Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wesaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈwe.sɑ.nɑ̃/
Rhymes: -e.sɑ.nɑ̃

Etymology 1

From two different Proto-Indo-European roots:^[1]

The present tense from *h₁ésti, from *h₁es- (“to be”).
The past tense from *h₂wes- (“to dwell, stay”).

Verb

*wesaną

to be
Synonym: *beuną
to remain
to exist

Inflection

This verb is suppletive. The past and imperative are conjugated with the strong class 5 stem wes-, the remainder with an irregular stem (i)s-.

Conjugation of *wesaną (irregular, suppletive)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*immi	*sijǭ	—	—	—
2nd singular	*izi	*sijēs	*wes	—	—
3rd singular	*isti	*sijē	*wesadau	—	—
1st dual	*izū	*sīw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*izudiz	*sīþiz	*wesadiz	—	—
1st plural	*izum	*sīm	—	—	—
2nd plural	*izud	*sīþ	*wisid	—	—
3rd plural	*sindi	*sīn	*wesandau	—	—

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*was	*wēzį̄
2nd singular	*wast	*wēzīz
3rd singular	*was	*wēzī
1st dual	*wēzū	*wēzīw
2nd dual	*wēzudiz	*wēzīdiz
1st plural	*wēzum	*wēzīm
2nd plural	*wēzud	*wēzīd
3rd plural	*wēzun	*wēzīn

	present	past
participles	*wesandz	—

Derived terms

Descendants

This section only lists descendants of the infinitive form, *wesaną. For other inflections, see the #Inflection section above.

Proto-West Germanic: *wesan
- Old English: wesan
  - >? Middle English: wesen (“to tend flocks, pasture”)
- Old Frisian: wēsa
  - North Frisian:
    Föhr-Amrum: wees
    Halligen: weese
    Helgoland: wees
    Mooring: weese
  - Saterland Frisian: weze
  - West Frisian: wêze
- Old Saxon: wesan
  - Middle Low German: wēsen, sîn
    - Low German: wesen, ween, waen
- Old Dutch: wesan, weson
  - Middle Dutch: wēsen
    - Dutch: wezen
      - Afrikaans: wees
      - Jersey Dutch: wêze
      - Negerhollands: wees, wis
    - Limburgish: waeze
- Old High German: wesan
  - Middle High German: wësen
Proto-Norse:
- Old Norse: vesa (early), vera
  - Icelandic: vera
  - Faroese: vera
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: vera; (dialectal) vè, vårå, vørå, vørrø, vara, va
  - Jamtish: vara, ve
  - Elfdalian: wårå
  - Old Swedish: vara, væra, væræ
    - Swedish: vara
  - Old Danish: wæræ, waræ
    - Danish: være
      - Norwegian Bokmål: være
  - Old Gutnish: wara
Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (wisan)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to graze”). Whereas the LIV suggests that Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (wisan) may derive from a Narten present *wḗs-ti ~ *wés-n̥ti,^[2], Kroonen derives the Proto-Germanic form from a thematic root present *wés-e-ti. Regardless, the term is related to Proto-Celtic *westā (“food, feast”), Latin vēscor (“to make use of”).^[3]^[4]

Verb

*wesaną

to consume, feast

Inflection

Conjugation of *wesaną (strong class 5)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*wesō	*wesaų	—	*wesai	?
2nd singular	*wisizi	*wesaiz	*wes	*wesazai	*wesaizau
3rd singular	*wisidi	*wesai	*wesadau	*wesadai	*wesaidau
1st dual	*wesōz	*wesaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*wesadiz	*wesaidiz	*wesadiz	—	—
1st plural	*wesamaz	*wesaim	—	*wesandai	*wesaindau
2nd plural	*wisid	*wesaid	*wisid	*wesandai	*wesaindau
3rd plural	*wesandi	*wesain	*wesandau	*wesandai	*wesaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*was	*wēzį̄
2nd singular	*wast	*wēzīz
3rd singular	*was	*wēzī
1st dual	*wēzū	*wēzīw
2nd dual	*wēzudiz	*wēzīdiz
1st plural	*wēzum	*wēzīm
2nd plural	*wēzud	*wēzīd
3rd plural	*wēzun	*wēzīn

	present	past
participles	*wesandz	*wezanaz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *wesan
- >? Old English: wesan (“to feast”)
  - >? Middle English: wesen (“to tend, pasture”)
- Old High German: *wesan
  - ⇒ Old High German: ferwesan (“to waste, consume”) (only in glosses)
Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (wisan)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*wesan- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 582
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯es-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 693-694
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*wesan- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 582
^ Seebold, Elmar (1970), “WES-A- 2”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 85) (in German), Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 562-63

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*wesan- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 582

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯es-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 693-694

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*wesan- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 582

[4] Seebold, Elmar (1970), “WES-A- 2”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 85) (in German), Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 562-63

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]