ing

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ing"

English

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation, General American) enPR: ĭng; IPA^(key): /ɪŋ/
• Rhymes: -ɪŋ

Etymology 1

From Middle English ing, ynge, enge, from Old English ing, *eng (“a meadow; ing”), from Proto-Germanic *angijō (“meadow”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énkos (“a bend; curve; bowl; hollow; dell; glen”), from *h₂enk- (“to bend; curve; bow”). Cognate with Scots eng (“ing; meadow”), Dutch eng (“pasture; farmland”), Danish eng (“meadow”), Swedish äng (“meadow; field”), Norwegian eng (“meadow”), Faroese ong (“grassland; meadow; pasture”), Icelandic eng (“a meadow”), Icelandic engi (“a meadow; meadowland”).

Noun

ing (plural ings)

1. (now only in dialects) A meadow, especially a low meadow near a river; water meadow.

   Ings, glens, and fens of the Highlands.

   • 1773, Journals of the House of Commons:

     Bill for dividing and inclosing certain open common fields, ings, common pastures, and other commonable lands.

   • 1804, Marshall (William), On the Landed Property of England, possibly quoting an earlier work:

     [There] lay an extent of meadow grounds, in ings, to afford a supply of hay.

References

• John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner, editors (1989), “ing”, in The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN.

Etymology 2

From Pitman em and en, which it is related to phonetically and graphically, and the sound it represents. The change in vowel probably reflects the familiar suffix -ing.

Noun

ing (plural ings)

1. The letter for the ng sound /ŋ/ in Pitman shorthand.

Related terms

• eng, the name of the IPA letter for this sound

See also

• ing-bing

Anagrams

• IGN, Gin, gin, nig, NGI, GNI

Cebuano

Alternative forms

• 'y — contraction, appended to the preceding word

Etymology

Compare with Kapampangan ing, Tausug in.

Article

ing

1. (archaic) indefinite direct marker for nouns other than personal names.

   Synonym: 'y — sense narrowed down

See also

Cebuano markers

		Direct		Indirect		Oblique
		Definite	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite
Common	Singular	ang	ing†, 'y	sa, sang†	og	sa
	Plural	ang mga	ing mga†, 'y mga	sa mga, sang mga†	og mga	sa mga
Personal	Singular	si		ni		kang*
	Plural	sila ni, silang sa†		nila ni, nilang na†		(kan)ila ni*, (kan)ilang* ka†
†Archaic *Indirect personal forms used instead in colloquial speech.

Further reading

• https://archive.org/details/aqp5055.0001.001.umich.edu/page/173/mode/2up

Chinese

Etymology

From English -ing.

Adverb

ing

1. (slang) in the process of; currently

References

• http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=11204

Hungarian

ing

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈiŋɡ]
• Hyphenation: ing
• Rhymes: -iŋɡ

Etymology 1

Uncertain. Perhaps borrowed from an Iranian language.

Alternative forms

• üng, ümög, ümeg, imeg, imég (all are dialectal)

Noun

ing (plural ingek)

1. shirt

   Coordinate terms: blúz, póló

Declension

Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	ing	ingek
accusative	inget	ingeket
dative	ingnek	ingeknek
instrumental	inggel	ingekkel
causal-final	ingért	ingekért
translative	inggé	ingekké
terminative	ingig	ingekig
essive-formal	ingként	ingekként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	ingben	ingekben
superessive	ingen	ingeken
adessive	ingnél	ingeknél
illative	ingbe	ingekbe
sublative	ingre	ingekre
allative	inghez	ingekhez
elative	ingből	ingekből
delative	ingről	ingekről
ablative	ingtől	ingektől
non-attributive possessive – singular	ingé	ingeké
non-attributive possessive – plural	ingéi	ingekéi

Possessive forms of ing

possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	ingem	ingeim
2nd person sing.	inged	ingeid
3rd person sing.	inge	ingei
1st person plural	ingünk	ingeink
2nd person plural	ingetek	ingeitek
3rd person plural	ingük	ingeik

Derived terms

• inges
• ingű

Compound words

• hálóing
• karing
• pólóing

Expressions

• akinek nem inge, ne vegye magára

Etymology 2

An earlier form of the verb inog (“to wobble”).

Verb

ing

2. (intransitive) to wobble
3. (intransitive) to swing

Conjugation

Conjugation of ing

Click for archaic forms			1st person sg	2nd person sg informal	3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal	1st person pl	2nd person pl informal	3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal
indica­tive	indica­tive	pre­sent	indef.	ingok	ingsz	ing	ingunk	ingtok	ingnak
			def.	intransitive verb, definite forms are not used
			2nd obj
		past	indef.	ingtam	ingtál	ingott	ingtunk	ingtatok	ingtak
			def.	―
			2nd obj
		future		Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. ingni fog.
archaic preterite		indef.	ingék	ingál	inga	ingánk	ingátok	ingának
		def.	―
		2nd obj
archaic past		Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. ing vala, ingott vala/volt.
archaic future	indef.	ingandok	ingandasz	ingand	ingandunk	ingandotok	ingandanak
	def.	―
	2nd obj
condi­tional	pre­sent	indef.	ingnék	ingnál	ingna	ingnánk	ingnátok	ingnának
		def.	―
		2nd obj
	past		Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. ingott volna
sub­junc­tive	sub­junc­tive	pre­sent	indef.	ingjak	ingj or ingjál	ingjon	ingjunk	ingjatok	ingjanak
			def.	―
			2nd obj
(archaic) past		Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. ingott légyen
infinitive	ingni		ingnom	ingnod	ingnia	ingnunk	ingnotok	ingniuk
other forms	verbal noun		present part.	past part.	future part.	adverbial participle		causative
	ingás		ingó	ingott	―	ingva (ingván)

Potential conjugation of ing

Click for archaic forms			1st person sg	2nd person sg informal	3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal	1st person pl	2nd person pl informal	3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal
indica­tive	indica­tive	pre­sent	indef.	inghatok	inghatsz	inghat	inghatunk	inghattok	inghatnak
			def.	intransitive verb, definite forms are not used
			2nd obj
		past	indef.	inghattam	inghattál	inghatott	inghattunk	inghattatok	inghattak
			def.	―
			2nd obj
archaic preterite		indef.	inghaték	inghatál	inghata	inghatánk	inghatátok	inghatának
		def.	―
		2nd obj
archaic past		Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. inghat vala, inghatott vala/volt.
archaic future	indef.	inghatandok or ingandhatok	inghatandasz or ingandhatsz	inghatand or ingandhat	inghatandunk or ingandhatunk	inghatandotok or ingandhattok	inghatandanak or ingandhatnak
	def.	―
	2nd obj
condi­tional	pre­sent	indef.	inghatnék	inghatnál	inghatna	inghatnánk	inghatnátok	inghatnának
		def.	―
		2nd obj
	past		Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. inghatott volna
sub­junc­tive	sub­junc­tive	pre­sent	indef.	inghassak	inghass or inghassál	inghasson	inghassunk	inghassatok	inghassanak
			def.	―
			2nd obj
(archaic) past		Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. inghatott légyen
infinitive	(inghatni)		(inghatnom)	(inghatnod)	(inghatnia)	(inghatnunk)	(inghatnotok)	(inghatniuk)
other forms	positive adjective			negative adjective		adverbial participle
	―			―		(inghatva / inghatván)

or

Conjugation of ing

Click for archaic forms			1st person sg	2nd person sg informal	3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal	1st person pl	2nd person pl informal	3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal
indica­tive	indica­tive	pre­sent	indef.	ingok	ingasz	ing	ingunk	ingotok	inganak
			def.	intransitive verb, definite forms are not used
			2nd obj
		past	indef.	ingottam	ingottál	ingott	ingottunk	ingottatok	ingottak
			def.	―
			2nd obj
		future		Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. ingani fog.
archaic preterite		indef.	ingék	ingál	inga	ingánk	ingátok	ingának
		def.	―
		2nd obj
archaic past		Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. ing vala, ingott vala/volt.
archaic future	indef.	ingandok	ingandasz	ingand	ingandunk	ingandotok	ingandanak
	def.	―
	2nd obj
condi­tional	pre­sent	indef.	inganék	inganál	ingana	inganánk	inganátok	inganának
		def.	―
		2nd obj
	past		Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. ingott volna
sub­junc­tive	sub­junc­tive	pre­sent	indef.	ingjak	ingj or ingjál	ingjon	ingjunk	ingjatok	ingjanak
			def.	―
			2nd obj
(archaic) past		Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. ingott légyen
infinitive	ingani		inganom	inganod	ingania	inganunk	inganotok	inganiuk
other forms	verbal noun		present part.	past part.	future part.	adverbial participle		causative
	ingás		ingó	ingott	―	ingva (ingván)

Potential conjugation of ing

Click for archaic forms			1st person sg	2nd person sg informal	3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal	1st person pl	2nd person pl informal	3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal
indica­tive	indica­tive	pre­sent	indef.	inghatok	inghatsz	inghat	inghatunk	inghattok	inghatnak
			def.	intransitive verb, definite forms are not used
			2nd obj
		past	indef.	inghattam	inghattál	inghatott	inghattunk	inghattatok	inghattak
			def.	―
			2nd obj
archaic preterite		indef.	inghaték	inghatál	inghata	inghatánk	inghatátok	inghatának
		def.	―
		2nd obj
archaic past		Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. inghat vala, inghatott vala/volt.
archaic future	indef.	inghatandok or ingandhatok	inghatandasz or ingandhatsz	inghatand or ingandhat	inghatandunk or ingandhatunk	inghatandotok or ingandhattok	inghatandanak or ingandhatnak
	def.	―
	2nd obj
condi­tional	pre­sent	indef.	inghatnék	inghatnál	inghatna	inghatnánk	inghatnátok	inghatnának
		def.	―
		2nd obj
	past		Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. inghatott volna
sub­junc­tive	sub­junc­tive	pre­sent	indef.	inghassak	inghass or inghassál	inghasson	inghassunk	inghassatok	inghassanak
			def.	―
			2nd obj
(archaic) past		Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. inghatott légyen
infinitive	(inghatni)		(inghatnom)	(inghatnod)	(inghatnia)	(inghatnunk)	(inghatnotok)	(inghatniuk)
other forms	positive adjective			negative adjective		adverbial participle
	―			―		(inghatva / inghatván)

Synonyms

• (wobble): inog

Derived terms

• ingat
• ingatlan

(With verbal prefixes):

• meging

Further reading

• (shirt): ing in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.
• (to wobble): ing in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.

Javanese

Preposition

ing

1. in
2. on
3. at

Jirajara

Noun

ing

1. water

References

• Luis Oramas, Materiales para el estudio de los dialectos Ayamán, Gayón, Jirajara, Ajagua (1916)

Khumi Chin

Ing.

Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *ʔim, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kim (“house, womb”). Cognate to Burmese အိမ် (im) and S'gaw Karen ဟံၣ် (heè).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʔĩ˥/

Noun

ing

1. house

Derived terms

• bawngbähae-ing
• bethi-ingtangka
• bäjung-ing
• mai-ing
• pheledaengdai-ing

References

• R. Shafer (1944) “Khimi Grammar and Vocabulary”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, volume 11, number 2, page 418
• K. E. Herr (2011) The phonological interpretation of minor syllables, applied to Lemi Chin‎^[1], Payap University, page 46

Lutuv

Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *ʔim, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kim (“house, womb”). Cognate to Burmese အိမ် (im) and S'gaw Karen ဟံၣ် (heè).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪŋ/

Noun

ing

1. house

References

• Rachel Gray, Jose Benavides (2022) “Wh-Question Formation in Hnaring Lutuv”, in Indiana Working Papers in South Asian Languages and Cultures‎^[2], volume 3, number 1

Old English

Etymology

Apparently borrowed from Old Norse eng or possibly inherited directly from Proto-Germanic *angijō.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /inɡ/, [iŋɡ]

Noun

ing f (nominative plural inga or inge)

1. meadow, water meadow, ing

Declension

Strong ō-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	ing	inga, inge
accusative	inge	inga, inge
genitive	inge	inga
dative	inge	ingum

Ternate

Etymology

From the older ingi, with word-final vowel deletion.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈiŋ]

Noun

ing

1. Alternative form of ingi

References

• Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Tok Pisin

Etymology

From English ink.

Noun

ing

1. ink

Welsh

Noun

ing m (plural ingau or ingoedd)

1. anguish, angst

   Synonym: gwasgfa

2. adversity

   Synonyms: caledi, cyni, adfyd

3. agony, extreme pain

   Synonyms: dirboen, gwayw, gloes

Derived terms

• câr cywir yn yr ing a welir (“a true friend is to be found in adversity”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of ing

radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
ing	unchanged	unchanged	hing

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• D. G. Lewis, N. Lewis, editors (2005–present), “ing”, in Gweiadur: the Welsh-English Dictionary, Gwerin
• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ing”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Yola

Alternative forms

• in, yn, i, ee, eee

Etymology

From Middle English in, ī̆, from Old English in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɪŋ/, /ɪn/, /ɪ/, /iː/

Preposition

ing

1. in
   • 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 84:

     Yerstey w'had a baree, gist ing oor hoane,

     Yesterday we had a goal just in our hand.

   • 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 7, page 86:

     Th' heiftem o' pley vell all ing to lug;

     The weight of the play fell into the hollow;

   • 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 11, page 88:

     An broughet ee stell, ing a emothee knaghane.

     And broke the handle in a pismire-hill.

   • 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 12, page 88:

     Licke a mope an a mile, he gazt ing a mize;

     Like a fool in a mill, he looked in amazement;

   • 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 12, page 88:

     Oore joys all ee-smort ing a emothee knaghane.

     Our joys are all smothered in a pismire-hill.

   • 1867, “DR. RUSSELL ON THE INHABITANTS AND DIALECT OF THE BARONY OF FORTH”, in APPENDIX, page 131:

     Wathere proceeds to tell that the game was “was jist ing our hone”

     Walter proceeds to tell that the game was “was just in our hand”

References

• Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 48