quisquam
Latin
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From quis + -quam (“any”). Compare to quisque.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈkʷɪs.kʷãː]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈkʷis.kʷam]
Pronoun
[edit]quisquam (neuter quidquam or quicquam); interrogative/indefinite pronoun with an indeclinable portion
- (masculine or rarely feminine, chiefly in the negative) anyone (at all)
- c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de bello Gallico 7.28.4.1:
- nec fuit quisquam qui praedae studeret.
- and there was not anyone who gave attention to spoils.
- nec fuit quisquam qui praedae studeret.
- Plautus, Bacchides. In: Plautus with an English translation by Paul Nixon, vol. I of five volumes, 1916, p. 330f.:
- ne a quoquam acciperes alio mercedem annuam, nisi ab sese, nec cum quiquam limares caput.
- Not to let you take a yearly fee from anyone else but him, or rub heads with anyone.
- ne a quoquam acciperes alio mercedem annuam, nisi ab sese, nec cum quiquam limares caput.
- (neuter, chiefly in the negative) anything (at all)
Usage notes
[edit]- The negative polarity counterpart of nēmō (“nobody”) and nihil (“nothing”). Typically used in clauses that contain a preceding negative word, often nec/neque. In Classical Latin, "nec quisquam" was preferred over "et nēmō".[1] Also used with vix (“scarcely”), sine (“without”), and comparatives (see also downward entailment). Sometimes used in conditional or interrogative clauses. After sī, nē, num, an, it is more common to find quis, but quisquam can occur, perhaps expressing a more emphatic sense "any at all" or "any whatsoever". Quisquam is not used in nisi-clauses.[2]
- Like other pronouns, it can take a partitive genitive. The neuter can be used with a neuter genitive singular second-declension adjective, e.g. quicquam malī 'anything wrong', or with an agreeing adjective, as in quicquam bonum 'anything good'.
- Plural forms are unattested in Classical Latin, and the 4th-century grammarian Charisius (2, 7) says the plural is not used.[3][4][5] The plural forms of ūllus are occasionally used as a pronoun in its place.[6]
- When used as a pronoun, the forms in the column labeled "Masc./Fem." typically take masculine grammatical agreement but encompass anyone regardless of sex. Compare the masculine pronouns quis (“who?”) and nēmō (“nobody”).
- Feminine forms are very rare. When needed, ūlla, ūllam, etc. can be used instead.[7] Nominative quisquam and accusative quemquam are attested as feminine forms (pronoun and determiner) in the anteclassical poets Plautus and Terence (compare anteclassical interrogative quis f and quem f). Alternative forms quaequam and quamquam occur postclassically, but are scarcely attested in Classical Latin. The feminine ablative singular quāquam occurs postclassically as a determiner (in place of classical ūllā), but is attested in Classical Latin only as part of the adverbial expressions haud/haut quāquam = haudquāquam and nec quāquam = nēquāquam (and also once as an adverb in "negas nuptam quaquam" in Pomponius as cited by Charisius[8]); compare the adverb quā.
- To express the sense of the neuter pronoun quidquam/quicquam (“anything”) in the genitive, dative and ablative, the periphrastic expressions ūllī̆us reī f, ūllī reī f, and ūllā rē f[9] may be used, as in "sūmptū nē parcās ūllā in rē, quod ad valētūdinem opus sit" (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 16.4.2.8). Compare the use of nūllī̆us reī, nūllī reī, and nūllā rē as suppletive forms of nihil (“nothing”).[10]
- For the masculine pronoun, the genitive cuiusquam is frequent, but ūllī̆us can optionally be used instead.[11] The ablative quōquam is attested as a pronoun in Classical Latin,[12] but is relatively rare;[13][14] ūllō can be used instead[15][14] (compare the common use of nūllō in place of nēmine.) The form quōquam more often functions as an adverb. An alternative masculine ablative form quīquam is found in Plautus and possibly also in Apuleius.[16]
Declension
[edit]Negative polarity indefinite pronoun.
| singular | ||
|---|---|---|
| masc./fem. | neuter | |
| nominative | quisquam | quidquam quicquam |
| genitive | cuiusquam quoiusquam1 | |
| dative | cuiquam quoiquam1 quoī / quoeiquam1 quoiī / quoieiquam1 | |
| accusative | quemquam | quidquam quicquam |
| ablative | quōquam quīquam2 | |
| vocative | — | |
1Republican Latin.
2Quī is occasionally used as an ablative singular, whence quīcum (“with whom”); it was originally preferred in instrumental meanings.
Determiner
[edit]quisquam (feminine quaequam, neuter quodquam); interrogative/indefinite pronoun with an indeclinable portion
- (chiefly in the negative) any (at all)
- Synonym: ūllus
- 68 BCE – 44 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 9.6.5.8:
- Quid tu autem possis, aut quid homo quisquam?
- 1913 translation by E.O. Winstedt
- Yet what could you or any man do?
- 1913 translation by E.O. Winstedt
- Quid tu autem possis, aut quid homo quisquam?
Usage notes
[edit]The synonymous determiner ūllus (“any”) may be preferred depending on the number, gender, meaning and case of the accompanying noun. In Classical Latin, only singular forms of quisquam are securely attested. As a determiner, it is used mostly with masculine nouns that denote persons, such as homō (“man”) or scrīptor (“writer”); sometimes with collective nouns of any gender; rarely with nouns that denote impersonal things. Compare the use of nēmō (“nobody”) as a determiner.[17] Classical Latin usage can be summarized as follows (see Citations:quisquam):
- Masculine nominative and accusative forms: With personal masculine nouns, Cicero prefers quisquam over ūllus in the nominative (e.g. quisquam scrīptor) and uses both quemquam and ūllum in the accusative (e.g. quemquam/ūllum scrīptōrem).[18] With impersonal masculine nouns, ūllus and ūllum are usual, but quisquam and quemquam are found several times in Lucretius and sporadically in other authors.
- Feminine nominative quaequam and accusative quamquam are not found in Classical Latin, except one uncertain example of "ad quamquam rem" in Seneca the Younger. See Citations:quaequam. Usually ūlla and ūllam are used instead with feminine nouns, personal and impersonal (see Citations:ullus). The anteclassical poets Plautus and Terence use quisquam and quemquam with personal feminine nouns (e.g. "quisquam alia mulier").
- The form quodquam is attested only postclassically: in Classical Latin, ūllum is used instead. Quidquam/quicquam is typically a pronoun, but Plautus uses it appositively or as a determiner in "quicquam facinus" (compare the use of quidquid as a determiner).
- Genitive cuiusquam and dative cuiquam are preferred by Cicero over ūllī̆us and ūllī with personal masculine nouns (e.g. cuiusquam scrīptōris, cuiquam scrīptōrī)[18] and are occasionally used with feminine and neuter nouns in classical Latin.
- Ablative quōquam is rare as a determiner in Classical Latin: it is found once with a masculine noun in Cicero ("homine quoquam") and once with a neuter noun in Suetonius ("quoquam incepto"). The form ūllō m or n is preferred instead even with personal masculine nouns (e.g. homine ūllō/ūllō homine). There are many postclassical examples of quōquam as a masculine or neuter determiner. See Citations:quoquam. In Plautus, the alternative ablative singular quīquam is attested with masculine nouns ("quiquam homine", "quiquam viro"). Feminine ablative nouns are used with ūllā f.
A full declensional paradigm with quaequam, quamquam, quāquam, quodquam, and plural forms is given by the late grammatical texts Instituta artium[19] by Pseudo-Probus and Ars grammatica by Diomedes Grammaticus.[20][21] However, some forms (such as the vocative) may be purely theoretical.
Declension
[edit]Negative polarity indefinite determiner.
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| nominative | quisquam | quaequam1 quisquam2 |
quodquam1 | quīquam1 | quaequam1 | ||
| genitive | cuiusquam | quōrumquam1 | quārumquam1 | quōrumquam1 | |||
| dative | cuiquam | quibusquam1 | |||||
| accusative | quemquam | quamquam3 quemquam2 |
quodquam1 | quōsquam1 | quāsquam1 | quaequam1 | |
| ablative | quōquam4 quīquam2 |
quāquam1 | quōquam4 | quibusquam1 | |||
| vocative | quisquam1 | quaequam1 | quodquam1 | quīquam1 | quaequam1 | ||
1Only attested in postclassical Latin. In Classical Latin, forms of ūllus were used instead.
2Only attested as a feminine form in the preclassical Latin of authors like Plautus.
3Attested only once in Classical Latin. Usually ūllam was used instead.
4Attested, but rare in Classical Latin. Usually ūllō was used instead.
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Harm Pinkster (2015), The Oxford Latin Syntax, volume 1. The Simple Clause, page 1168
- ^ Bertocchi, Alessandra; Maraldi, Mirka (2005), “Indefinite pronouns in conditional clauses”, in Journal of Latin Linguistics, volume 9, number 1, pages 457-564
- ^ Heinrich Keil (1857), Grammatici Latini / Vol. 1 Flavii Sosipatri Charisii Artis Grammaticae Libri V. Ex recensione Henrici Keilii, volume 1, →OCLC, page 160: “unum autem adest quam semper singulare. non enim ut quisquam quemquam, sic utique quiquam quosquam dicimus”
- ^ Friedrich Neue; C. Wagener (1892), Formenlehre der lateinischen Sprache: Adjektiva, Numeralia, Pronomina, Adverbia, Präpositonen, Konjunctionen, Interjectionen, 3rd edition, volume 2, Berlin, page 508
- ^ Alfred Gudeman (1894), Dialogus de oratoribus: edited with prolegomena, critical apparatus, exegetical and critical notes, bibliography and indexes, Boston: Ginn & Company, page 150.
- ^ Neue (1892), ibid.; Gudeman (1894), ibid.
- ^ (Latijnse Spraakkunst, 83.4, A. Geerebaert S.I.)
- ^ Wilhelm Wagner, editor (1866), T. Macci Plauti Aulularia, with notes critical and exegetical and an introduction on Plautian prosody, page 95
- ^ Adolfo Gandiglio (1916), Grammatica latina ad uso dei ginnasi e dei licei, Bologna, page 159
- ^ Robert Ogilvie (1901), Alexander Souter, editor, Horae Latinae: Studies in Synonyms and Syntax, page 195
- ^ Hugo Saintine Anton (1869), Studien zur lateinischen Grammatik und Stilistik im Anschluss an Krebs-Allgayer's Antibarbarus, page 279
- ^ Johann Philipp Krebs; Franz Naver Allgayer; Joseph Hermann Schmalz (1888), Antibarbarus der lateinischen sprache, 6 edition, volume 2, page 418
- ^ “quisquam”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Francis Hay Rawlins; William Ralph Inge (1888), The Eton Latin Grammar: For Use in the Higher Forms, Part 2, page 105
- ^ P. Thoresby Jones, editor (1914), T. Livi Ab Urbe Condita: Liber III, page 187
- ^ H.E. Butler; A.S. Owen (1914), “Commentary”, in Apulei apologia siue pro se de magia liber, Oxford, page 20
- ^ Robert Ogilvie (1901), Alexander Souter, editor, Horae Latinae: Studies in Synonyms and Syntax, Longmans, Green, and Co., page 20
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Raphaël Kühner, editor (1835), M. Tullii Ciceronis Tusculanarum disputationum libri quinque ex Orellii recensione edidit et illustravit, page 334
- ^ Heinrich Keil (1864), Grammatici Latini / 4 Probi Donati Servii qui feruntur de Arte Grammatica Libri ex recensione H. Keilii[1], volume 4, →OCLC, page 134
- ^ Heinrich Keil (1857), Grammatici Latini Vol. 1 page 332
- ^ Neue (1892), ibid
Further reading
[edit]- “quisquam”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “quisquam”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- quisquam in Ramminger, Johann (16 July 2016 (last accessed)), Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700[2], pre-publication website, 2005-2016