死

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Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

Stroke order
死-bw.png

死 (radical 78 歹+2, 6 strokes, cangjie input 一弓心 (MNP), four-corner 10212, composition ⿸歹匕 or ⿱一⿰夕匕)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 578, character 22
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16365
  • Dae Jaweon: page 970, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1380, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+6B7B

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 死
alt. forms 𣦸
𣦹
𠒁
𠑾
𦭀

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 死
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bamboo and silk script Large seal script Small seal script
死-oracle.svg 死-bronze.svg 死-silk.svg 死-bigseal.svg 死-seal.svg

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 歹 + 人.

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *səj.

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 死
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 脂 (17)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) Chongniu III
Fanqie 息姊切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /sˠiɪX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /sᵚiX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /siɪX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /sjiX/
Li
Rong		 /sjiX/
Wang
Li		 /siX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /siX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 sǐ
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 死
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 sǐ
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ sijX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*sijʔ/
English die (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 死
Reading # 1/1
No. 12006
Phonetic
component		 死
Rime
group		 脂
Rime
subdivision		 2
Corresponding
MC rime		 死
Old
Chinese		 /*hljiʔ/

Definitions[edit]

死

  1. to die, death, dead.
    餓死 / 饿死  ―  èsǐ  ―  to die of starvation
    佢兩年前已經死咗。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    佢两年前已经死咗。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    Keoi5 loeng5 nin4 cin4 ji5 ging1 sei2 zo2. [Jyutping]
    He already died two years ago.
    高校學生食堂吃出死老鼠。 [MSC, trad.]
    高校学生食堂吃出死老鼠。 [MSC, simp.]
    Gāoxiào xuéshēng shítáng chī chū sǐ lǎoshǔ. [Pinyin]
    A dead mouse was found in college cafeteria food.
  2. inactive
    死結 / 死结  ―  sǐjié  ―  encased knot
    死機 / 死机  ―  sǐjī  ―  (of a computer system) to crash
    路被垃圾堵死了。  ―  Lù bèi lājī dǔ sǐ le.  ―  The road is blocked by wastes.
  3. (only in compounds) deadly; fatal; killing
    死刑  ―  sǐxíng  ―  capital punishment
    死戰 / 死战  ―  sǐzhàn  ―  deadly battle
  4. (colloquial) very; bloody; totally
    • 我累死了。  ―  Wǒ lèi sǐ le.  ―  I'm dead tired.
    • 他死鸭子嘴硬。  ―  Tā sǐ yāzǐ zuǐ yìng.  ―  He is pretty stubborn.
    • 嘈死！ [Cantonese]  ―  Cou4 sei2! [Jyutping]  ―  You're being really noisy!
  5. (offensive) damned; damn
  6. (slang, offensive) to disappear; to go

Usage notes[edit]

  • The adjective 死 ("dead, inactive, etc.") can not be used as a predicative adjective. The sentence *這隻狗死 generally does not mean "This dog is dead". For the meaning "is dead", usually the verb 死 in the perfect aspect ("to have died") is used instead:
    這隻狗死了。 / 这只狗死了。  ―  Zhè zhī gǒu sǐ le.  ―  This dog has died.
  • The verb 死 ("to die") lacks a present meaning and denotes either past (in perfect aspect) or future (not in perfect aspect) events. It can not be modified by the progressive aspect marker 正在 or 着.
    不死  ―  bùsǐ  ―  "will not die", immortal
    没死  ―  mò sǐ  ―  "did not die", alive

Synonyms[edit]

  • (to die): 過身／过身 (guòshēn), (Cantonese slang) 瓜 (gwaa1), (Cantonese slang) 釘／钉 (deng1)

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 死

Japanese[edit]

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

Wikipedia ja

Kanji[edit]

See also:
死

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. death
  2. to die

Readings[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
死
し
Grade: 3
on'yomi

Appears to be a conflation of Middle Chinese 死 ‎(sijX) (compare modern Mandarin reading sǐ) with an Old Japanese root that happened to have a similar pronunciation to the Middle Chinese and was probably cognate with 去る ‎(saru, “to go, to go away”).

In kanji compounds, this would be considered as on'yomi; on its own, this could be considered as either on'yomi or kun'yomi.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

死 ‎(hiragana し, romaji shi)

  1. death
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Kun'yomi:

On'yomi:

Verb[edit]

死する ‎(hiragana しする, romaji shi suru)

  1. to die
    Considered somewhat more archaic or formal than 死ぬ ‎(shinu).
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of "死する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 死し しし shi shi
Continuative (連用形) 死し しし shi shi
Terminal (終止形) 死する しする shi suru
Attributive (連体形) 死する しする shi suru
Hypothetical (仮定形) 死すれ しすれ shi sure
Imperative (命令形) 死せよ¹
死しろ²		 しせよ¹
ししろ²		 shi seyo¹
shi shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 死される しされる shi sareru
Causative 死させる
死さす		 しさせる
しさす		 shi saseru
shi sasu
Potential 死できる しできる shi dekiru
Volitional 死しよう ししよう shi shiyō
Negative 死しない ししない shi shinai
Negative continuative 死せず しせず shi sezu
Formal 死します しします shi shimasu
Perfective 死した しした shi shita
Conjunctive 死して しして shi shite
Hypothetical conditional 死すれば しすれば shi sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
死
しに
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

The 連用形 ‎(ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of verb 死ぬ ‎(shinu, “to die”).[1][4]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

死 ‎(hiragana しに, romaji shini)

  1. death, dying
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Prefix[edit]

死 ‎(hiragana しに, romaji shini-)

  1. bloody, stupid, goddamn
    Used as a negative or pejorative intensifier.
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
  2. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3
  3. ^ 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13143-0
  4. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

死 • ‎(sa) (hangeul 사, McCune-Reischauer sa, Yale sa)

  1. die
  2. death

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

死 (tử, long)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds[edit]

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