is

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "is"

Translingual[edit]

Symbol[edit]

is

  1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Icelandic.

English[edit]

English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Etymology 1[edit]

From Middle English is, from Old English is, from Proto-West Germanic *ist, from Proto-Germanic *isti (a form of Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to be”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“is”).

Cognate with West Frisian is (“is”), Dutch is (“is”), German ist (“is”), Afrikaans is (“am, are, is”) Old Swedish är, er, Old Norse er, es.

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

is

  1. third-person singular simple present indicative form of be
    He is a doctor.
    • 1999 January 8, Ken Starr, quoting Bill Clinton, Referral from Independent Counsel Kenneth W. Starr in Conformity with the Requirements of Title 28, United States Code, Section 595(c) (Starr Report)‎[1], Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, retrieved 14 February 2020, page 176:
      "It depends on what the meaning of the word 'is' is."
    • 2012, Robert Moore, Where the Gold is Buried, a legend of Old Fort Niagara (→ISBN), page 137:
      "It's not two weeks yet," I reminded her, hoping that might somehow cheer her. [...] "Tomorrow is two weeks," Ruth said in a distant voice, staring into the flames.
  2. (now colloquial) Used in phrases with existential there when the semantic subject is a third-person plural.
    There is three of them there.
Quotations[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Synonyms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]

See also[edit]

See also

Etymology 2[edit]

Eye dialect spelling of us.

Pronoun[edit]

is

  1. (Tyneside) Alternative spelling of us (“me”).

Etymology 3[edit]

i +‎ -s.

Noun[edit]

is

  1. (rare) Alternative form of i's.

Anagrams[edit]

Afar[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Related to Sidamo ise.

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ís

  1. she
See also[edit]
Afar personal pronouns
1st person 2nd person 3rd person m 3rd person f
Subject Singular anú atú úsuk ís
Plural nanú isín úsun
Object Singular yó kó ká tét
Plural né sín kén

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

ís

  1. thyself, yourself
  2. himself, herself
  3. (Awash) myself
See also[edit]
Afar reflexive pronouns
1st person 2nd person 3rd person
Simple Singular ínni ís
Plural nínni isínni, sínni
Emphatic Singular ínnih ísih
Plural nínnih isínnih, sínnih

References[edit]

  • E. M. Parker; R. J. Hayward (1985), “is”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN
  • Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎[2], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Afrikaans[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

is

  1. am, are, is (present tense, all persons, plural and singular of wees, to be)
  2. Forms the perfect passive voice when followed by a past participle

Bagusa[edit]

Noun[edit]

is

  1. woman

References[edit]

Catalan[edit]

Noun[edit]

is

  1. plural of i

Cimbrian[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

is

  1. (Sette Comuni) Alternative form of es (“it”)

References[edit]

  • “is” in Martalar, Umberto Martello; Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

Danish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Norse íss, from Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH-.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

is c (singular definite isen, plural indefinite is)

  1. (uncountable) ice (water in frozen form)
  2. (uncountable) ice, ice cream (dessert, not necessarily containing cream)
  3. (countable) ice, ice cream (ice dessert on a stick or in a wafer cone)

Inflection[edit]

Declension of is
common
gender 		Singular Plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative is isen is isene
genitive is' isens is' isenes

Dutch[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

is

  1. third-person singular present indicative of zijn; is, equals
    Twaalf min drie is negen — twelve minus three equals nine

Adverb[edit]

is

  1. (informal, dialect) Misspelling of 's.

Anagrams[edit]

Gothic[edit]

Romanization[edit]

is

  1. Romanization of 𐌹𐍃

Hungarian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Doublet of és (“and”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Adverb[edit]

is (not comparable) (clitic)

  1. also, too, as well
    Synonyms: szintén, ugyancsak, úgyszintén, éppúgy, (formal; the others are relatively literary in style) szintúgy
    Én is szeretem a csokit. ― I, too, like chocolate (aside from other people).
    (Én) a csokit is szeretem. ― I also like chocolate (aside from other things).
  2. even, up to, as much as, as long as
    Három óráig is tarthat a műtét ― The operation may even take three hours.
  3. (after an interrogative word) again (used in a question to ask something one has forgotten)
    Hogy is hívják? ― What's that called, again?
  4. sure enough, indeed
    Synonyms: tényleg, valóban, csakugyan
    Aznapra esőt mondtak, és el is kezdett esni. ― Rain had been predicted for that day and, sure enough, it was beginning to rain. (literally, “They had said rain for…”)

Usage notes[edit]

When it is used with a concessive adverb (“no matter what/​who​/​when/how”, “however [good, bad]”, “long as it was”, “even if…” etc.), it is traditionally placed after the verb, though it is common in colloquial style to use it after the adverb instead:

(traditionally, chiefly in literary style) Bármilyen hosszúra nyúlt is az előadás,…
(more recently) Bármilyen hosszúra is nyúlt az előadás,…
No matter how long the lecture​/​performance stretched,…

It applies to verb-final set phrases as well, similarly to érzi magát in this clause: még ha ettől rosszul érezzük is magunkat / …rosszul is érezzük magunkat (“even if it makes us feel bad”).

Derived terms[edit]

Compound words
Expressions

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • is in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

Irish[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From agus.

Pronunciation[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

is

  1. reduced form of agus (“and; as”)
    Dia is Muire duit.
    Hello to you, too. (lit. God and Virgin Mary to you.)
    • 1899, Franz Nikolaus Finck, Die araner mundart, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. II, p. 1:
      wil nə fatī xō mŭȧ, s dūŕc šē?
      conventional orthography: An bhfuil na fataí chomh maith is dúirt sé?
      Are the potatoes as good as he said?
    • 1899, Franz Nikolaus Finck, Die araner mundart, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. II, p. 1:
      ə ʒēĺǵə, l̄aurīr ə gūǵə mūn, ńī h-ønn̥̄ ī s ə ʒēlgə š agń̥ə
      conventional orthography: An Ghaeilge a labhraíthear i gCúige Mumhan, ní hionann í is an Ghaeilge seo againne.
      The Irish used in Munster isn’t the same as our Irish.

Etymology 2[edit]

From Old Irish is (“is”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /ɪsˠ/, /sˠ/ (before nouns and adjectives)
  • IPA(key): /ʃ/ (before the pronouns é, í, ea, iad)

Particle[edit]

is

  1. Present/future realis copula form
    Is múinteoir é Dónall. ― Dónall is a teacher. (definition: predicate is indefinite)
    Is é Dónall an múinteoir. ― Dónall is the teacher. (identification: predicate is definite)
    Is féidir liom snámh. ― I can swim. (idiomatic noun predicate)
    Is maith liom tae. ― I like tea. (idiomatic adjective predicate)
    Is mise a chonaic é. ― I'm the one who saw him. (compare Hiberno-English "'Tis I who saw him"; cleft sentence)
    Is é Dónall atá ina mhúinteoir. ― It's Dónall who is a teacher. (cleft sentence)
  2. Used to introduce the comparative/superlative form of adjectives
    an buachaill is mó ― the bigger boy; the biggest boy
    Is mó an buachaill ná Séamas.
    The boy is bigger than James.
    Is é Séamas an buachaill is mó in Éirinn!
    James is the biggest boy in Ireland! (lit. "It is James (who is) the boy (who) is biggest in Ireland")
Usage notes[edit]
  • Used in the present and future for identification or definition of a subject as the person/object identified in the predicate of the sentence. Sometimes used with noun or adjective predicates, especially in certain fixed idiomatic phrases. Used to introduce cleft sentences, which are extremely common in Irish. It is not a verb.
  • The copula does not exist in the imperative and does not have a nominal form analogous to the verbal noun. The phrase bí i do (literally “be in your”) is used as the imperative instead (e.g. Bí i d’fhear! – “Be a man!” (lit. “Be in your man!”)), and equivalent non-copular nominal constructions must be used in place of their hypothetical copular equivalents: bheith ábalta (“to be able”, in place of the non-existent nominal form of is féidir), bheith ag iarraidh (“to want”, in place of the non-existent nominal form of is mian), bheith ina (“to be”, as with the imperative), etc.
  • In comparative/superlative formations, is is strictly speaking the relative of the copula, hence an buachaill is mó literally means "the boy who is biggest", i.e. "the biggest boy". The thing compared is introduced by ná (“than”).
Related terms[edit]
Irish copular forms
Simple copular forms
Present/future
Affirmative Negative Interrogative Neg. inter.
Main clauses is ní an nach
Direct relative clauses nach
Indirect relative clauses ar, arbv
Other subordinate clauses gur, gurbv an nach
Past/conditional
Affirmative Negative Interrogative Neg. inter.
Main clauses ba, b’v níor, níorbhv ar, arbhv nár, nárbhv
Direct relative clauses ba, abv nár, nárbhv
Indirect relative clauses ar, arbhv
Other subordinate clauses gur, gurbhv ar, arbhv nár, nárbhv
Present subjunctive
Affirmative Negative
gura, gurabv nára, nárabv
    Compound copular forms
Base word Present/future Past/conditional
cá cár, cárbv cár, cárbhv
cé cér, cérbv cér, cérbhv
dá dá mba, dá mb’v
de/do dar, darbv dar, darbhv
faoi faoinar, faoinarbv faoinar, faoinarbhv
i inar, inarbv inar, inarbhv
le lenar, lenarbv lenar, lenarbhv
má más má ba, má b’v
mura mura, murabv murar, murarbhv
ó (prep.) ónar, ónarbv ónar, ónarbhv
ó (conj.) ós ó ba, ó b’v
trí trínar, trínarbv trínar, trínarbhv
v Used before vowel sounds

Kwerba[edit]

Noun[edit]

is

  1. woman

References[edit]

Lacandon[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Mayan *iihs.

Noun[edit]

is

  1. sweet potato

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  • Baer, Phillip; Baer, Mary; Chan Kꞌin, Manuel; Chan Kꞌin, Antonio (2018) Diccionaro maya lacandón (Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves”; 51)‎[3] (in Spanish), Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., pages 65–66

Latin[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Italic *is, from Proto-Indo-European *éy.

Pronunciation[edit]

Determiner[edit]

is (feminine ea, neuter id); demonstrative pronoun

  1. (pronoun) this or that man, woman or thing; he, she, it, they (previously introduced)
    1. Picks up the subject or object after an intervening clause, to avoid repeating the relative pronoun quī, or substitutes syntactically fronted expressions
  2. (correlative) that...which; he, she...who, it...that
    1. (anaphoric) of such a nature, degree, kind (previously mentioned or implied)
    2. (cataphoric) the following; of the following nature, degree, kind
  3. (determiner) this or that [man, woman or thing] (as a noun phrase modifier)
  4. (with genus with nominative or modī with genitive) such a, that sort of
    eiusmodī sermōnēs ― talk of that kind
    • Marcus Valerius Probus, Fragmenta 66.29:
      […] 'urbīs' an 'urbēs'. Nam cum id genus sīs, quod videō, ut sine iactūrā tuā peccēs, nihil perdēs utrum dīxeris.
      […] 'urbīs' or 'urbēs'. For as far as I can see, you're the kind of man who doesn't lose sleep over his mistakes; as such you'll lose nothing whichever one you use.
  5. Substituting a clause.
    quod eius fierī possit ― as far as [any of that is] possible
    1. As an internal accusative: for that reason, on that account
      idque gaudeō ― and I'm glad about that
    2. Used in various prepositional phrases.
Usage notes[edit]

Latin is is an endophoric pronoun and determiner, which may be employed either as an anaphora or as a cataphora, meaning it serves as a reference to something preceding or following, respectively, in the text. Unlike a demonstrative such as ille or English this, is does not have a deictic function, meaning it cannot point to a referent in the world, but only one named in the text; nor can it be used exophorically as a 3d-person pronoun such as English (s)he that refers to something not already defined in the context but presumed to be known or deduceable by the addressee. Thus we see it used with first, second and third person.

The exophoric demonstratives/determiners in Latin are hic (proximal, near the speaker), iste (distal, near the listener), and ille (distal, far from both). Note that Latin doesn't have any 3rd-person pronouns, using the aforementioned demonstratives in their place.

Oblique cases are rare in elevated poetry.

Declension[edit]

Demonstrative pronoun.

Number Singular Plural
Case / Gender Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative is ea id ī1
iī
eī 		eae ea
Genitive eius eōrum eārum eōrum
Dative ei2
ēī 		īs1
iīs
eīs
Accusative eum eam id eōs eās ea
Ablative eō eā eō īs1
iīs
eīs

1The nom./dat./abl. plural forms regularly developed into a monosyllable /iː(s)/, with later remodelling - compare the etymology of deus. This /iː/ was normally spelled as EI during and as II after the Republic; a disyllabic iī, spelled II, Iꟾ, apears in Silver Age poetry, while disyllabic eīs is only post-Classical. Other spellings include EEI(S), EIEI(S), IEI(S).
2The dat. singular is found spelled EIEI (here represented as ēī) and scanned as two longs in Plautus, but also as a monosyllable. The latter is its normal scansion in Classical. Other spellings include EEI, IEI.

Derived terms[edit]
See also[edit]
Latin correlatives (edit)
type interrogative indefinite (medial)
demonstrative		 proximal
demonstrative		 distal
demonstrative		 relative indefinite
relative		 identity other
basic quis, quī quis, quī, quīdam, aliquis, aliquī, quisque, quisquam, aliquisquam, quispiam, ūllus is, iste, istic hic ille, illic quī quisquis, quīcumque ipse, īdem alter, alius
dual uter alteruter, uterque uter utercumque
number quot aliquot tot quot quotquot, quotcumque totidem
order quotus totus quotus quotuscumque
quantity quam aliquam tam quam †quamquam †tamen, †tandem
size quantus aliquantus tantus quantus quantuscumque tantusdem
quality quālis aliquālis tālis quālis quālis, quāliscumque
manner ut, quī, quō modō, quōmodo, quemadmodum utique, quī, quōdam modō, aliquō modō ita, sic, eō/istō modō hōc modō illō modō ut, quī, quō modō, quōmodo, quemadmodum utut, utcumque, quōmodocumque item, itidem aliter, aliōquī, alterō/aliō modō
method,
path,
place 		quā aliquā, quāque eā, istāc hāc illāc quā quāquā, quācumque eādem aliā
place ubi alicubi, ubique, usquam, uspiam ibi, istic hīc illīc ubi ubiubi, ubicumque ibidem alibī, aliās
source unde alicunde, undeunde inde, istinc hinc illinc unde undecumque indidem aliunde
destination quō, quōrsum aliquō, quōquam, quōpiam, °aliquōvorsum eō, istūc, °istōrsum hūc, °hōrsum illūc, °illōrsum quō quōquō, quōcumque eōdem aliō, aliorsum
time quandō quondam, aliquandō, quandōque, umquam tum, tunc num, nunc ōlim cum, quandō cumque, quandōcumque, quandōque simul aliās
exact time quota hōra ea/ista hōra hac hōra illa hōra quota hōra quotacumque hōra eadem hōra altera/alia hōra
repetition quotiēns aliquotiēns totiēns quotiēns quotiēnscumque
multiplication quotuplex totuplex quotuplex
† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated
° Rare
Latin personal pronouns together with the possessive and reflexive pronouns
Number Person Gender Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Possessive
Singular First — ego meī mihi mē meus, -a, -um
Second — tū tuī tibi tē tuus, -a, -um
Reflexive third — — suī sibi sē, sēsē suus, -a, -um
Third Masculine is eius eī eum eō eius
Feminine ea eam eā
Neuter id id eō
Plural First — nōs nostrī, nostrum nōbīs nōs nōbīs noster, -tra,
-trum
Second — vōs vestrī, vestrum vōbīs vōs vōbīs vester, -tra,
-trum
Reflexive third — — suī sibi sē, sēsē suus, -a, -um
Third Masculine eī, iī eōrum eīs eōs eīs eōrum
Feminine eae eārum eās eārum
Neuter ea eōrum ea eōrum

Etymology 2[edit]

Inflected form of eō (“go”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

īs

  1. second-person singular present active indicative of eō

References[edit]

Middle Dutch[edit]

Verb[edit]

is

  1. third-person singular present indicative of wēsen

Middle English[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Old English īs, from Proto-West Germanic *īs.

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

is (uncountable)

  2. ice (frozen water):
    1. A layer of frozen water as a surface.
    2. (rare) An individual portion of ice.
  3. (rare, figuratively) That which is short-lived like ice.
  4. (rare) icy conditions
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
  • English: ice (see there for further descendants)
  • Scots: ice
References[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From Old English is, third-person present singular of wesan (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *isti, third-person present singular of *wesaną (“to be, become”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

is

  2. third-person singular present indicative of been
    Synonym: bith
Usage notes[edit]

This form is more common than bith for the second-person singular.

Descendants[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Determiner[edit]

is

  1. Alternative form of his (“his”)

Pronoun[edit]

is

  1. Alternative form of his (“his”)

Etymology 4[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

is

  1. Alternative form of his (“her”)

Etymology 5[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

is

  1. Alternative form of his (“them”)

Etymology 6[edit]

Noun[edit]

is (plural isnes)

  1. Alternative form of iren (“iron”)

Navajo[edit]

Interjection[edit]

is

  1. as if, as if it were true, it could be, is it really?, what do you mean by that?, so you say expressing surprise

Usage notes[edit]

Usually spelled with the final letter repeated: iss, isss, issss.

Alternative forms[edit]

Norwegian Bokmål[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Norse íss (“ice”), from Proto-Germanic *īsaz, a variant of *īsą (“ice”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH- (“ice, frost”).

Noun[edit]

is m (definite singular isen, indefinite plural is or iser, definite plural isene)

  1. (uncountable) ice, ice cream
  2. (countable) ice cream on a stick or cone.

Synonyms[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

Anagrams[edit]

Norwegian Nynorsk[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Norse íss, from Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH-. Akin to English ice.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

is m (definite singular isen, indefinite plural isar, definite plural isane)

  1. ice
  2. ice cream

Synonyms[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

Nyishi[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Tani *si, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *si.

Noun[edit]

is

  1. water

References[edit]

  • P. T. Abraham (2005) A Grammar of Nyishi Language‎[4], Delhi: Farsight Publishers and Distributors

Old English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *īsą. See there for more.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

īs n

  1. ice
    • the Legend of St Andrew
      Ofer ēastrēamas īs bryċġode.
      The ice formed a bridge over the streams.
  2. the runic character ᛁ (/i/ or /i:/)

Declension[edit]

Declension of is (strong a-stem)
Case Singular Plural
nominative īs īs
accusative īs īs
genitive īses īsa
dative īse īsum

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Old High German[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-West Germanic *īs. Compare Old Saxon īs, Old English īs, Old Norse íss.

Noun[edit]

īs

  1. ice

Descendants[edit]

  • Middle High German: īs

Old Irish[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

The lemma is itself is from Proto-Celtic *esti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti; other forms are from either *h₁es- or *bʰuH-.

Verb[edit]

is

  1. to be
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 14d26
      Is i persin Crist da·gníu-sa sin.
      It is in the person of Christ that I do that.

Usage notes[edit]

This is the so-called "copula", which is distinct from the "substantive verb" at·tá. The copula is used with noun predicates and to introduce a cleft sentence.

Conjugation[edit]

See {{sga-conj-is}} for the complete conjugation.

Synonyms[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

  • cesu (“although... is”)
  • condid (“so that... is”)
  • in (“is... ?”)
  • masu (“if... is”)
  • ní (“is not”)

Descendants[edit]

  • Irish: is
  • Manx: s’
  • Scottish Gaelic: is

Further reading[edit]

Old Saxon[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *it.

Pronoun[edit]

is (is)

  1. his, its
Declension[edit]
Old Saxon personal pronouns
Personal pronouns
Singular 1. 2. 3. m 3. f 3. n
Nominative ik thū hē siu it
Accusative mī, me, mik thī, thik ina sia
Dative mī thī imu iru it
Genitive mīn thīn is ira is
Dual 1. 2. - - -
Nominative wit git - - -
Accusative unk ink - - -
Dative
Genitive unkero, unka

inker, inka

- - -
Plural 1. 2. 3. m 3. f 3. n
Nominative wī, we gī, ge sia sia siu
Accusative ūs, unsik eu, iu, iuu
Dative ūs im
Genitive ūser euwar, iuwer, iuwar, iuwero, iuwera iro

Etymology 2[edit]

Verb[edit]

is

  1. third-person singular present indicative of wesan

Etymology 3[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH- (“ice, frost”). Cognate with Old Frisian īs (West Frisian iis), Old English īs (English ice), Dutch ijs, Old High German īs (German Eis), Old Norse íss (Danish and Swedish is).

Noun[edit]

īs n

  1. ice
  2. The runic character ᛁ (/i/ or /i:/)
Declension[edit]
Declension of īs (neuter a-stem)
singular plural
nominative īs īs
accusative īs īs
genitive īses īsō
dative īse īsun
instrumental — —


Descendants[edit]
  • Middle Low German: îs
    • Low German:
      • German Low German: Ies

Old Welsh[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Celtic *esti. Cognate to Old Irish is.

Verb[edit]

is (third person singular present)

  1. to be

Inflection[edit]

Listed exhaustively in the Etymological Glossary of Old Welsh are the following conjugated forms:[1]

  • 3rd person singular present: is, iu, oi, hois, hoys
  • 3rd person singular present relative: issi, issid
  • 3rd person singular present negative: nit
  • 3rd person plural present: hint, int
  • 3rd person singular imperfect: hoid, oid
  • 3rd person singular imperfect subjunctive: be
  • 3rd person plural imperfect subjunctive: beinn
  • 3rd person singular present habitual: bi, bid bit
  • 3rd person singular present subjunctive: boi, boit
  • 3rd person singular preterite: bu

Descendants[edit]

  • Welsh: bod (finite forms)

References[edit]

  1. ^ Falileyev, Alexander (2000) Etymological Glossary of Old Welsh (Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie; 18), Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, pages 158-159

Onondaga[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

is

  1. you

References[edit]

  • Hanni Woodbury (2018) A Reference Grammar of the Onondaga Language, University of Toronto, page 309

Portuguese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

 

  • Rhymes: (Brazil) -is, (Portugal, Rio de Janeiro) -iʃ
  • Hyphenation: is

Noun[edit]

is

  1. plural of i
    • 2003, J. K. Rowling, Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fênix, Rocco, page 411:
      Se você pôs os pingos nos is e cortou os tês então pode fazer o que quiser!
      If you've dotted your I's and crossed your T's, then you can do whatever you want!

Sardinian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From syllabic apocope of issos, issas, from Latin ipsōs, ipsās, masculine and feminine accusative plural forms of ipse (“himself”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Article[edit]

is m pl or f pl (Campidanese)

  1. plural of su: the (masculine plural definite article)
  2. plural of sa: the (feminine plural definite article)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  • Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes
  • Wagner, Max Leopold (1960–1964), “ísse”, in Dizionario etimologico sardo, Heidelberg

Scots[edit]

Adverb[edit]

is (not comparable)

  1. (South Scots) as

Synonyms[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

is

  1. (South Scots) as

Synonyms[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

is (personal, non-emphatic)

  1. (South Scots) me

See also[edit]

  • A
  • mei (emphatic variant)

Verb[edit]

is

  1. third-person singular simple present indicative form of be

See also[edit]

Scottish Gaelic[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Cognate with Irish is.

Conjunction[edit]

is

  1. Clipping of agus (“and”).
Usage notes[edit]
  • Is is often shortened further to 's.

Etymology 2[edit]

From Old Irish is. Cognate with Irish is and Manx s'.

Verb[edit]

is

  1. (copulative) am, is, are
Usage notes[edit]
  • Is is often shortened to 's.
  • Is is used when linking the subject of a sentence with an object ("somebody is somebody", "somebody is something", "something is something"), otherwise forms of the verb bi are used:
    Is mise Dòmhnall. ― I am Donald.
    Tha mise anns an t-seòmar. ― I am in the room.
Inflection[edit]
Conjugation of bi (highly irregular)
singular plural
first second third m/f first second third
independent present tha mi tha thu tha e/i tha sinn tha sibh tha iad
past bha mi bha thu bha e/i bha sinn bha sibh bha iad
future simple bidh mi bidh tu bidh e/i bidh sinn bidh sibh bidh iad
emphatic bithidh mi bithidh tu bithidh e/i bithidh sinn bithidh sibh bithidh iad
conditional simple bhithinn bhiodh tu bhiodh e/i bhiodh sinn
bhiomaid 		bhiodh sibh bhiodh iad
emphatic bhitheadh tu bhitheadh e/i bhitheadh sinn
bhitheamaid 		bhitheadh sibh bhitheadh iad
negative present chan eil mi chan eil thu chan eil e/i chan eil sinn chan eil sibh chan eil iad
past cha robh mi cha robh thu cha robh e/i cha robh sinn cha robh sibh cha robh iad
future cha bhi mi cha bhi thu cha bhi e/i cha bhi sinn cha bhi sibh cha bhi iad
conditional simple cha bhithinn cha bhiodh tu cha bhiodh e/i cha bhiodh sinn
cha bhiomaid 		cha bhiodh sibh cha bhiodh iad
emphatic cha bhitheadh tu cha bhitheadh e/i cha bhitheadh sinn
cha bhitheamaid 		cha bhitheadh sibh cha bhitheadh iad
affirmative
interrogative 		present a bheil mi? a bheil thu? a bheil e/i? a bheil sinn? a bheil sibh? a bheil iad?
past an robh mi? an robh thu? an robh e/i? an robh sinn? an robh sibh? an robh iad?
future am bi mi? am bi thu? am bi e/i? am bi sinn? am bi sibh? am bi iad?
conditional simple am bithinn? am biodh tu? am biodh e/i? am biodh sinn?
am biomaid? 		am biodh sibh? am biodh iad?
emphatic am bitheadh tu? am bitheadh e/i? am bitheadh sinn
am bitheamaid? 		am bitheadh sibh? am bitheadh iad?
negative
interrogative 		present nach eil mi? nach eil thu? nach eil e/i? nach eil sinn? nach eil sibh? nach eil iad?
past nach robh mi? nach robh thu? nach robh e/i? nach robh sinn? nach robh sibh? nach robh iad?
future nach bi mi? nach bi thu? nach bi e/i? nach bi sinn? nach bi sibh? nach bi iad?
conditional simple nach bithinn? nach biodh tu? nach biodh e/i? nach biodh sinn?
nach biomaid? 		nach biodh sibh? nach biodh iad?
emphatic nach bitheadh tu? nach bitheadh e/i? nach bitheadh sinn?
nach bitheamaid? 		nach bitheadh sibh? nach bitheadh iad?
relative future simple (a) bhios mi (a) bhios tu (a) bhios e/i (a) bhios sinn (a) bhios sibh (a) bhios iad
emphatic (a) bhitheas mi (a) bhitheas tu (a) bhitheas e/i (a) bhitheas sinn (a) bhitheas sibh (a) bhitheas iad
imperative simple bitheam bi biodh e/i biomaid bithibh biodh iad
emphatic bitheadh e/i bitheamaid bitheadh iad
verbal noun a bhith

Impersonal forms can be found at Template:gd-conj-thathar.

Conjugation of is (highly irregular, defective)
singular plural
first second third m/f first second third
independent present is mi is tu is e/i is sinn is sibh is iad
past bu mhi bu tu b' e/i bu sinn bu sibh b' iad
conditional
negative present cha mhi cha tu chan e/i cha sinn cha sibh chan iad
past cha bu mhi cha bu tu cha b' e/i cha bu sinn cha bu sibh cha b' iad
conditional
affirmative
interrogative 		present am mi? an tu? an e/i? an sinn? an sibh? an iad?
past am bu mhi? am bu tu? am b' e/i? am bu sinn? am bu sibh? am b' iad?
conditional
Negative
interrogative 		present nach mi? nach tu? nach e/i? nach sinn? nach sibh? nach iad?
past nach bu mhi? nach bu tu? nach b' e/i? nach bu sinn? nach bu sibh? nach b' iad?
conditional
Conjugation of thathar (highly irregular, defective, impersonal)
Present Past Future Conditional
Independent thathar, thatar, thathas1 bhathar, bhatar, bhathas1 bithear, bitear, bitheas1 bhite(adh), bhithist(e)1
Negative chan eilear, chan eileas1 cha robhar, cha robhas1 cha bithear, cha bitear, cha bitheas1 cha bhite(adh), cha bhithist(e)1
Affirmative interrogative am beilear? am beileas?1
a bheilear? a bheileas?1 		an robhar? an robhas?1 am bithear? am biteas?1 am bite(adh)? am bithist(e)?1
Negative interrogative nach eilear? nach eileas?1 nach robhar? nach robhas?1 nach bithear? nach bitear? nach bitheas?1 nach bite(adh)? nach bithist(e)?1

1 Lewis dialect form

References[edit]

  • Colin Mark (2003), “is”, in The Gaelic-English dictionary, London: Routledge, →ISBN, page 368

Swedish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Swedish is, from Old Norse íss, from Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH-.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

is c

  1. (uncountable) ice; frozen water.
  2. (countable) ice; a sheet of ice lying on a body of water.

Declension[edit]

Declension of is 
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative is isen isar isarna
Genitive is isens isars isarnas

Related terms[edit]

References[edit]

Tok Pisin[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From English East.

Noun[edit]

is

  1. East

Turkish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Turkic *ï̄ĺ(č) (“soot, dirty smoke”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

is (definite accusative isi, plural isler)

  1. soot
  2. fume (solid deposit)
  3. kohl

Declension[edit]

Inflection
Nominative is
Definite accusative isi
Singular Plural
Nominative is isler
Definite accusative isi isleri
Dative ise islere
Locative iste islerde
Ablative isten islerden
Genitive isin islerin
Possessive forms
Nominative
Singular Plural
1st singular isim islerim
2nd singular isin islerin
3rd singular isi isleri
1st plural isimiz islerimiz
2nd plural isiniz isleriniz
3rd plural isleri isleri
Definite accusative
Singular Plural
1st singular isimi islerimi
2nd singular isini islerini
3rd singular isini islerini
1st plural isimizi islerimizi
2nd plural isinizi islerinizi
3rd plural islerini islerini
Dative
Singular Plural
1st singular isime islerime
2nd singular isine islerine
3rd singular isine islerine
1st plural isimize islerimize
2nd plural isinize islerinize
3rd plural islerine islerine
Locative
Singular Plural
1st singular isimde islerimde
2nd singular isinde islerinde
3rd singular isinde islerinde
1st plural isimizde islerimizde
2nd plural isinizde islerinizde
3rd plural islerinde islerinde
Ablative
Singular Plural
1st singular isimden islerimden
2nd singular isinden islerinden
3rd singular isinden islerinden
1st plural isimizden islerimizden
2nd plural isinizden islerinizden
3rd plural islerinden islerinden
Genitive
Singular Plural
1st singular isimin islerimin
2nd singular isinin islerinin
3rd singular isinin islerinin
1st plural isimizin islerimizin
2nd plural isinizin islerinizin
3rd plural islerinin islerinin

Derived terms[edit]

Volapük[edit]

Adverb[edit]

is

  1. here

Welsh[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Welsh is, from Proto-Celtic *ɸīssu (“under”), from Proto-Indo-European *pedsú, locative plural of *pṓds (“foot”). Cognate with Old Irish ís.

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

is

  1. comparative degree of isel: lower

Preposition[edit]

is

  1. lower than, under

Related terms[edit]

Mutation[edit]

Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal h-prothesis
is unchanged unchanged his
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

West Frisian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Frisian is, from Proto-Germanic *isti (form of *wesaną (“to be”)). Cognate with English is, Dutch is.

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

is

  1. third person singular indicative of wêze
    • 1997, Sjoerd Bottema, "Dwersreed", Trotwaer, vol. 29, no. 5, page 204.
      Ik soe net witte wat myn ‘favorite plakje’ is om te fantasearjen, sa'n plak ha ik net, no ja soms al, mar dat is in plak dêr't ik yn it iepenbier leaver net oer praat, net mei myn learlingen alteast, en al hielendal net oer hoe't ik my dêr hâld en draach en wat myn lichemshâlding is.
      (please add an English translation of this quote)

Yola[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle English is, from Old English is.

Verb[edit]

is

  1. is
    • 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY:
      Doost thou know fidi is a hamaron?
      Do you know where is the horse-collar?

References[edit]

  • Jacob Poole (1867), William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, page 44
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