三

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See also: Ξ, ≡, ミ, 叁, 彡, and 丰
三 U+4E09, 三
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E09
← 丈
[U+4E08]		 CJK Unified Ideographs 上 →
[U+4E0A]
Commons:Category
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Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
三-order.gif

Han character[edit]

三 (radical 1 一+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一一一 (MMM), four-corner 10101, composition ⿳一一一)

  1. Shuōwén Jiězì radical №4

Derived glyphs[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 76, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12
  • Dae Jaweon: page 138, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 4, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+4E09

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 三
alt. forms 叄／叁／參／参 financial
弎
𢦘

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 三
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
三-oracle.svg 三-bronze.svg ACC-b00375.svg 三-silk.svg 三-slip.svg 三-ancient.svg 三-seal.svg 三-bigseal.svg
Oracle bone script
ACC-j00545.svg

j00545
ACC-j00546.svg

j00546
ACC-j00547.svg

j00547
ACC-j00548.svg

j00548
ACC-j00549.svg

j00549
ACC-j00550.svg

j00550
ACC-j00551.svg

j00551
ACC-j00552.svg

j00552
ACC-j00553.svg

j00553
ACC-j00554.svg

j00554
Bronze inscriptions
ACC-b00355.svg

b00355
ACC-b00356.svg

b00356
ACC-b00357.svg

b00357
ACC-b00358.svg

b00358
ACC-b00359.svg

b00359
ACC-b00360.svg

b00360
ACC-b00361.svg

b00361
ACC-b00362.svg

b00362
ACC-b00363.svg

b00363
ACC-b00364.svg

b00364
ACC-b00365.svg

b00365
ACC-b00366.svg

b00366
ACC-b00367.svg

b00367
ACC-b00368.svg

b00368
ACC-b00369.svg

b00369
ACC-b00370.svg

b00370
ACC-b00371.svg

b00371
ACC-b00372.svg

b00372
ACC-b00373.svg

b00373
ACC-b00374.svg

b00374
ACC-b00375.svg

b00375
Small seal script
ACC-s00097.svg

s00097
Transcribed ancient scripts
ACC-L12758.svg

L12758
ACC-L12759.svg

L12759
ACC-L12760.svg

L12760
ACC-L12761.svg

L12761
ACC-L12762.svg

L12762
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (三) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
三 *suːm, *suːms
弎 *suːm

Ideogram (指事) - three parallel lines. Compare with 一, one line meaning “one”, 二, two lines meaning “two”, and 亖, four lines meaning “four”.

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-sum.

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • saⁿ - vernacular;
  • sam - literary.
Note:
  • san1 - vernacular;
  • sam1 - literary.
Rime
Character 三
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 談 (143)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 蘇甘切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /sɑm/
Pan
Wuyun		 /sɑm/
Shao
Rongfen		 /sɑm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /sam/
Li
Rong		 /sɑm/
Wang
Li		 /sɑm/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /sɑm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 sān
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 三
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 sān
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ sam ›
Old
Chinese		 /*s.rum/ (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?)
English three

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 三
Reading # 1/2
No. 10963
Phonetic
component		 三
Rime
group		 侵
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 三
Old
Chinese		 /*suːm/

Definitions[edit]

三

  1. three
  2. A surname​.

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (三):
  • Japanese: 三 (さん) (san)
  • Korean: 삼 (三, sam)
  • Vietnamese: tam (三)

Others:

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 三

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Rime
Character 三
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 談 (143)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 蘇暫切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /sɑmH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /sɑmH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /sɑmH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /samH/
Li
Rong		 /sɑmH/
Wang
Li		 /sɑmH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /sɑmH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 sàn
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 三
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 sān
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ samH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*s.r[u]m-s/ (*s.r- > *s-, infl. by 四 *s-?)
English three times

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 三
Reading # 2/2
No. 10965
Phonetic
component		 三
Rime
group		 侵
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 三
Old
Chinese		 /*suːms/

Definitions[edit]

三

  1. † repeatedly; thrice
    三思  ―  sānsī  ―  to think carefully

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 三

See also[edit]

Chinese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 102 103 104 108 1012
Normal
(小写, lower case)		 〇 一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 百 千 萬
万		 億
亿		 兆
万亿
Financial
(大写, upper case)		 零 壹 貳
贰		 參
叁		 肆 伍 陸
陆		 柒 捌 玖 拾 佰 仟 萬
万		 億
亿		 兆
万亿
Playing cards in Chinese · 撲克牌／扑克牌 (pūkèpái) (layout · text)
40 Asso di picche.jpg 41 Due di picche.jpg 42 Tre di picche.jpg 43 Quattro di picche.jpg 44 Cinque di picche.jpg 45 Sei di picche.jpg 46 Sette di picche.jpg
A 二 三 四 五 六 七
47 Otto di picche.jpg 48 Nove di picche.jpg 49 Dieci di picche.jpg 50 J di picche.jpg 51 Q di picche.jpg 52 K di picche.jpg Jolly Nero.jpg
八 九 十 J Q K 小王 (black), 大王 (red)

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

三

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. three

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Alternative forms[edit]

  • (Financial/formal form): 参

Etymology 1[edit]

Japanese cardinal numbers
 <  2 3 4  > 
    Cardinal : 三
Kanji in this term
三
さん
Grade: 1
on’yomi

*/sam/ → /samu/ → /saɴ/

From Middle Chinese 三 (MC sɑm, sɑmH). Compare modern Mandarin 三 (sān).

In Old Japanese, this kanji was used phonetically to transcribe さむ (samu).

Pronunciation[edit]

Numeral[edit]

三 (hiragana さん, rōmaji san)

  1. three, 3
    Synonyms: スリー (surī)
  2. third
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
三
さん
Grade: 1
on’yomi

Borrowing from Chinese 三 (sān), with the pitch accent different from etymology 1. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation[edit]

Numeral[edit]

三 (katakana サン, rōmaji san)

  1. three
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
三
み
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

⟨mi1⟩ → /mi/

From Old Japanese.

Likely an apophonic form of 六 (mu, “six”), compare 四 (yo, “four”) with 八 (ya, “eight”). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation[edit]

Numeral[edit]

三 (hiragana み, rōmaji mi)

  1. three
    一 (ひ)、二 (ふ)、三 (み)、四 (よ)、[...]
    hi, fu, mi, yo, [...]
    (please add an English translation of this example)
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
三
みい
Grade: 1
Irregular

/mi/ → /miː/

Shift from mi above.[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

Numeral[edit]

三 (hiragana みい, rōmaji mī)

  1. (colloquial) three
    一 (ひい)、二 (ふう)、三 (みい)、四 (よお)、五 (いつ)、六 (むう)、七 (なあ)、八 (やあ)、九 (こお)、十 (とお)
    hī, fū, mī, yō, itsu, mū, nā, yā, kō, tō
    (please add an English translation of this example)

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

三 • (sam)

  • Eumhun:
    • Sound (hangeul): 삼 (McCune-Reischauer: sam, Yale: sam)
    • Name (hangeul): 셋 (revised: set, McCune-Reischauer: set, Yale: seys)
  1. three

References[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

三 (tam, tâm)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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