Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wes-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂wes-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology 1

Root

*wes- (imperfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

to dress, clothe

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wes- (dress) (18 c, 0 e)

^?*us-yé-ti (yé-present)
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - >? Hittite: 𒉿𒀸𒊺𒄑𒍣 (wa-aš-š-še-ez-zi /⁠waššezzi⁠/, “to wear, clothe”)
*wes-néw-ti ~ *wes-n̥w-énti (nu-present)^[7]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: զգենում (zgenum, “to dress oneself”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wehnūmi
  - Ancient Greek: ἕννῡμῐ (hénnūmĭ, “to dress”)
    Ionic Greek: εἵνῡμῐ (heínūmĭ)
*wés-tor (“to be wearing”, deponent athematic Narten root present)^[4]
*wos-éye-ti (“to dress”, causative)^[4]
^?*wḗs-t ~ *wés-n̥t (s-aorist)^[4]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: զգեցաւ (zgecʻaw, aorist of զգենում (zgenum))
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἕσσα (héssa, aorist of ἕννῡμῐ (hénnūmĭ))
- Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: wässāte (3rd person singular preterite of wäs-)
  - Tocharian B: wsānt (3rd person plural preterite of wäs-)
*wés-mn̥o-s (“garment?”) (or *wés-n̥no-s) ^?
- Proto-Hellenic: *wéhanos
  - Ancient Greek: ἑᾰνός (heănós, “woman's robe”), εἱᾰνός (heiănós) (verse-initially), ἑᾱνός (heānós) (later)
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀸𐁀𐀜𐀂 (we-a2-no-i /⁠wehanoiʰi⁠/, dat.pl.)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásanam
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wásanam
    - Sanskrit: वसन n (vásana)
  - Proto-Iranian: *wáhanam
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬥𐬀 n (vaŋhana)
*wés-mn̥ (“garment”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wéhmə
  - Ancient Greek: εἷμα (heîma), εἵματα (heímata, “clothes”)
    Aeolic Greek: ἔμμα (émma)
    
    Cretan Greek: ϝῆμα (wêma)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásma
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wásma
    - Sanskrit: वस्मन् (vásman)
*wés-ti-s ~ *us-téy-s (“act of dressing; clothing”) (see there for further descendants)
*wés-tro-m
- Germanic:
  - Middle High German: wester (“christening dress”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wéstrā
  - Doric Greek: ϝέστρᾱ (wéstrā)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wástram (see there for further descendants)
*wés-tu-s
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: զգեստ (zgest, “dress”)

Unsorted formations

Armenian:
- Old Armenian: առա-գաստ (aṙa-gast, “curtain”) (< *wés-t-eh₂-) (possibly)
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ἐσθής (esthḗs, “clothes”)
Tocharian:
- Tocharian B: wastsi (“clothers”) (infinitive of wäs-)

Descendants

Anatolian:
- Hittite: [script needed] (waš-)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *was-
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *was-
  - Sanskrit: वस् (vas)
- Proto-Iranian: *wah- (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian: *wäs-
- Tocharian A: wäs-
- Tocharian B: wäs-

Etymology 2

Root

*wes- (imperfective)^[8]^[9]^[10]

to graze, consume, eat

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wes- (graze) (4 c, 0 e)

*wḗs-ti ~ *wés-n̥ti (acrodynamic present)
- Latin: vēscor (“to nourish oneself”) (see there for further descendants)
- Hittite: wesiyattari (“grazes”)
- Proto-Germanic: *wesaną (“to consume, feast”) (see there for further descendants)
*wes-teh₂-
- >? Proto-Celtic: *westā (“food, feast”) (see there for further descendants)
*wes-ti-
- Proto-Germanic: *wistiz (“provisions, food”) (see there for further descendants)
*wes-ri-
- Tocharian A: wäsri (“pasture”)

Unsorted formations

Hittite: wēsi- (“meadow”)
Hittite: wastara- (“herdsman”)
Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭 (vāstar, “herdsman”)^[11]
Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬭𐬀 (vāstra, “pasture”)
Proto-Germanic: *wisundz (“bison”)

Etymology 3

Root

*wes-^[12]^[13]^[14]

to sell

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wes- (sell) (24 c, 0 e)

Proto-Indo-European terms belonging to the root *wes- (sell) (0 c, 1 e)

*wés-ti ~ *us-énti (athematic root present)
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [Term?] (/⁠u̯a-a-ši⁠/)
*we-wós-e ~ *we-ws-ḗr (perfect)^[12]
- Hittite: [Term?] (/⁠wāsi⁠/)
*wós-n̥ ~ *us-né-s (“sale; price”) (see there for further descendants)
*wes-ó-s (“selling, trade”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wasás
  - Proto-Iranian: *waháh
    - Khotanese: 𑀩𑀳𑁄𑀬𑁆𑀲𑀦 (bahoysana)
    - Middle Persian: [Term?] (/⁠wahāg⁠/)
      - Persian: بها (bahâ)
    - Ossetian: (“sale”)
      Digor Ossetian: уӕйӕ (wæjæ)
      
      Iron Ossetian: уӕй (wæj)
    - Sogdian: [Term?] (/⁠xwʾqr⁠/, “merchant”)
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *wahá-čāra- (“market”) (with *kʷel- (“to walk”))
      - Gilaki: واجار (vājār, “open market, bazaar”)
      - Kurdish:
        Central Kurdish: باژاڕ (bajarr), باژێڕ (bajêrr)
        
        Northern Kurdish: bajar
      - Mazanderani: واجار (vājār)
      - Semnani: vāžā́r
      - Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wʾčʾl /⁠wāzār⁠/)
        Persian: بازار (bâzâr) (see there for further descendants)
  - → Proto-Finno-Ugric: *wosa (see there for further descendants)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “vestis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 671-672
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “u̯es”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1172-1173
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *u̯es-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 692-693
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἕννυμι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 428-429
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἑᾰνός 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 366
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “z-genum”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 274
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “3. *u̯es-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 693-694
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “vēscor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1171
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (1988), A Grammar of Gatha-Avestan, volume 1, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 80
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2.*u̯es-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 693
^ Weeks, David Michael (2006), Hittite Vocabulary: An Anatolian Appendix to Buck’s Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages. A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Indo-European Studies‎^[2], Los Angeles, page 78
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 981

[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “vestis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 671-672

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[3] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “u̯es”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1172-1173

[LIV-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *u̯es-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 692-693

[5] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἕννυμι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 428-429

[6] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἑᾰνός 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 366

[7] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “z-genum”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 274

[8] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “3. *u̯es-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 693-694

[9] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “vēscor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[10] Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1171

[11] Beekes, Robert S. P. (1988), A Grammar of Gatha-Avestan, volume 1, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 80

[LIV2-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2.*u̯es-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 693

[13] Weeks, David Michael (2006), Hittite Vocabulary: An Anatolian Appendix to Buck’s Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages. A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Indo-European Studies‎^[2], Los Angeles, page 78

[14] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 981

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