d'

See also: ď and Appendix:Variations of "d"

English

Etymology 1

Contraction of the article da ("the").

Article

d'

1. Pronunciation spelling of the, representing dialectal English.

   Synonym: da

Etymology 2

Reduction.

Verb

d'

1. Contraction of do.

   D'you wanna go?

2. Contraction of did.

   Where'd she put 'em? D'you eat 'em yet?

See also

• maître d' (different etymology)

Asturian

Etymology

Contraction of the preposition de (“of, from”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d/ [d̪]

Preposition

d'

1. (before a vowel or a h) apocopic form of de: of, from

   d’Asturies

   of Asturias

   d’hermanu

   of a brother

Bavarian

Etymology

Unstressed form of de.

Article

d' f or pl

1. the

See also

Bavarian articles

		singular						plural
		masculine		neuter		feminine
		stressed	unstressed	stressed	unstressed	stressed	unstressed	stressed	unstressed
definite	nominative	der, da	—	das, es, des	's	de	d'	de	d'
	accusative	en, den	'n
	dative	em, dem	'm	em, dem	'm	der, da	—
	genitive1	des		des		der, da		der, da
indefinite	nominative	a	—	a	—	a	—	—
	accusative	an	'n
	dative	am	'm	am	'm	a, ana	'na

¹ higher, formal register

Catalan

Etymology

Contraction of the preposition de (“of, from”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Northern, Balearic, Central, Valencia, Northwestern) [d‿]

Preposition

d'

1. (before a vowel or an h) apocopic form of de: of

   escola d'idiomes ― language school

Dutch

Etymology

Contraction of the article de (“the”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d/

Preposition

d'

1. (archaic, poetic, colloquial) apocopic form of de: the

French

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Old French de

Middle French de

French de

French d'

Contraction of the preposition de (“of, from”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d‿/

• Audio (France (Lyon)):

  (file)

Preposition

d'

1. (before a vowel or a mute h) apocopic form of de: of

   un verre d'eau

   a glass of water

2. (informal, after a vowel sound) apocopic form of de: of
   • 2002, Jean-François Pauzé, “Mon chum Rémi”, in Break Syndical, the s in pas is silent:

     Hé Rémi
     fais pas d'conneries
     J't'aime ben la face
     pis tu m'dois encore cinquante piasses

     Hey Rémi
     stop with the nonsense
     I really like your face
     and you still owe me fifty dollars

Derived terms

• d'accord

Further reading

• “de”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012

Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [d̪ˠ] (before a word starting with a, o, u, fha, fho, or fhu)
• IPA^(key): [dʲ] (before a word starting with e, i, fhe, or fhi)
• (Ulster, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ə/, (before ⟨a/á, o/ó, u/ú⟩) /ə.ɣ-/, (before ⟨e/é, i/í⟩) /ə.j-/

Etymology 1

Prevocalic apocope of do (all senses).

Particle

d’

2. (before vowel sounds and fhr-) apocopic form of do: Marker of the past tense.

   d’ól sé ― he drank

   d’fhág sé ― he waited

   d’fhreagair sé ― he answered

• Used before vowel sounds (including when f has been lenited to fh before a vowel) and also before fr- lenited to fhr-. The variant form used before consonants, do, is generally omitted but may be encountered in Munster Irish and in literary language.

Preposition

d’ (plus dative, triggers lenition)

2. (before vowel sounds) apocopic form of do: to, for

   d’athair Sheáin

   to Seán’s father, for Seán’s father

Determiner

d’

2. (before vowel sounds) apocopic form of do: your (singular)

   d’athair

   your father

Alternative forms

• t’ (Cois Fharraige)
• th’ (Munster)

See also

Irish personal pronouns

	person		conjunctive (emphatic)	disjunctive (emphatic)	possessive determiner
singular	first		mé (mise)		mo L m' before vowel sounds
	second		tú (tusa)1	thú (thusa)	do L d' before vowel sounds
	third	m	sé (seisean)	é (eisean)	a L
		f	sí (sise)	í (ise)	a H
		n	—	ea	—
plural	first		muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne)		ár E
	second		sibh (sibhse)1		bhur E
	third		siad (siadsan)	iad (iadsan)	a E

^L Triggers lenition   ^E Triggers eclipsis   ^H Triggers h-prothesis

¹ Also used as the vocative

The reflexive is formed by adding féin to the relevant pronoun.
For instance, "myself" = mé féin, "yourselves" = sibh féin.

Etymology 2

Prevocalic apocopic form of de.

Preposition

d’ (plus dative, triggers lenition)

2. (before vowel sounds) apocopic form of de: from, of

   d’athair Sheáin

   from Seán’s father, of Seán’s father

Italian

Etymology

Contraction of the preposition di (“of, from”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d‿/

Preposition

d' (apocopated)

1. (sometimes before a vowel or an h) apocopic form of di: of

   Follia d'amore ― Madness of love.

   Un bicchiere d'acqua. ― A glass of water.

Usage notes

In some rare cases d' represents the preposition da:

d'ora in poi (“from now on”)

= da ora in poi

d'ora in avanti (“from now on”)

= da ora in avanti

Luxembourgish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d/ (before vowels and voiced consonants)
• IPA^(key): /t/ (before voiceless consonants)
• IPA^(key): /-/ (sometimes; see usage notes below)

Determiner

d' f or n

1. Reduced form of déi
2. Reduced form of dat

Usage notes

• This article form is commonly not pronounced between /t/ and another consonant, and occasionally otherwise when the combination of preceding and following consonants creates an impossible cluster. Only rarely is this muteness avoided by using the full form of the article. Rather, the lack of an indefinite article becomes a definite article by default. Occasional ambiguities, particularly in the plural, are tolerated.

Declension

Luxembourgish definite articles

	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter
nom./acc.	deen (den)	déi (d')	dat (d')	déi (d')
dative	deem (dem)	där (der)	deem (dem)	deen (den)
genitive		der

Further reading

• d' in the Lëtzebuerger Online Dictionnaire

Middle French

Preposition

d'

1. elided form of de

Usage notes

• Earlier manuscripts omit the apostrophe
• despaigne ― of Spain

Norman

Alternative forms

• dé, dg' (Jersey)
• eud (Cauchois)

Etymology

From Old French de, from Latin dē.

Preposition

d'

1. of
2. from

Occitan

Pronunciation

• Audio (Languedoc):

  (file)

Preposition

d'

1. alternative form of de (before a vowel)

Old French

Preposition

d'

1. elided form of de

Usage notes

• Unlike in modern French, de is not always elided to d' before a vowel or a mute h. It is optional.
• The apostrophe is not used in the original manuscripts, but is added by scholars for clarity.

  despaigne ― of Spain

Old Occitan

Preposition

d'

1. elided form of de

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d‿/

Preposition

d'

1. apocopic form of de (used before words beginning in a vowel, archaic except in fixed expressions or before a facultative contraction containing part of a proper name)

   Aceitaria um copo d'água? ― Would you like a glass of water?

   Camões é o autor d'Os Lusíadas. ― Camões is the author of Os Lusíadas.

Derived terms

• d'água
• d'alho
• d'Ávila
• d'ouro
• galinha-d'angola

See also

• de (Italian, before proper nouns)
• n’

Romagnol

Alternative forms

• 'd

Preposition

d'

1. apocopic form of ad (“of”)

Sardinian

Etymology 1

Apocopic form of de.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d‿/

Preposition

d' (apocopate)

1. apocopic form of de used before a vowel

Etymology 2

From the development of an epenthetic [d] in pronunciation between the prepositions cun/chin/in and the indefinite articles unu, una.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [d‿]

Preposition

d'

1. ortographic realization of a [d] sound in certain environments

Derived terms

• in d'

Logudorese, Campidanese

• cun d'

Nuorese

• chin d'

Sassarese

Etymology

Contraction of the preposition di (“of, from”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d‿/

Preposition

d' (apocopate)

1. (before a vowel or an h) apocopic form of di

Scottish Gaelic

Alternative forms

• t’

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t̪/ (before a back vowel sound)
• IPA^(key): /tʲ/ (before a front vowel sound)

Determiner

d'

1. apocopic form of do (“your”) (second-person singular possessive pronoun)

   A bheil fios aig d’ athair? ― Does your father know?

   Seo d’ fhaclair. ― Here’s your dictionary.

See also

Scottish Gaelic possessive determiners

		singular		plural
		+ C	+ V	+ C	+ V
first person		moL	m'	ar	arN
second person		doL	d'	ur	urN
third person	m	aL	—	an, am1	an
	f	a	aH

^L Triggers lenition; ^H Triggers H-prothesis; ^N Triggers eclipsis
¹ Used before b-, f-, m- or p-

References

• Armstrong, R. A. (1825), “d'”, in A Gaelic Dictionary, in Two Parts‎^[1], London, →OCLC

Welsh

Etymology

From Middle Welsh dy, from Old Welsh di, from Proto-Brythonic *du, from Proto-Celtic *towe (“your”); compare Cornish dha, Breton da, Irish do. See ti (“you”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d/ (before a vowel)

Determiner

d' (triggers no mutation)

1. (literary, formal, before a vowel) apocopic form of dy: your (familiar singular)

Pronoun

d' (triggers no mutation)

1. (literary, formal, before a vowel) apocopic form of dy: you (familiar singular; as the direct object of a verbal noun)

Usage notes

• In formal Welsh, contractions of dy include d' before a vowel-initial words in poetic language and 'th after mostly functional vowel-final words. In colloquial Welsh, these contractions are not used in writing although dy /də/ is often pronounced /d/ before vowel-initial words in rapid speech and so essentially becoming d'.