'm
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See also: Appendix:Variations of "m"
English
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Contraction of am.
Verb
[edit]’m (clitic)
- Am, used especially in I'm.
- 2008, Elizabeth George, Playing for the Ashes, Bantam, →ISBN, page 158:
- “So how'm I not good?”
- (dialect) Various forms of be.
- 1874, Frances Mary Peard, Thorpe Regis:
- You'm no better than a baby when they've clacketed at ye for an hour or two without a word of sense from beginnin' to end.
- 1962, John Le Carre, A Murder of Quality:
- "He'm a bad one. Ooh, he'm a bad one, Mister," and she laughed softly. "I seed 'im flying, riding on the wind," she laughed again, "and the moon be'ind 'im, lightin' up the way. They'm close as sisters, moon and Devil."
- 2016, Alan Moore, Jerusalem, Liveright, page 180:
- “Ah, it's a wonder we’m got two sticks to us name, with all that plunder what youm 'ad already.”
See also
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]'m
- Alternative form of 'em
- 1967-1969, Lou Sullivan, personal diary, quoted in 2019, Ellis Martin, Zach Ozma (editors), We Both Laughed In Pleasure
- I picked up two stones and threw ’m in the air, heard ’m drop
- 1967-1969, Lou Sullivan, personal diary, quoted in 2019, Ellis Martin, Zach Ozma (editors), We Both Laughed In Pleasure
Etymology 3
[edit]Noun
[edit]’m
Bavarian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Merged unstressed form of am and em or dem.
Article
[edit]'m m or n
See also
[edit]Bavarian articles
m | n | f | pl | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | ||
definite | nominative | der, da | — | das, es, des | 's | de | d' | de | d' |
accusative | en, den | 'n | |||||||
dative | em, dem | 'm | em, dem | 'm | der, da | — | |||
genitive1 | des | des | der, da | der, da | |||||
indefinite | nominative | a | — | a | — | a | — | ||
accusative | an | 'n | |||||||
dative | am | 'm | am | 'm | a, ana | 'na |
1) higher, formal register
Catalan
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]'m
- Contraction of me.
Usage notes
[edit]- 'm is the reduced (reduïda) form of the pronoun. It is used after verbs ending with a vowel.
- Truca'm. ― Call me.
Declension
[edit]Catalan personal pronouns and clitics
Cornish
[edit]Determiner
[edit]'m
Pronoun
[edit]'m
Dutch
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]'m
- Contraction of hem.
- Hij heeft 'm neergeschoten.
- He shot him.
Declension
[edit]North Frisian
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]'m (Föhr-Amrum, Mooring)
- Reduced form of jam (“you, you all”, subject)
Usage notes
[edit]- Note that jam is both subject and object case, but the reduced form 'm occurs only for the subject.
- On Föhr and Amrum, 'm is added to an imperative to make it plural, e.g. kom (“come!”, singular), kom'm (“come!”, plural). This usage is not common in Mooring, the simple form being used for both numbers (as in English).
See also
[edit]personal | possessive | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
subject case | object case | masculine referent | feminine / neuter referent | plural referent | |||||
full | reduced | full | reduced | attributive | independent | ||||
singular | 1st | ik | 'k | mi | man | min | minen | ||
2nd | dü | – | di | dan | din | dinen | |||
3rd m. | hi | 'r | ham | 'n | san | sin | sinen | ||
3rd f. / n. | hat | at, 't | at, 't | ||||||
plural | 1st | wi | 'f | üs | üüs | üüsen | |||
üsens | |||||||||
2nd | jam | 'm | jam | jau | jauen | ||||
jamens | |||||||||
3rd | jo | 's | jo | 's | hör | hören | |||
hörens | |||||||||
notes | The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts. At is not enclitic; it can stand in any unstressed position and refers mostly to things. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur. Dual forms wat / onk and jat / jonk are obsolete, as is feminine jü / hör. Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents. The forms üsens, jamens, hörens are used optionally (and decreasingly) when the possessor is a larger community, such as a village, city or nation. |
Personal and possessive pronouns (Mooring dialect)
personal | possessive | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
subject case | object case | masculine referent |
feminine / neuter / plural referent | ||||||
full | reduced | full | reduced | ||||||
singular | 1st | ik | 'k | me | man | min | |||
2nd | dü | – | de | dan | din | ||||
3rd m. | hi | 'r | ham | 'n | san | sin | |||
3rd f. | jü | 's | har | 's | harn | har | |||
3rd n. | hat | et, 't | ham | et, 't | san | sin | |||
plural | 1st | we | üs | üüsen | üüs | ||||
2nd | jam | 'm | jam | jarnge | |||||
3rd | ja | 's | ja, jam | 's | jare | ||||
notes | The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts. Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject form hat is now rarely used. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur. Dual forms wat / unk and jat / junk are obsolete. Attributive and independent possessives are not distinguished in Mooring. |
Welsh
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Determiner
[edit]'m
- (literary) my (triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)
- Synonym: fy
- Rwy'n myned yn ôl adref i’m hannwyl famwlad.
- I am going back home to my dear homeland.
Pronoun
[edit]'m
- (literary) me (used after vowels as the direct object of a verb; triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)
Usage notes
[edit]- The determiner can be considered a "contraction" of fy used after mostly functional vowel-final words.
- The pronoun occurs after certain vowel-final preverbal particles, such as fe, a, ni, na, oni and pe.
Etymology 2
[edit]Particle
[edit]'m
- (colloquial) Contraction of ddim (“not”).
- Dwyt ti’m yn cofio Macsen.
- You don’t remember Macsen.
Further reading
[edit]- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “'m”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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