Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/isti

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

Verb

*isti

third-person singular present active indicative of *wesaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *ist
- Old English: is
  - Middle English: is
    - English: is
    - Scots: is
    - Yola: is, ez
- Old Frisian: is
  - North Frisian: as
  - Saterland Frisian: is
  - West Frisian: is
- Old Saxon: ist, is
  - Middle Low German: is
    - Dutch Low Saxon: is
    - German Low German: is, es, ös
    - Plautdietsch: es
- Old Dutch: ist
  - Dutch: is
    - Afrikaans: is
  - Limburgish: is
- Old High German: ist
  - Middle High German: ist, is
    - Alemannic German: isch
    - Bavarian: is
    - Cimbrian: ist, iz
    - Central Franconian: es
      Hunsrik: is
    - German: ist
    - Luxembourgish: ass
    - Pennsylvania German: iss
    - Yiddish: איז (iz)
Proto-Norse: ᛁᛊᛏ (ist)
- Old Norse: es (early), er (-s replaced with -r by analogy to plural forms) (see there for further descendants)
Gothic: 𐌹𐍃𐍄 (ist)