死

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死 U+6B7B, 死
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6B7B
← 歺
[U+6B7A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 歼 →
[U+6B7C]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

Stroke order
6 strokes

死 (Kangxi radical 78, 歹+2, 6 strokes, cangjie input 一弓心 (MNP), four-corner 10212, composition ⿸歹匕 or ⿱一⿰夕匕)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 578, character 22
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16365
  • Dae Jaweon: page 970, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1380, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+6B7B

Chinese[edit]

trad. 死
simp. # 死
alternative forms
 
𣦸
𣦹
𠒁 ancient
𠑾 ancient
𦭀 ancient
𣦸
𣦹
𠒁 ancient
𠑾 ancient
𦭀 ancient
𦫺
𤯽
𣥴

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 死
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
死-oracle.svg 死-bronze.svg 死-silk.svg 死-seal.svg 死-bigseal.svg

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 歹 + 人.

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *səj.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • sei2 - vernacular;
  • si2 - literary (rare).
  • Gan
  • Hakka
  • Jin
  • Min Bei
  • Min Dong
    • Note:
    • sī - vernacular;
    • sṳ̄ - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • sí - vernacular;
    • sú/sír - literary.
  • Wu
    • Note:
    • 2xi - vernacular;
    • 2sr - literary.
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 死
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 心 (16)
    Final (韻) 脂 (17)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) Chongniu III
    Fanqie 息姊切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/sˠiɪX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/sᵚiX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/siɪX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/sjiX/
    Li
    Rong         		/sjiX/
    Wang
    Li         		/siX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/siX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		sǐ
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		si2
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 死
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		sǐ
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ sijX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*sijʔ/
    English die (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 死
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 12006
    Phonetic
    component         		死
    Rime
    group         		脂
    Rime
    subdivision         		2
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		死
    Old
    Chinese         		/*hljiʔ/

    Definitions[edit]

    死

    1. (intransitive) to die
      必死無疑 / 必死无疑  ―  bì sǐ wúyí  ―  will die without a doubt
      佢兩年前已經死咗。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      佢两年前已经死咗。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      keoi5 loeng5 nin4 cin4 ji5 ging1 sei2 zo2. [Jyutping]
      He already died two years ago.
      高校學生食堂吃出死老鼠。 [MSC, trad.]
      高校学生食堂吃出死老鼠。 [MSC, simp.]
      Gāoxiào xuéshēng shítáng chī chū sǐ lǎoshǔ. [Pinyin]
      A dead mouse was found in college cafeteria food.
      食死自己 [Cantonese]  ―  sik6 sei2 zi6 gei2 [Jyutping]  ―  to "eat oneself to death" (endanger oneself with eating habits)
      1. † (transitive) to die for the sake of; to sacrifice oneself for; to die together with someone
        死節 / 死节  ―  sǐjié  ―  to die for honour
    2. inactive
      死結 / 死结  ―  sǐjié  ―  encased knot
      死機 / 死机  ―  sǐjī  ―  (of a computer system) to crash
      路被垃圾堵死了。  ―  Lù bèi lājī dǔ sǐ le.  ―  The road is blocked by trash.
    3. (only in compounds) deadly; fatal; killing; to the death
      死刑  ―  sǐxíng  ―  capital punishment
      死戰 / 死战  ―  sǐzhàn  ―  deadly battle; fight to the death
    4. (colloquial or Min Nan) very; bloody; totally
      我累死了。  ―  Wǒ lèi sǐ le.  ―  I'm dead tired.
      嘈死！ [Cantonese]  ―  cou4 sei2! [Jyutping]  ―  Keep it down! (lit. You're being really noisy!)
      熱死 / 热死 [Teochew]  ―  ruah8 si2 [Peng'im]  ―  really hot
    5. (offensive) damned; damn
      呢個死阿伯唔識揸車。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      呢个死阿伯唔识揸车。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      nei1 go3 sei2 aa3 baak3 m4 sik1 zaa1 ce1. [Jyutping]
      This damn geezer can't drive.
      死鬼佬 [Cantonese]  ―  sei2 gwai2 lou2 [Jyutping]  ―  goddamn white
      做咗咁死多次，我仲唔識做咩？ [Cantonese, trad.]
      做咗咁死多次，我仲唔识做咩？ [Cantonese, simp.]
      zou6 zo2 gam3 sei2 do1 ci3, ngo5 zung6 m4 sik1 zou6 me1? [Jyutping]
      I've done it so darn many times already, and you think I wouldn't know how to do it by now?
    6. (slang, offensive) to disappear; to go; (as in "where the hell did ... go")
      嗰枝死人原子筆死咗去邊呀？ [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
      嗰枝死人原子笔死咗去边呀？ [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]
      go2 zi1 sei2 jan4 jyun4 zi2 bat1 sei2 zo2 heoi3 bin1 aa3? [Jyutping]
      Where's that goddamn pen?
      你這個死人死到哪裡去了，打手機也不接。 [MSC, trad.]
      你这个死人死到哪里去了，打手机也不接。 [MSC, simp.]
      Nǐ zhège sǐrén sǐ dào nǎlǐ qù le, dǎ shǒujī yě bù jiē. [Pinyin]
      Where the hell have you been? Why are you not answering my calls? (said by wife)
      佢哋今次死咗去邊呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
      佢哋今次死咗去边呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]
      keoi5 dei6 gam1 ci3 sei2 zo2 heoi3 bin1 aa3? [Jyutping]
      Where'd they fuck off to this time?
      死返屋企 [Cantonese]  ―  sei2 faan1 uk1 kei5 [Jyutping]  ―  to fuck off back to one's home
    7. (Cantonese, Min Nan) persistently; stubbornly
      佢死都唔肯講。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      佢死都唔肯讲。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      keoi5 sei2 dou1 m4 hang2 gong2. [Jyutping]
      He absolutely refuses to speak. (lit. He is persistently not willing to say it.)
      呢份工佢做死三十年。 [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
      ni1 fan6 gung1 keoi5 zou6 sei2 saam1 sap6 nin4. [Jyutping]
      He has been stubbornly doing this job for thirty years.
    8. (Cantonese) awful
    9. (Min Nan) closely; firmly; tightly

    Usage notes[edit]

    • The adjective 死 ("dead, inactive, etc.") cannot be used as a predicative adjective. The sentence *這隻狗死 generally does not mean "This dog is dead". For the meaning "is dead", usually the verb 死 in the perfect aspect ("to have died") is used instead:
      這隻狗死了。 / 这只狗死了。  ―  Zhè zhī gǒu sǐ le.  ―  This dog has died.
    • The verb 死 ("to die") lacks a present meaning and denotes either past (in perfect aspect) or future (not in perfect aspect) events. It cannot be modified by the progressive aspect marker 正在 (zhèngzài) or 著／着 (zhe).
      不死  ―  bùsǐ  ―  "will not die", immortal
      沒死 / 没死  ―  méi sǐ  ―  "did not die", alive

    Synonyms[edit]

    • (to die):
    edit
    Synonyms of 死
    Dialectal synonyms of 死 (“to die”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 死, 亡, 歿, 卒
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 死, 死亡, 亡故, 喪生, 喪命, 去世 †, 過世 †, 逝世 †, 離世 †, 下世 †, 不在 †, 過去 †, 仙逝 †, 歸天 †, 歸西 †, 升天 †, 作古 †, 長眠 †, 閉眼 †, 故去 †, ‡, 故世 †, ‡
    Mandarin Beijing 死, 故去 †, 老 †, ‡
    Taiwan 死, 過世 †
    Harbin 死, 老 †, ‡, 伸腿兒 ¤, 伸腿 ¤, 蹬腿兒 ¤, 奔兒咕 ¤, 桿兒屁 §, 桿兒細 §, 吹燈拔蠟
    Muping 死, 老 †, ‡, 上西天 §
    Jinan 死, 歿, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 不在 †, ‡, 王八 §, 完蛋, 完錢, 完活, 無常 Hui, 歸主 Hui, 歸真 Hui
    Luoyang 死, 過去, 過世, 下世, 亡故, 不在, 升天, 去世 †, 老 †, ‡, 擱那兒 ¤
    Wanrong 死, 歿, 老 †, ‡
    Xi'an 死, 不在 †, 老 †, ‡, 無常 Hui
    Yinchuan 死, 走 †, 歿 Hui, 歸真 Hui, 冒提 Hui, 口喚 Hui, 無常 Hui, 完 Hui
    Lanzhou 死, 過世 †, 緩下 †, 躺下 †
    Xining 歿
    Ürümqi 死, 過世 †, 不在 †
    Wuhan 死, 過身 †, 去 †, 老 †, ‡, 去回 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 瓜碼子 ¤, 瓜 ¤, 西皮
    Chengdu 死, 過去 †, 不在 †, 去 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 撬桿兒 §, 撬桿 §, 翹辮子 §, 見馬克思, 歸天, 去陰國, 爬高煙囪, 落氣, 冰凊, 沒脈
    Guiyang 死, 過世 †, 成神 †, ‡, 百年歸天 †, ‡, 嗚呼 ¤
    Liuzhou 死, 沒得脈, 過世 †, 過身 †, 沒在 †, 哦嚄
    Yangzhou 死, 不在 †, 走 †, 家去吃去 ¤, 家去 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 駝條 §
    Nanjing 死, 過世 †, 歸天 †, ‡, 不在 †, 嗝兒得 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤
    Hefei 死, 不在 †, 老 †
    Singapore 死, 死掉, 死翹翹, 過世 †, 去世 †, 上天堂 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 †
    Cantonese Guangzhou 死, 過身 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 百年歸老 †, ‡, 去別有天 †, ¤, 去大煙筒 †, ¤, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 收檔 ¤, 攞竇 ¤, 進竇 §, 瓜竇, 直, 瓜直, 死直, 攤直, 雙腳撐直, 伸直腳, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 褸席, 歸西, 歸天, 食黃泥, 入黃泥窿, 入窿, 玩完, 嫌米貴, 一 argot
    Hong Kong 死, 過身 †, 走 †, 香 †, 去 †, 唔喺度 †, 百年歸老 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 †, 兩腳一伸 †, 仙遊 †, 去閻羅王處報到 †, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 釘, 直, 歸西, 玩完
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 過身
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 過身
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 過身, 死
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 過身
    Macau 過身, 去
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 過身, 死
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 死
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 過身, 死
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 去歸, 過身
    Foshan 過身, 死
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 死, 過身
    Foshan (Shunde) 過身
    Foshan (Sanshui) 過身
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 死
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 過身
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 死
    Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 過身, 死
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 死, 過身
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 過身, 死
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 死, 過身
    Taishan 死, 善, 去
    Kaiping (Chikan) 死, 登仙
    Enping (Niujiang) 過身, 死
    Heshan (Yayao) 死
    Dongguan 死, 老 †, 去返 †, 去舊時嗰處 †, 視埋眼 †, 伸直腳 †, 入罌 †, 拉柴 §, 去大煙筒 §
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 死, 過身
    Yangjiang 死, 過輩 †, 老 †, ‡, 老大 †, ‡
    Singapore (Guangfu) 死, 過身 †
    Gan Nanchang 死, 過世 †, 老 †
    Lichuan 死
    Pingxiang 死, 過 †, 走路 †, 老 †, ‡, 去
    Hakka Meixian 死, 老, 過身 †, 老壽 †, ‡
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 過身
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 過身, 死
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 死, 過身
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 死
    Conghua (Lütian) 死, 過身
    Yudu 死, 過世 †, 過套 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †, 轉該背 †, 歸仙 †, 轉老外婆裡 ¤
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Pingtung (Neipu, S. Sixian) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong, Hailu) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Taichung (Dongshi, Dabu) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin, Raoping) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Yunlin (Lunbei, Zhao'an) 死, 過身 †
    Hong Kong 過身, 老
    Huizhou Jixi 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過身 †, 不在 †, 過老 §, 過邊 §, 進棺材 §, 進風水 §, 翹扁 §, ¤
    Jin Taiyuan 死, 沒啦 †, 走 †, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 老客 †, ‡
    Xinzhou 死, 回老家 †, 硬 §, 㞗朝天 of a man, vulgar, 倒蕎麥皮
    Min Bei Jian'ou 死, 過身 †, 老 †, ‡
    Min Dong Fuzhou 死, 過去 †, 過世 †, 過後 †, 歸西 †, 百歲 †, 老去 †, ‡, 堯街去 ¤, 堯生去 ¤, 溜翹 ¤, 殂 ¤, 去算米數 ¤, 去外媽食齋 ¤, 去外媽 ¤, 去䁐廬山 ¤, 去厝去 ¤, 睏長暝眠 ¤, 翹齋 ¤, 揭兜去 ¤, 拔直去 ¤, 上天去 ¤, 生去 ¤, 𣪟去 ¤, 䁐松柏樹 ¤, 䁐松柏 ¤, 轉祖 §
    Min Nan Xiamen 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 㾀 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 §
    Quanzhou 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 無去 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 §
    Zhangzhou 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 起身 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 誆牽 §, 㾀 §, 㾀歹 §, 馬滴 §
    Taipei 死去, 老 †, 過身 †
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 過身 †
    Kaohsiung 死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †
    Yilan 死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 過往 †
    Changhua (Lukang) 死去, 老 †, 無去 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †
    Taichung 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †
    Tainan 死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †
    Hsinchu 曲去, 去咯 †, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 †
    Kinmen 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 行去 †
    Penghu (Magong) 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 †
    Singapore (Hokkien) 死, 馬滴, 死翹翹, 過身 †, 百年 †, 百歲 †, 過氣 †, 起車 †, 老去 †, 老咯 †, 行去 †, 蟯去 †, 吭跤翹, 交登記 †
    Manila (Hokkien) 死, 死去, 過面 †, 過身 †
    Chaozhou 死, 過身 †
    Singapore (Teochew) 死
    Leizhou 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過目焗 ¤, 直筒 §, 刮薯減米 §
    Haikou 死, 過層 †, ‡, 老 †, ‡, 貓使 §
    Singapore (Hainanese) 死
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 死
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 死, 瓜老襯, 過世, 歸西
    Wu Shanghai 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 一腳去 †, 翹辮子 §, ¤, 彈老三 §, 翹老三 §
    Shanghai (Chongming) 死, 老 †, 故 †, 翹辮子 ¤
    Suzhou 死, 壞, 去, 過世 †, 翹辮子 §
    Danyang 死
    Hangzhou 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 翹辮兒 ¤, 到龍駒塢去
    Ningbo 死, 翹辮子 §, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 死脫 §, 燂茶, 山裡去, 吃豆腐羹, 嘸沒來的 †
    Wenzhou 死, 冇 †, 過輩 †, ‡, 蹻 ¤
    Jinhua 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 弗在 †, 老 †, ‡
    Xiang Changsha 死, 過 †, 去 †, 瓜, 彈, 彈四郎
    Loudi 死, 過世 †, 故 †, 上岸 †
    Shuangfeng 死, 過世 †, 故 †
    Note † - euphemistic; ‡ - usually of the elderly; ¤ - humorous; § - derogatory/disrespectful

    See also[edit]

    • (intensifier) 鬼 (guǐ)

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 死

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (死):
    • → Japanese: 死(し) (shi)
    • → Korean: 사 (死, sa)
    • → Vietnamese: tử (死)

    Others:

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    死

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    死
    し
    Grade: 3
    on’yomi
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
    English Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia

    /si/ → /ɕi/

    Appears to be a conflation of Middle Chinese 死 (MC sˠiɪX), with an Old Japanese root that happened to have a similar pronunciation to the Middle Chinese and was probably cognate with 去る (saru, “to go, to go away”). Compare modern Mandarin 死 (sǐ).

    In kanji compounds, this would be considered as 音読み (on'yomi, “Sino-Japanese reading”); but on its own, this could be considered as either on'yomi or 訓読み (kun'yomi, “native Japanese reading”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    死(し) • (shi) 

    1. death
      死(し)に至(いた)る病(やまい)
      Shi ni Itaru Yamai
      The Sickness Unto Death
      Antonym: 生 (sei)
    2. (law, historical) one of the five punishments under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, the methods used are 絞 (kō, “strangling”) and 斬 (zan, “decapitation”)

    Derived terms[edit]

    Derived terms

    Affix[edit]

    死(し) • (shi) 

    1. death, to die
    2. dead, unfunctional
    3. life-or-death situation
    4. dangerous, life-threatening
    5. (baseball) out

    Derived terms[edit]

    Derived terms

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
    3. ^ 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 死 (MC sˠiɪX).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᄉᆞᆼ〯 (Yale: sǒ)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 주글〮 (Yale: cwùkúl) ᄉᆞ〯 (Yale: sǒ)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [사(ː)]
      • Though still prescriptive in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    死 (eumhun 죽을 사 (jugeul sa))

    1. Hanja form? of 사 (“death”). [noun, affix]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

    Okinawan[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    死

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Old Japanese[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
    Particularly: “From Proto-Japonic *si?”

    Appears to be a conflation of an s- root cognate with 去る (saru, “to go, go away”) and Middle Chinese 死 (MC sˠiɪX).

    Noun[edit]

    死 (si) (kana し)

    1. death
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 5, preface to poem 897: melancholic poem by Yamanoue no Okura)
        帛公略說曰：「伏思自勵，以斯長生。生可レ貪也，死可レ畏也。...」
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)

    Derived terms[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    • Japanese: 死 (shi)

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    死: Hán Nôm readings: tử, long

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Compounds[edit]

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