直

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See also: 真
直 U+76F4, 直
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-76F4
← 盳
[U+76F3] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 盵 →
[U+76F5]

直 U+FAA8, 直
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FAA8
← 盛
[U+FAA7] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 睊 →
[U+FAA9]
直 U+2F940, 直
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F940
← 䀈
[U+2F93F] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 𥃳 →
[U+2F941]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
(Chinese)
Stroke order
(Japan)
Stroke order (Japan)
8 strokes

Alternative forms[edit]

Note the different forms, which differ in two respects: both Simplified and Traditional do not have a left vertical stroke, while the orthodox form has a left vertical stroke; and in simplified form, the top component is connected with the bottom, while in the orthodox they are separated – this last difference is shared with unrelated characters 真 and 具. The older form and stroke order are officially used in Japan and South Korea but an alternative writing in other countries.

Han character[edit]

Traditional 直
Simplified 直
Japanese 直
Korean 直

直 (Kangxi radical 109, 目+3, 8 strokes, cangjie input 十月一一 (JBMM), four-corner 40716, composition ⿱十⿴𠀃三(GH) or ⿱𠂇⿴𠀃三(TV) or ⿱𠂇⿺𠃊目(JK))

Derived characters[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 800, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23136
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1215, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 61, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+76F4

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 直
2nd round simp. 𰅰
alternative forms ⿱十且 1981

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 直
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (直) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
置 *tɯɡs
值 *dɯɡs, *dɯɡ
植 *dɯɡs, *djɯɡ
埴 *tʰjɯɡs, *djɯɡ
惪 *tɯːɡ
德 *tɯːɡ
稙 *tɯɡ
淔 *tʰɯɡ
直 *dɯɡ
犆 *dɯɡ
殖 *djɯɡ

Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 目 (“eye”) + 丨 (“vertical stroke”) – vertical stroke above the eye; looking straight ahead.

The line on the side appears in bronze script and subsequently stretched under the 目 shape, while the traditional form appears in seal script.

Etymology[edit]

"simply; only"
According to Schuessler (2007), cognate with 特 (OC *dɯːɡ, “single”). Also compare Darmiya taku (“one”).
"straight; right"
According to STEDT, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tjak/ŋ ~ tik/ŋ (“good; very; real; straight”), which also includes 正 (OC *tjeŋ, “first (lunar month)”), 正 (OC *tjeŋs, “straight; correct”), 政 (OC *tjeŋs, “government; rule”) and 實 (OC *ɦliɡ, “solid; true”). Cognates include Tibetan ཏིག་ཏིག (tig tig, “certainly”), Mizo dik (“correct”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *N-d(y)ak (“truly; very; intensitive”). An allofam is probably 德 (OC *tɯːɡ, “virtue”) (Schuessler, 2007).
“heterosexual”
Semantic loan from English straight.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou:
    • ti̍t - vernacular;
    • tia̍k/te̍k - literary.
  • (Teochew)
    • Note:
    • dig8 - Chaozhou and Shantou;
    • dêg8 - Jieyang.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 直
    Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/
    Harbin /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
    Tianjin /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
    Jinan /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴²/
    Qingdao /tʃz̩⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴²/
    Xi'an /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
    Xining /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
    Yinchuan /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩¹³/
    Lanzhou /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵³/
    Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
    Wuhan /t͡sz̩²¹³/
    Chengdu /t͡sz̩³¹/
    Guiyang /t͡sz̩²¹/
    Kunming /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³¹/
    Nanjing /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/
    Hefei /ʈ͡ʂəʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡səʔ⁵⁴/
    Pingyao /ʈ͡ʂʌʔ⁵³/
    Hohhot /t͡səʔ⁴³/
    Wu Shanghai /zəʔ¹/
    Suzhou /zəʔ³/
    Hangzhou /d͡zəʔ²/
    Wenzhou /d͡zei²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰi²²/
    Tunxi /t͡ɕʰi¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
    Xiangtan /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵⁵/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰɨʔ²/
    Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰət̚⁵/
    Taoyuan /tʃʰït̚⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sek̚²/
    Nanning /t͡sek̚²²/
    Hong Kong /t͡sɐk̚²/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /tik̚⁵/
    /tit̚⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /tiʔ⁵/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /tɛ⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /tik̚⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /ʔdit̚³/
    /t͡sek̚⁵/
    Rime
    Character 直
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
    Final (韻) 蒸 (134)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 除力切
    Baxter drik
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɖɨk̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɖɨk̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ȡiek̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɖik̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/ȡiək̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/ȡĭək̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ȡʱi̯ək̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		zhí
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		zik6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 直
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zhí
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ drik ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*N-t<r>ək/
    English straight

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 直
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 17269
    Phonetic
    component         		直
    Rime
    group         		職
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		直
    Old
    Chinese         		/*dɯɡ/
    Notes 金文象目測枉材以取直而會意

    Definitions[edit]

    直

    1. straight; linear; undeviating
      直線／直线  ―  zhíxiàn  ―  straight line
      Antonyms: 彎／弯 (wān), 彎曲／弯曲 (wānqū), (Cantonese) 攣／挛 (luán)
    2. to straighten
    3. vertical; upright; erect
    4. honest; fair
    5. straightforward; forthright; frank
    6. directly; straight
      直去  ―  zhíqù  ―  to go directly to
    7. intentionally; deliberately
    8. † only; just
      Synonym: 只 (zhǐ)
    9. (Chinese calligraphy) vertical stroke in Chinese characters
    10. † Alternative form of 值 (“to be worth”)
    11. constantly
    12. (slang) straight; heterosexual
      直男  ―  zhínán  ―  heterosexual man
      Antonym: 彎／弯 (wān), (Cantonese) 攣／挛 (luán)
    13. (historical) Short for 直隸／直隶 (Zhílì, “Zhili”).
      直系軍閥／直系军阀  ―  Zhí xì jūnfá  ―  the Zhili faction (of the Beiyang warlords)
    14. a surname

    Synonyms[edit]

    Dialectal synonyms of 豎 (“vertical; upright”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 豎
    Mandarin Beijing 豎
    Jinan 豎
    Xi'an 豎, 順, 立
    Wuhan 豎, 直
    Chengdu 豎, 立
    Guiyang 豎, 直
    Yangzhou 豎
    Hefei 豎
    Cantonese Guangzhou 掂, 戙
    Hong Kong 直, 掂, 戙
    Yangjiang 掂, 直
    Gan Nanchang 敦, 直
    Hakka Meixian 直
    Jin Taiyuan 豎
    Min Bei Jian'ou 直
    Min Dong Fuzhou 直, 徛
    Min Nan Xiamen 徛
    Chaozhou 徛, 直
    Wu Suzhou 直, 豎
    Wenzhou 豎
    Xiang Changsha 敦, 直
    Shuangfeng 敦, 直
    Dialectal synonyms of 豎 (“a vertical stroke (㇑)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 豎
    Mandarin Beijing 豎
    Taiwan 豎
    Tianjin 豎兒
    Chengde 豎兒
    Tangshan 豎, 直
    Cangzhou 豎
    Baoding 豎兒
    Shijiazhuang 豎
    Chifeng 豎
    Hulunbuir (Hailar) 豎
    Heihe 豎兒, 直
    Qiqihar 豎兒
    Harbin 豎兒
    Jiamusi 豎兒
    Baicheng 豎
    Changchun 豎兒
    Tonghua 豎兒
    Shenyang 豎
    Dandong 豎
    Jinzhou 豎兒, 豎, 直
    Dalian 豎兒
    Yantai 豎兒
    Qingdao 豎兒
    Lijin 豎
    Zhucheng 豎
    Jinan 豎
    Jining 豎
    Shangqiu 豎
    Yuanyang 直道兒
    Zhengzhou 豎
    Lingbao 豎
    Xinyang 豎, 直
    Baihe 豎, 直
    Hanzhong 豎, 直
    Xi'an 豎, 直
    Baoji 豎
    Yinchuan 豎, 直
    Tianshui 豎
    Lanzhou 豎, 直
    Dunhuang 豎
    Xining 豎, 直
    Hami 豎
    Ürümqi 豎, 直
    Wuhan 豎, 直
    Yichang 豎, 直
    Xiangyang 豎, 直
    Tianmen 豎, 直
    Hong'an 豎
    Chengdu 豎, 直
    Dazhou 豎
    Hanyuan 豎
    Xichang 豎
    Zigong 豎
    Chongqing 筆
    Guiyang 豎, 直
    Zunyi 豎
    Bijie 豎
    Liping 豎
    Zhaotong 直
    Dali 直
    Kunming 豎, 直
    Mengzi 豎
    Guilin 直
    Liuzhou 豎, 直
    Jishou 豎
    Changde 直
    Anqing 直
    Xuzhou 豎兒
    Fuyang 豎, 直
    Wuhu 豎, 直
    Yangzhou 豎, 直
    Lianyungang 豎
    Lianshui 豎
    Nanjing 豎, 直
    Hefei 豎, 直
    Nantong 豎, 直
    Cantonese Guangzhou 戙
    Hong Kong 戙
    Gan Lichuan 直
    Pingxiang 直
    Hakka Yudu 直
    Huizhou Shexian 豎
    Jin Taiyuan 豎
    Yangyuan 豎
    Datong 豎
    Xinzhou 豎
    Lishi 豎
    Linfen 豎
    Changzhi 豎
    Linhe 豎
    Jining 豎, 直
    Hohhot 豎
    Erenhot 豎
    Pingshan 豎
    Zhangjiakou 豎
    Handan 豎, 直
    Linzhou 豎
    Suide 豎, 直
    Min Dong Fuzhou 直
    Fuqing 直, 豎
    Min Nan Xiamen 徛
    Zhangzhou 徛
    Wu Ningbo 直
    Xiang Loudi 直

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    • → Old Turkic: tik (vertical, straight, straightforward)
      • Oghuz: دیك‎
        • Azerbaijani: dik
        • Turkish: dik
        • Turkmen: dik
          • Turkmen: dikan (honest, straight, direct)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    直

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. straight

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    直
    じき
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    Adjective[edit]

    直(じき) • (jiki) ←ぢき (diki)?-na (adnominal 直(じき)な (jiki na), adverbial 直(じき)に (jiki ni))

    1. soon, shortly
    2. nearby, close

    Inflection[edit]

    Inflection of 直
    Stem forms
    Imperfective (未然形) 直だろ じきだろ jiki daro
    Continuative (連用形) 直で じきで jiki de
    Terminal (終止形) 直だ じきだ jiki da
    Attributive (連体形) 直な じきな jiki na
    Hypothetical (仮定形) 直なら じきなら jiki nara
    Imperative (命令形) 直であれ じきであれ jiki de are
    Key constructions
    Informal negative 直ではない
    直じゃない         		じきではない
    じきじゃない         		jiki de wa nai
    jiki ja nai
    Informal past 直だった じきだった jiki datta
    Informal negative past 直ではなかった
    直じゃなかった         		じきではなかった
    じきじゃなかった         		jiki de wa nakatta
    jiki ja nakatta
    Formal 直です じきです jiki desu
    Formal negative 直ではありません
    直じゃありません         		じきではありません
    じきじゃありません         		jiki de wa arimasen
    jiki ja arimasen
    Formal past 直でした じきでした jiki deshita
    Formal negative past 直ではありませんでした
    直じゃありませんでした         		じきではありませんでした
    じきじゃありませんでした         		jiki de wa arimasen deshita
    jiki ja arimasen deshita
    Conjunctive 直で じきで jiki de
    Conditional 直なら（ば） じきなら（ば） jiki nara (ba)
    Provisional 直だったら じきだったら jiki dattara
    Volitional 直だろう じきだろう jiki darō
    Adverbial 直に じきに jiki ni
    Degree 直さ じきさ jikisa

    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    直
    じか
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Sound change from jiki.[1]

    This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

    Prefix[edit]

    直(じか) • (jika-) 

    1. directly
      Synonym: 直接 (chokusetsu)

    Related terms[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 直 – see the following entry.
    【なお】
    [adjective] common, ordinary, straight
    [adverb] normally, usually
    (This term, 直, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    直
    ちょく
    Grade: 2
    kan’on

    Adjective[edit]

    直(ちょく) • (choku) †-tari (adnominal 直(ちょく)とした (choku to shita) or 直(ちょく)たる (choku taru), adverbial 直(ちょく)と (choku to) or 直(ちょく)として (choku to shite))

    1. direct, straight, frank

    Adjective[edit]

    直(ちょく) • (choku) -na (adnominal 直(ちょく)な (choku na), adverbial 直(ちょく)に (choku ni))

    1. sincere, straightforward, proper, frank
    2. simple, not extravagant, not expensive, less formal
      Synonyms: 安直 (anchoku), 手軽 (tegaru), 安価 (anka)

    Verb[edit]

    直(ちょく)する • (choku suru) suru (stem 直(ちょく)し (choku shi), past 直(ちょく)した (choku shita))

    1. to do one's duty, be on duty
    Conjugation[edit]
    Conjugation of "直する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
    Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
    Mizenkei ("imperfective") 直し ちょくし choku shi
    Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 直し ちょくし choku shi
    Shūshikei ("terminal") 直する ちょくする choku suru
    Rentaikei ("attributive") 直する ちょくする choku suru
    Kateikei ("hypothetical") 直すれ ちょくすれ choku sure
    Meireikei ("imperative") 直せよ¹
    直しろ²         		ちょくせよ¹
    ちょくしろ²         		choku seyo¹
    choku shiro²
    Key constructions
    Passive 直される ちょくされる choku sareru
    Causative 直させる
    直さす         		ちょくさせる
    ちょくさす         		choku saseru
    choku sasu
    Potential 直できる ちょくできる choku dekiru
    Volitional 直しよう ちょくしよう choku shiyō
    Negative 直しない ちょくしない choku shinai
    Negative continuative 直せず ちょくせず choku sezu
    Formal 直します ちょくします choku shimasu
    Perfective 直した ちょくした choku shita
    Conjunctive 直して ちょくして choku shite
    Hypothetical conditional 直すれば ちょくすれば choku sureba
    ¹ Written imperative

    ² Spoken imperative

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    直 (eumhun 곧을 직 (godeul jik))

    1. Hanja form? of 직 (“straight”).

    Miyako[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    直

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    直: Hán Nôm readings: trực

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Yaeyama[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    直

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Yonaguni[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    直

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

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