさご)の波(なみ) (isago no nami, “the current world; the world we live in”, literally “sand waves”)
砂(いさご)原(はら) (isagohara, “sandy field”)
砂(いさご)道(みち) (isagomichi, “a road with lots of sand”)
砂(いさご)虫(むし) (isagomushi, “caddis worm”)

Etymology 3

From Old Japanese. Found in the Kojiki (712) in the name of the deity 須比智邇神 (supi₁di ni NO₂ KAMI₂, literally “god of the mud soil”).^[6] In most cases, the word has been conflated with 洲 (su, “sandbar”), which could be a cognate.

Noun

砂(す) • (su)

(only in compounds) sand

Derived terms

白(しら)洲(す) (shirasu, “white sand”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Dai-ni-han Henshū I'inkai (日本国語大辞典第二版編集委員会) (2001-2002), 日本国語大辞典　第二版 [Unabridged Japanese Dictionary: Second Edition], Tokyo (東京都): Shōgakukan (小学館), →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 [Nationwide Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Hirayama, Teruo (平山照男); Ōshima Ichirō (大島一郎); Ōno Masao (大野眞男); Kuno Makoto (久野眞); Kuno Mariko (久野マリ子); Sugimura Takao (杉村孝夫) (1992-1994), 現代日本語方言大辞典 [Dictionary of Japanese Dialects], volume 3, Tokyo: Meiji Shoin (明治書院), pages 2623-2625
^ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967), 時代別国語大辞典上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, page 378

“砂”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja

砂 • (sa) (hangeul 사, revised sa, McCune–Reischauer sa, Yale sa)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

砂: Hán Nôm readings: sa

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Yonaguni

Kanji

砂

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 砂 (suna).

Noun

砂(ちな) (china)

sand

Yoron

Kanji

砂

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 砂 (suna).

Noun

砂(しな) (shina)

sand

[1] Digital Shinjigen 2017

[NKD2P-2] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Dai-ni-han Henshū I'inkai (日本国語大辞典第二版編集委員会) (2001-2002), 日本国語大辞典　第二版 [Unabridged Japanese Dictionary: Second Edition], Tokyo (東京都): Shōgakukan (小学館), →ISBN

[DJR-3] 2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-4] 3.0 ^3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[ZAJ-5] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 [Nationwide Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN

[GNHD-6] 5.0 ^5.1 Hirayama, Teruo (平山照男); Ōshima Ichirō (大島一郎); Ōno Masao (大野眞男); Kuno Makoto (久野眞); Kuno Mariko (久野マリ子); Sugimura Takao (杉村孝夫) (1992-1994), 現代日本語方言大辞典 [Dictionary of Japanese Dialects], volume 3, Tokyo: Meiji Shoin (明治書院), pages 2623-2625

[JDBsu-7] Omodaka, Hisataka (1967), 時代別国語大辞典上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, page 378

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