死
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Translingual[edit]
Han character[edit]
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死 (radical 78, 歹+2, 6 strokes, cangjie input 一弓心 (MNP), four-corner 10212, composition ⿸歹匕 or ⿱一⿰夕匕)
Derived characters[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 578, character 22
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16365
- Dae Jaweon: page 970, character 7
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1380, character 6
- Unihan data for U+6B7B
Chinese[edit]
| simp. and trad. |
死 | |
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| alternative forms | ||
Glyph origin[edit]
| Historical forms of the character 死 | ||||
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| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu Slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Ideogrammic compound (會意): 歹 + 人.
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *səj.
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
死
- (intransitive) to die
- 這人姓王名冕，在諸暨縣鄉村裡住。七歲上死了父親，他母親做點針黹供給他到村學堂裡去讀書。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
- From: Wu Jingzi, The Scholars, 1750 CE
- Zhè rén xìng Wáng míng Miǎn, zài Zhūjì Xiàn xiāngcūn lǐ zhù. Qī suì shàng sǐ le fùqīn, tā mǔqīn zuò diǎn zhēnzhǐ gōnggěi tā dào cūn xuétáng lǐ qù dúshū. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this example)
这人姓王名冕，在诸暨县乡村里住。七岁上死了父亲，他母亲做点针黹供给他到村学堂里去读书。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]
- † (transitive) to die for the sake of; to sacrifice oneself for; to die together with someone
- 謀人之軍師，敗則死之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, circa 4th – 2nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Móu rén zhī jūn shī, bài zé sǐ zhī. [Pinyin]
- He who has given counsel to another about his army should die with it when it is defeated.
谋人之军师，败则死之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 今亡亦死，舉大計亦死，等死，死國可乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, circa 91 BCE
- Jīn wáng yì sǐ, jǔ dàjì yì sǐ, děng sǐ, sǐ guó kěhū? [Pinyin]
- At this moment, certain death awaits us no matter whether we escape as fugitives or rouse ourselves to a grand cause. One death is just as good as another; shall we not rather die for our lost fatherland?
今亡亦死，举大计亦死，等死，死国可乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 貪夫徇財，烈士徇名。夸者死權，品庶每生。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: c. 174 B.C.E., Jia Yi (賈誼), The Owl (《鵩鳥賦》). Translated by Burton Watson.
- Tānfū xùncái, lièshì xùnmíng. Kuāzhě sǐquán, pǐnshù měishēng. [Pinyin]
- The covetous run after riches,
The impassioned pursue a fair name;
The proud die struggling for power,
While the people long only to live.
贪夫徇财，烈士徇名。夸者死权，品庶每生。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- inactive
- (only in compounds) deadly; fatal; killing; to the death
- (colloquial or Min Nan) very; bloody; totally
- (offensive) damned; damn
- (slang, offensive) to disappear; to go; (as in "where the hell did ... go")
- (Cantonese, Min Nan) persistently; stubbornly
- (Cantonese) awful
- (Min Nan) closely; firmly; tightly
Usage notes[edit]
- The adjective 死 ("dead, inactive, etc.") cannot be used as a predicative adjective. The sentence *這隻狗死 generally does not mean "This dog is dead". For the meaning "is dead", usually the verb 死 in the perfect aspect ("to have died") is used instead:
- The verb 死 ("to die") lacks a present meaning and denotes either past (in perfect aspect) or future (not in perfect aspect) events. It cannot be modified by the progressive aspect marker 正在 (zhèngzài) or 著／着 (zhe).
Synonyms[edit]
- (to die):
Synonyms of 死
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See also[edit]
- (intensifier) 鬼 (guǐ)
Compounds[edit]
Derived terms from 死
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Descendants[edit]
Others:
References[edit]
- “死”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02077
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
死
Readings[edit]
Etymology[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 死 |
| し Grade: 3 |
| on’yomi |
/si/ → /ɕi/
Appears to be a conflation of Middle Chinese 死 (MC sˠiɪX), with an Old Japanese root that happened to have a similar pronunciation to the Middle Chinese and was probably cognate with 去る (saru, “to go, to go away”). Compare modern Mandarin 死 (sǐ).
In kanji compounds, this would be considered as 音読み (on'yomi, “Sino-Japanese reading”); but on its own, this could be considered as either on'yomi or 訓読み (kun'yomi, “native Japanese reading”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- death
- 1925, Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Aphorisms by a pygmy
- 死に至る病
- Shi ni Itaru Yamai
- The Sickness Unto Death
- Antonym: 生 (sei)
- (law, historical) one of the five punishments under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, the methods used are 絞 (kō, “strangling”) and 斬 (zan, “decapitation”)
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
Affix[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
- 死因 (shiin, “cause of death”)
- 死王 (shiō, “dead king”)
- 死王 (Shiō, “Buddhist king of the dead”)
- 死火 (shika)
- 死花 (shika, “paper flowers used for a funeral”)
- 死貨 (shika)
- 死海 (Shikai)
- 死灰 (shikai, “cold, dead ashes; ashes remaining after cremation”)
- 死界 (shikai, “underworld, world of the dead; blind spot, somewhere out of view”)
- 死骸 (shigai)
- 死角 (shikaku)
- 死学 (shigaku, “field of study that has no practical use”)
- 死活 (shikatsu)
- 死期 (shiki, “time of death, moment of one's death”)
- 死球 (shikyū)
- 死去 (shikyo)
- 死境 (shikyō, “one's place of death; deadly place”)
- 死菌 (shikin, “dead bacterium or inactive virus used as the basis for a vaccine”)
- 死句 (shiku, “plain phrase or line in a poem, containing no implied meanings; ascetic's unsaid words or phrases, due to mental mistakes”)
- 死苦 (shiku, “sufferings of death”)
- 死刑 (shikei)
- 死結 (shiketsu)
- 死期 (shigo)
- 死後 (shigo)
- 死語 (shigo)
- 死罪 (shizai)
- 死屍 (shishi)
- 死者 (shisha)
- 死守 (shishu)
- 死所 (shisho, “place of death, place where one dies”)
- 死傷 (shishō)
- 死生 (shishō)
- 死生 (shisei)
- 死線 (shisen)
- 死相 (shisō)
- 死蔵 (shizō, “putting something away and never using it”)
- 死地 (shichi)
- 死闘 (shitō)
- 死人 (shinin)
- 死者 (shisha)
- 死体 (shitai)
- 死物 (shibutsu)
- 死文 (shibun, “dead law, law that is on the books but never enforced; document that is purely formal and empty of meaning”)
- 死別 (shibetsu)
- 死亡 (shibō)
- 死没 (shibotsu)
- 死命 (shimei)
- 死滅 (shimetsu)
- 死霊 (shiryō)
- 死力 (shiryoku)
- 死霊 (shirei)
- 仮死 (kashi)
- 決死 (kesshi)
- 頓死 (tonshi)
- 二死 (nishi)
- 瀕死 (hinshi)
- 不死 (fushi)
References[edit]
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 死 (MC sˠiɪX).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᄉᆞᆼ〯 (Yale: sǒ) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] | 주글〮 (Yale: cwùkúl) | ᄉᆞ〯 (Yale: sǒ) |
Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠(ː)]
- Phonetic hangeul: [사(ː)]
- Long vowel distinction only applies at the initial position. Most speakers no longer distinguish vowel length at any position.
Hanja[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Compounds
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]
Okinawan[edit]
Kanji[edit]
死
Readings[edit]
Old Japanese[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Appears to be a conflation of an s- root cognate with 去る (saru, “to go, go away”) and Middle Chinese 死 (MC sˠiɪX).
Noun[edit]
死 (si) (kana し)
- death
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 5, preface to poem 897: melancholic poem by Yamanoue no Okura)
- 帛公略說曰：「伏思自勵，以斯長生。生可レ貪也，死可レ畏也。...」
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 5, preface to poem 897: melancholic poem by Yamanoue no Okura)
Derived terms[edit]
- 死ぬ (sinu)
Descendants[edit]
- Japanese: 死 (shi)
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Compounds[edit]
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