Appendix:Latin correlatives

Latin has a number of correlative pro-words and phrases.

Main correlative terms

Latin correlatives ^(edit)

type	demonstrative			realis			irrealis		interrogative				indefinite					alternative
	proximal	medial	distal	anaphoric	identity	affirmative	conditional	negative		indefinite	irrelative / emphatic	relative		irrelative	free choice	universal	negative polarity
basic	hic	iste istic	ille illic	is	ipse īdem	quisquidem	sīquis	nēquisquam nēmō nihil nūllus	numquis	ecquis ecquī ecquisnam ecquīnam	quisnam quīnam	quis quī	quisquis quīcumque	quīdam aliquis, quis aliquī, quī quispiam	quīvis quīlibet	quisque	quisquam ūllus	alius
comparative	huiusmodī huiuscemodī	istī̆usmodī	illī̆usmodī	eiusmodī	eiusdemmodī		sīcuiusmodī	nēcuiusquammodī	numcuiusmodī		cuiusnammodī	cuiusmodī	cuiusmodīcumque	alicuiusmodī cuiusdammodī	cuiusvīsmodī	cuiusquemodī	cuiusquammodī	alterī̆usmodī
dual								neuter			uternam	uter	utercumque	alteruter	utervīs uterlibet	uterque		alter
place	hīc	istīc	illīc	ibī̆	ibī̆dem		sīcubī	nusquam nūllibī			ubinam	ubī̆	ubī̆cumque ubiubī̆	alicubī̆ uspiam	ubivīs ubilibet	ubīque	usquam	alibī aliās
source	hinc	ºistim istinc	ºillim illinc	inde	indidem		sīcunde	°nūllunde			undenam	ºcum unde	undecumque undeunde	alicunde	°undelibet	undique	°undiquam	aliunde
destination	hūc hōc °hōrsum	istūc istōc °istōrsum	illūc illōc °illōrsum	eō	eōdem	quōquidem	sīquō	nusquam °nūllōrsum	numquō	ecquō	quōnam	quō quōrsum	quōcumque quōquō °quōrsumcumque	aliquō quōpiam °aliquōvorsum	quōvīs quōlibet	quōque	quōquam	aliō aliōrsum
means, way, path, place	hāc	istāc	illāc	eā	eādem	quāquidem	sīquā	nēquāquam haudquāquam	numquā	ecquā	quānam	quā	quācumque quāquā	aliquā	quāvīs quālibet	quāque	°quāquam ūllā	aliā
distance	hāctenus	°istātenus °istāctenus	°illātenus °illāctenus	eātenus				nūllātenus		°ecquātenus	°quātenusnam	quātenus	°quātenuscumque °quāquātenus	aliquātenus quādantenus	°quātenusvīs °quātenuslibet		ūllātenus	aliātenus
reason	°hācpropter °hōccircā	°istāpropter	°illāpropter	eāpropter eōcircā				°nullāpropter °nullōcircā				cūr quāpropter quōcircā quārē	°quāproptercumque	°quādampropter		°quōquecircā		°aliāpropter
manner	hōc modō	istō modō	illō modō	ita sīc eō modō	item itidem	quidem	sīquī	nihil nihilō neutiquam °neutī̆que nēquīquam nē quidem nūllō modō	numquī	ecquī	utinam	ut prout quī quō modō quōmodo quemadmodum quiter quārē	utcumque utut proutcumque quōmodocumque °quemadmodumcumque	quī quōdam modō aliquō modō	quōmodolibet	utīque	°utiquam °quīquam ūllō modō	aliter aliōquī alterō/aliō modō
time	†num nunc		ōlim	tum tunc	simul	quandōquidem	sīquandō	numquam	numquandō	ecquandō	quandōnam	quandō ‡cum	quandōcumque quandōque cumque °quandōnē °quandōquandō °cumcumque	quondam aliquandō	quandōlibet	quandōque	umquam	aliās
quantity				tam	†tamen †tandem	°quamquidem						quam	quamcumque †quamquam	aliquam	quamvīs quamlibet	quamque
size				tantus	tantusdem							quantus	quantuscumque quantusquantus	aliquantus	quantusvīs quantuslibet	quantusque
quality				tālis						°ecquālis	quālisnam	quālis	quāliscumque quālisquālis	aliquālis	quālislibet	quālisque
number				tot	totidem						°quotnam °quotinam	quot	quotquot quotcumque	aliquot	quotlibet
order/fractional				totus								quotus	°quotuscumque	°aliquotus	°quotuslibet	°quotusque °quotusquisque
repetition				totiēns				nullotiēns				quotiēns	quotiēnscumque	aliquotiēns	quotiēnslibet	quotiēnsque °quotiēnsquisque
multiplication				totuplex								quotuplex
proportion				°totuplus								quotuplus
† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat changed ° Rare ‡ Only used as a conjunction, not as an interrogative.

Dual correlatives

type	interrogative		indefinite				irrealis	alternative
	irrelative / emphatic	relative		irrelative	free choice	universal	negative
dual	uternam	uter	utercumque	alteruter	utervīs uterlibet	uterque	neuter	alter
comparative	utrī̆usnammodī	utrī̆usmodī			utrī̆usvīsmodī utrī̆uslibetmodī	utrī̆usquemodī	neutrī̆usmodī	alterī̆usmodī
alternation	utrumnam	utrum	utrumcumque	alterutrum	utrumvīs utrumlibet	utrumque	neutrum	alterum
place time		utrās °utribi	utrāscumque	alterutrās	utrāsvīs utrāslibet	utrāsque	neutrās	alterās
source		°utrim °utrinde utrīnsecus		alterutrim	°utrimvīs °utrimlibet	utrimque utrimquesecus	°neutrim neutrīnsecus	°alterim altrīnsecus
destination		utrō	utrōcumque	alterutrō	utrōvīs utrōlibet	utrōque	neutrō	alterō
path		utrā	utrācumque	alterutrā	utrāvīs utrālibet	utrāque	neutrā	alterā
manner		utrō modō			utrōvīs modō utrōlibet modō	utrōque modō		alterō modō
comparative (quantity)		°utria
° Rare

Size correlatives

type		anaphoric	identity	interrogative	indefinite
				relative		irrelative	free choice	universal
Basic	size	tantus	tantusdem	quantus	quantuscumque quantusquantus	aliquantus	quantusvīs quantuslibet	quantusque
	extent	tantum	tantundem	quantum	quantumcumque	aliquantum	quantumvīs quantumlibet	quantumque
	intensity	tantō	tantōdem	quantō	quantōcumque	aliquantō	quantōvīs quantōlibet	quantōque
	cost	tantī	tantīdem	quantī	quantīcumque	aliquantī	quantīvīs quantīlibet	quantīque
Smallness	size	tantulus		quantulus °quantillus	quantuluscumque	aliquantulus	quantulusvīs °quantuluslibet	°quantulusque quantulusquisque
	extent	tantulum		quantulum °quantillum	quantulumcumque	aliquantulum	quantulumvīs °quantulumlibet	°quantulumque
	intensity	tantulō		quantulō °quantillō	quantulōcumque	aliquantulō	quantulōvīs quantulōlibet	quantulōque
Greatness	size	tammagnus		quammagnus	quammagnuscumque	aliquammagnus	°quammagnuslibet
	intensity	tantopere		quantopere		°aliquantopere
° Rare

Quality correlatives

type		anaphoric	interrogative			indefinite
			indefinite	irrelative / emphatic	relative		irrelative	free choice	universal
quality		tālis	ecquālis	quālisnam	quālis	quāliscumque quālisquālis	aliquālis	quālislibet	quālisque
comparative	quality	tāliter			quāliter	quālitercumque °quāliterquāliter	aliquāliter	°quāliterlibet	°quāliterque
	quantity	tālia			quālia	quāliacumque °quāliaquālia	aliquālia	quālialibet	quāliaque
	extent	tālem			quālem	quālemcumque °quālemquālem	aliquālem	quālemlibet	quālemque
° Rare

Duration correlatives

type	anaphoric	interrogative	indefinite
		relative		irrelative	free choice	universal
eventual	tamdiū	quamdiū	°quamdiūcumque	aliquamdiū	°quamdiūlibet	quamque diū
cyclic	tantīsper	quantīsper		aliquantīsper
° Rare

Other interrogative terms

Additional interrogative terms include the following:

• quotēnus (“how many (each)?”), an interrogative distributive numeral from quot + -ēnus
• cuiās (“of what country?, from what place?, of what people?”), from cuius (“whose?”) + -ās (“of/from”)
• quantūrus (“how distant, how future”), an interrogative furure active participle from quaneō, of unknown use and meaning, used as an adjective.

Other correlative terms

type	collective	(medial) demonstrative	proximal demonstrative	distal demonstrative	other
basic	omnis	is, iste, istic	hic	ille, illic	alter, alius
dual	ambō				alteruter
number	tōtus	tot
time	semper	tum, tunc	num, nunc	ōlim	aliās

Based on the Romance languages, it appears that in late spoken Latin (or so-called "Vulgar Latin"), the expression hāc hōrā eventually attained the status of an idiomatic phrase for "now, at this moment", and likewise illā hōrā was used with the sense "then" (as in French lors); however, written Latin texts do not attest to the univerbation of such expressions with hōra (“hour; time; moment”).

References

• Gildersleeve, B. L.; Lodge, Gonzalez (1887), Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar: Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged, pages 62-63
• Roby, Henry John (1876), A Grammar of the Latin Language from Plautus to Suetonius: Part 1, 3rd edition, pages 458-460
• Kennedy, Benjamin Hall (1890), The Public School Latin Grammar for the Use of Schools, Colleges, and Private Students, 7th edition, page 255