死
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Translingual[edit]
Han character[edit]
Stroke order | |||
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死 (Kangxi radical 78, 歹+2, 6 strokes, cangjie input 一弓心 (MNP), four-corner 10212, composition ⿸歹匕 or ⿱一⿰夕匕)
Derived characters[edit]
- 𭇟, 𫪔, 𦎄, 𩊢, 𮬳, 㱝, 㰷, 𬆘, 𣣌, 𬆜, 㘸, 𢍈, 𭜨, 𣑘, 𭻏, 𭮓, 𧵲, 𣩁, 𨱼
- 屍, 毙, 𣨀, 𤽨, 𥥱, 𬆗, 臰, 𣨰, 𣨻, 𣩂, 𣩇, 𭮜, 𣩖, 𩫓, 薨, 薧, 斃, 𣩴, 𣩸, 塟, 葬
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 578, character 22
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16365
- Dae Jaweon: page 970, character 7
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1380, character 6
- Unihan data for U+6B7B
Chinese[edit]
trad. | 死 | |
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simp. # | 死 | |
alternative forms |
Glyph origin[edit]
Historical forms of the character 死 | ||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Ideogrammic compound (會意): 歹 + 人.
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *səj.
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
死
- (intransitive) to die
- 必死無疑/必死无疑 ― bì sǐ wúyí ― will die without a doubt
- 食死自己 [Cantonese] ― sik6 sei2 zi6 gei2 [Jyutping] ― to "eat oneself to death" (endanger oneself with eating habits)
- 這人姓王名冕,在諸暨縣鄉村裡住。七歲上死了父親,他母親做點針黹供給他到村學堂裡去讀書。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
- From: Wu Jingzi, The Scholars, 1750 CE
- Zhè rén xìng Wáng míng Miǎn, zài Zhūjì Xiàn xiāngcūn lǐ zhù. Qī suì shàng sǐ le fùqīn, tā mǔqīn zuò diǎn zhēnzhǐ gōnggěi tā dào cūn xuétáng lǐ qù dúshū. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this example)
这人姓王名冕,在诸暨县乡村里住。七岁上死了父亲,他母亲做点针黹供给他到村学堂里去读书。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]
- † (transitive) to die for the sake of; to sacrifice oneself for; to die together with someone
- 謀人之軍師,敗則死之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Móu rén zhī jūn shī, bài zé sǐ zhī. [Pinyin]
- He who has given counsel to another about his army should die with it when it is defeated.
谋人之军师,败则死之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 今亡亦死,舉大計亦死,等死,死國可乎? [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Jīn wáng yì sǐ, jǔ dàjì yì sǐ, děng sǐ, sǐ guó kěhū? [Pinyin]
- At this moment, certain death awaits us no matter whether we escape as fugitives or rouse ourselves to a grand cause. One death is just as good as another; shall we not rather die for our lost fatherland?
今亡亦死,举大计亦死,等死,死国可乎? [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 貪夫徇財,烈士徇名。夸者死權,品庶每生。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: c. 174 BCE, Jia Yi (賈誼), The Owl (《鵩鳥賦》). Translated by Burton Watson.
- Tānfū xùncái, lièshì xùnmíng. Kuāzhě sǐquán, pǐnshù měishēng. [Pinyin]
- The covetous run after riches,
The impassioned pursue a fair name;
The proud die struggling for power,
While the people long only to live.
贪夫徇财,烈士徇名。夸者死权,品庶每生。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- inactive
- (only in compounds) deadly; fatal; killing; to the death
- (colloquial or Min Nan) very; bloody; totally
- (offensive) damned; damn
- (slang, offensive) to disappear; to go; (as in "where the hell did ... go")
- (Cantonese, Min Nan) persistently; stubbornly
- (Cantonese) screwed
- (Cantonese) awful
- (Min Nan) closely; firmly; tightly
Usage notes[edit]
- The adjective 死 ("dead, inactive, etc.") cannot be used as a predicative adjective. The sentence *這隻狗死 generally does not mean "This dog is dead". For the meaning "is dead", usually the verb 死 in the perfect aspect ("to have died") is used instead:
- The verb 死 ("to die") lacks a present meaning and denotes either past (in perfect aspect) or future (not in perfect aspect) events. It cannot be modified by the progressive aspect marker 正在 (zhèngzài) or 著/着 (zhe).
Synonyms[edit]
- (to die):
- 下世 (xiàshì) (formal)
- 上天 (shàngtiān) (euphemistic)
- 上路 (shànglù) (euphemistic)
- 不在 (bùzài) (euphemistic)
- 不幸 (bùxìng) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
- 亡
- 亡故 (wánggù) (literary)
- 仙逝 (xiānshì) (euphemistic)
- 仙遊/仙游 (xiānyóu) (euphemistic)
- 作古 (zuògǔ) (literary, euphemistic)
- 做鬼 (zuòguǐ) (colloquial)
- 傾世/倾世 (qīngshì) (literary)
- 傾亡/倾亡 (qīngwáng) (literary)
- 入寂 (rùjì) (Buddhism, of Buddhist monks)
- 凋謝/凋谢 (diāoxiè) (to die of old age)
- 升天 (shēngtiān) (euphemistic)
- 即世 (jíshì) (literary)
- 去世 (qùshì)
- 合眼 (héyǎn) (euphemistic)
- 喪亡/丧亡 (sàngwáng) (literary)
- 喪命/丧命 (sàngmìng) (euphemistic)
- 喪生/丧生 (sàngshēng) (euphemistic)
- 嗚呼/呜呼 (wūhū) (euphemistic)
- 嗝屁 (gěpì) (Mandarin, vulgar, derogatory)
- 嚥氣/咽气 (yànqì) (colloquial)
- 回老家 (huí lǎojiā) (euphemistic, humorous)
- 圓寂/圆寂 (yuánjì) (of Buddhist monks or nuns)
- 壽終正寢/寿终正寝 (shòuzhōngzhèngqǐn) (euphemistic)
- 安息 (ānxī) (euphemistic)
- 安眠 (ānmián) (euphemistic)
- 小喇叭兒吹了/小喇叭儿吹了 (xiǎo lǎbār chuī le) (Beijing)
- 就義/就义 (jiùyì) (to die a martyr)
- 崩 (bēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 崩殂 (bēngcú) (Classical, of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 往生 (wǎngshēng) (euphemistic)
- 忽然 (hūrán) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
- 掛/挂 (guà) (slang, humorous)
- 故 (gù)
- 故世 (gùshì) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
- 故去 (gùqù) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
- 斃命/毙命 (bìmìng) (pejorative)
- 早死 (zǎosǐ)
- 晏駕/晏驾 (yànjià) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 枯死 (kūsǐ) (literary, figurative)
- 棄世/弃世 (qìshì) (literary)
- 歸天/归天 (guītiān) (euphemistic)
- 歸西/归西 (guīxī) (euphemistic)
- 歸道山/归道山 (guī dàoshān) (literary, euphemistic)
- 死亡 (sǐwáng) (formal)
- 死人 (sǐrén)
- 死去 (sǐqù) (informal)
- 死掉 (sǐdiào) (informal)
- 死翹翹/死翘翘 (sǐqiàoqiào) (informal, humorous)
- 死脫/死脱 (Wu)
- 殞/殒 (yǔn) (archaic)
- 氣絕/气绝 (qìjué) (literary)
- 永眠 (yǒngmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
- 沒世/没世 (mòshì) (literary)
- 消忒 (Hakka, euphemistic)
- 物化 (wùhuà) (literary)
- 畢命/毕命 (bìmìng) (formal, euphemistic)
- 病故 (bìnggù) (to die of illness)
- 病逝 (bìngshì) (to die of illness)
- 百年歸老/百年归老 (bǎiniánguīlǎo) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
- 盡命/尽命 (jìnmìng) (literary, euphemistic)
- 終/终 (zhōng) (literary, or in compounds, euphemistic)
- 絕/绝 (jué) (literary, or in compounds)
- 翹辮子/翘辫子 (qiào biànzi) (informal, humorous)
- 老了 (lǎo le) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
- 蒙主寵召/蒙主宠召 (méngzhǔchǒngzhào) (euphemistic)
- 薨 (hōng) (Classical Chinese, of feudal lords or high officials)
- 薨逝 (hōngshì) (of feudal lords)
- 被難/被难 (bèinàn) (to be killed in a disaster, political incident, etc.)
- 見背/见背 (jiànbèi) (literary, of one's parents or elders)
- 見閻王/见阎王 (jiàn Yánwáng) (figurative)
- 賓天/宾天 (bīntiān) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 走 (zǒu) (euphemistic)
- 走去踮 (Min Nan, euphemistic)
- 身亡 (shēnwáng) (formal, usually from unnatural causes)
- 辭世/辞世 (císhì) (literary)
- 逝世 (shìshì)
- 進棺材/进棺材 (jìn guāncái)
- 過世/过世 (guòshì)
- 過去/过去 (guòqù) (euphemistic)
- 過往/过往 (Min Nan, euphemistic)
- 過身/过身 (guòshēn) (literary)
- 過面/过面 (Min Nan)
- 長山賣鴨卵/长山卖鸭卵 (Hakka, euphemistic)
- 長眠/长眠 (chángmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
- 閉眼/闭眼 (bìyǎn) (euphemistic)
- 隕落/陨落 (yǔnluò) (euphemistic)
- 離世/离世 (líshì) (euphemistic)
- 駕崩/驾崩 (jiàbēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 駕鶴西去/驾鹤西去 (jiàhèxīqù) (euphemistic)
- 駕鶴西遊/驾鹤西游 (jiàhèxīyóu) (euphemistic)
- 龍馭上賓/龙驭上宾 (lóngyùshàngbīn) (of an emperor)
Dialectal synonyms of 死 (“to die”) [map]
Antonyms[edit]
- (to die): 活 (huó)
See also[edit]
- (intensifier) 鬼 (guǐ)
Compounds[edit]
- 亂石砸死/乱石砸死
- 人死
- 人為財死,鳥為食亡/人为财死,鸟为食亡 (rén wèi cái sǐ, niǎo wèi shí wáng)
- 作死
- 假死 (jiǎsǐ)
- 傷心致死/伤心致死
- 兇死/凶死
- 冒死 (màosǐ)
- 冤死
- 凍死/冻死 (dòngsǐ)
- 出生入死 (chūshēngrùsǐ)
- 刺死
- 勒死
- 半死 (bànsǐ)
- 卡死
- 去死 (qùsǐ)
- 吊死 (diàosǐ)
- 同生共死 (tóngshēnggòngsǐ)
- 哀莫大於心死/哀莫大于心死 (āi mò dàyú xīn sǐ)
- 嚇死/吓死 (xiàsǐ)
- 垂死 (chuísǐ)
- 堵死
- 壓死/压死 (yāsǐ)
- 壞死/坏死 (huàisǐ)
- 士為知己者死/士为知己者死 (shì wèi zhījǐ zhě sǐ)
- 大難不死/大难不死 (dànànbùsǐ)
- 安樂死/安乐死 (ānlèsǐ)
- 害死 (hàisǐ)
- 將死/将死 (jiāngsǐ)
- 尋死/寻死
- 廢死/废死 (fèisǐ)
- 弄死 (nòngsǐ)
- 心肌梗死 (xīnjī gěngsǐ)
- 愛莫大於心死/爱莫大于心死
- 慘死/惨死 (cǎnsǐ)
- 打死 (dǎsǐ)
- 打蛇不死
- 扼死 (èsǐ)
- 找死 (zhǎosǐ)
- 拚死
- 拼死 (pīnsǐ)
- 掐死 (qiāsǐ)
- 捨生忘死/舍生忘死
- 揍死
- 摔死 (shuāisǐ)
- 撞死
- 早死 (zǎosǐ)
- 昧死
- 會死/会死
- 束手待死
- 梗死 (gěngsǐ)
- 橫死/横死 (hèngsǐ)
- 死不了
- 死不冥目
- 死不瞑目 (sǐbùmíngmù)
- 死中求生
- 死乞白賴/死乞白赖 (sǐqibáilài)
- 死亡 (sǐwáng)
- 死亡人數/死亡人数 (sǐwáng rénshù)
- 死亡率 (sǐwánglǜ)
- 死亡筆記/死亡笔记
- 死人 (sǐrén)
- 死仗 (sǐzhàng)
- 死信 (sǐxìn)
- 死傷/死伤 (sǐshāng)
- 死傷者/死伤者 (sǐshāngzhě)
- 死光 (sǐguāng)
- 死刑 (sǐxíng)
- 死別/死别 (sǐbié)
- 死到臨頭/死到临头
- 死區/死区
- 死去 (sǐqù)
- 死去活來/死去活来
- 死命 (sǐmìng)
- 死囚 (sǐqiú)
- 死因 (sǐyīn)
- 死守 (sǐshǒu)
- 死寂 (sǐjì)
- 死對頭/死对头 (sǐduìtou)
- 死屍/死尸 (sǐshī)
- 死巷 (sǐxiàng)
- 死後/死后 (sǐhòu)
- 死心 (sǐxīn)
- 死心塌地 (sǐxīntādì)
- 死心眼兒/死心眼儿
- 死戰/死战 (sǐzhàn)
- 死敵/死敌 (sǐdí)
- 死文字
- 死於安樂/死于安乐
- 死於非命/死于非命 (sǐyúfēimìng)
- 死有餘辜/死有余辜 (sǐyǒuyúgū)
- 死期 (sǐqī)
- 死板 (sǐbǎn)
- 死棋 (sǐqí)
- 死機/死机 (sǐjī)
- 死機藍屏/死机蓝屏
- 死死 (sǐsǐ)
- 死氣沉沉/死气沉沉 (sǐqìchénchén)
- 死水 (sǐshuǐ)
- 死活不顧/死活不顾
- 死海 (Sǐhǎi)
- 死海古卷 (Sǐhǎigǔjuǎn)
- 死海經卷/死海经卷
- 死灰復燃/死灰复燃 (sǐhuīfùrán)
- 死無對證/死无对证 (sǐwúduìzhèng)
- 死無葬身之地/死无葬身之地 (sǐ wú zàngshēnzhīdì)
- 死狀/死状 (sǐzhuàng)
- 死生 (sǐshēng)
- 死產/死产 (sǐchǎn)
- 死症
- 死皮賴臉/死皮赖脸
- 死硬 (sǐyìng)
- 死神 (sǐshén)
- 死穴 (sǐxué)
- 死絕/死绝 (sǐjué)
- 死結/死结 (sǐjié)
- 死結難解/死结难解
- 死緩/死缓
- 死罪 (sǐzuì)
- 死者 (sǐzhě)
- 死而不僵
- 死而後已/死而后已 (sǐ'érhòuyǐ)
- 死而無悔/死而无悔
- 死衚衕/死胡同 (sǐhútòng)
- 死裡逃生/死里逃生
- 死角 (sǐjiǎo)
- 死訊/死讯 (sǐxùn)
- 死記/死记 (sǐjì)
- 死記硬背/死记硬背 (sǐjì yìngbèi)
- 死語/死语 (sǐyǔ)
- 死象 (sǐxiàng)
- 死賬/死账
- 死路 (sǐlù)
- 死難/死难 (sǐnàn)
- 死難者/死难者
- 死靈/死灵 (sǐlíng)
- 死馬當活馬醫/死马当活马医 (sǐmǎ dàng huómǎ yī)
- 死鬼 (sǐguǐ)
- 死鴨子嘴硬/死鸭子嘴硬
- 死麵/死面 (sǐmiàn)
- 死點/死点
- 死黨/死党 (sǐdǎng)
- 殊死 (shūsǐ)
- 殉死 (xùnsǐ)
- 殺死/杀死 (shāsǐ)
- 氣死/气死 (qìsǐ)
- 治死 (zhìsǐ)
- 淹死 (yānsǐ)
- 溺死 (nìsǐ)
- 瀕死/濒死 (bīnsǐ)
- 炸死
- 無名戰死/无名战死
- 燒死/烧死
- 猝死 (cùsǐ)
- 生於憂患,死於安樂/生于忧患,死于安乐 (shēng yú yōuhuàn, sǐ yú ānlè)
- 生死 (shēngsǐ)
- 生老病死 (shēnglǎobìngsǐ)
- 病死 (bìngsǐ)
- 疼死
- 瘐死
- 皇帝不急,急死太監/皇帝不急,急死太监 (huángdì bùjí, jísǐ tàijiàn)
- 砍死
- 砸死 (zásǐ)
- 視死如歸/视死如归 (shìsǐrúguī)
- 絞死/绞死 (jiǎosǐ)
- 縊死/缢死 (yìsǐ)
- 臨死/临死 (línsǐ)
- 至死 (zhìsǐ)
- 致死 (zhìsǐ)
- 致死量 (zhìsǐliàng)
- 處死/处死 (chǔsǐ)
- 要死
- 詐死/诈死 (zhàsǐ)
- 該死/该死 (gāisǐ)
- 誓死 (shìsǐ)
- 貪生怕死/贪生怕死 (tānshēngpàsǐ)
- 貧血性壞死/贫血性坏死
- 賊死/贼死
- 賜死/赐死 (cìsǐ)
- 赴死 (fùsǐ)
- 過勞死/过劳死 (guòláosǐ)
- 逼死 (bīsǐ)
- 醉生夢死/醉生梦死 (zuìshēngmèngsǐ)
- 釘死/钉死
- 長生不死/长生不死
- 養生送死/养生送死
- 餓死/饿死 (èsǐ)
- 驟死/骤死
Descendants[edit]
Others:
References[edit]
- “死”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02077
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
死
Readings[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
死 |
し Grade: 3 |
on’yomi |
/si/ → /ɕi/
Appears to be a conflation of Middle Chinese 死 (MC sijX), with an Old Japanese root that happened to have a similar pronunciation to the Middle Chinese and was probably cognate with 去る (saru, “to go, to go away”). Compare modern Mandarin 死 (sǐ).
In kanji compounds, this would be considered as on'yomi; but on its own, this could be considered as either on'yomi or kun'yomi.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- death
- Antonym: 生 (sei)
- 死に至る病
- Shi ni Itaru Yamai
- The Sickness Unto Death
- (law, historical) one of the five punishments under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, the methods used are 絞 (kō, “strangling”) and 斬 (zan, “decapitation”)
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
Affix[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
- 死因 (shīn, “cause of death”)
- 死王 (shiō, “dead king”)
- 死王 (Shiō, “Buddhist king of the dead”)
- 死火 (shika)
- 死花 (shika, “paper flowers used for a funeral”)
- 死貨 (shika)
- 死海 (Shikai)
- 死灰 (shikai, “cold, dead ashes; ashes remaining after cremation”)
- 死界 (shikai, “underworld, world of the dead; blind spot, somewhere out of view”)
- 死骸 (shigai)
- 死角 (shikaku)
- 死学 (shigaku, “field of study that has no practical use”)
- 死活 (shikatsu)
- 死期 (shiki, “time of death, moment of one's death”)
- 死球 (shikyū)
- 死去 (shikyo)
- 死境 (shikyō, “one's place of death; deadly place”)
- 死菌 (shikin, “dead bacterium or inactive virus used as the basis for a vaccine”)
- 死句 (shiku, “plain phrase or line in a poem, containing no implied meanings; ascetic's unsaid words or phrases, due to mental mistakes”)
- 死苦 (shiku, “sufferings of death”)
- 死刑 (shikei)
- 死結 (shiketsu)
- 死期 (shigo)
- 死後 (shigo)
- 死語 (shigo)
- 死罪 (shizai)
- 死屍 (shishi)
- 死者 (shisha)
- 死守 (shishu)
- 死所 (shisho, “place of death, place where one dies”)
- 死傷 (shishō)
- 死生 (shishō)
- 死生 (shisei)
- 死線 (shisen)
- 死相 (shisō)
- 死蔵 (shizō, “putting something away and never using it”)
- 死地 (shichi)
- 死闘 (shitō)
- 死人 (shinin)
- 死者 (shisha)
- 死体 (shitai)
- 死物 (shibutsu)
- 死文 (shibun, “dead law, law that is on the books but never enforced; document that is purely formal and empty of meaning”)
- 死別 (shibetsu)
- 死亡 (shibō)
- 死没 (shibotsu)
- 死命 (shimei)
- 死滅 (shimetsu)
- 死霊 (shiryō)
- 死力 (shiryoku)
- 死霊 (shirei)
- 仮死 (kashi)
- 決死 (kesshi)
- 頓死 (tonshi)
- 二死 (nishi)
- 瀕死 (hinshi)
- 不死 (fushi)
References[edit]
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 死 (MC sijX).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᄉᆞᆼ〯 (Yale: sǒ) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] | 주글〮 (Yale: cwùkúl) | ᄉᆞ〯 (Yale: sǒ) |
Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [사(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Compounds
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [3]
Okinawan[edit]
Kanji[edit]
死
Readings[edit]
Old Japanese[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Appears to be a conflation of an s- root cognate with 去る (saru, “to go, go away”) and Middle Chinese 死 (MC sijX).
Noun[edit]
死 (si) (kana し)
- death
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 5, preface to poem 897: melancholic poem by Yamanoue no Okura)
- 帛公略說曰:「伏思自勵,以斯長生。生可レ貪也,死可レ畏也。...」
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 5, preface to poem 897: melancholic poem by Yamanoue no Okura)
Derived terms[edit]
- 死ぬ (sinu)
Descendants[edit]
- Japanese: 死 (shi)
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
- death
Compounds[edit]
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