三

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三 U+4E09, 三
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E09
← 丈
[U+4E08]		 CJK Unified Ideographs 上 →
[U+4E0A]
See also: Ξ, ≡, ミ, 叁, 彡, and 丰
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Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
三-order.gif

Han character[edit]

三 (radical 1 一+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一一一 (MMM), four-corner 10101, composition ⿳一一一)

  1. Shuōwén Jiězì radical №4

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 76, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12
  • Dae Jaweon: page 138, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 4, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+4E09

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 三
alt. forms 叄／叁／參／参 financial
弎
𢦘

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 三
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bamboo and silk script Large seal script Small seal script
三-oracle.svg 三-bronze.svg 三-silk.svg 三-bigseal.svg 三-seal.svg
Oracle bone script
ACC-j00545.svg

j00545
ACC-j00546.svg

j00546
ACC-j00547.svg

j00547
ACC-j00548.svg

j00548
ACC-j00549.svg

j00549
ACC-j00550.svg

j00550
ACC-j00551.svg

j00551
ACC-j00552.svg

j00552
ACC-j00553.svg

j00553
ACC-j00554.svg

j00554
Bronze inscriptions
ACC-b00355.svg

b00355
ACC-b00356.svg

b00356
ACC-b00357.svg

b00357
ACC-b00358.svg

b00358
ACC-b00359.svg

b00359
ACC-b00360.svg

b00360
ACC-b00361.svg

b00361
ACC-b00362.svg

b00362
ACC-b00363.svg

b00363
ACC-b00364.svg

b00364
ACC-b00365.svg

b00365
ACC-b00366.svg

b00366
ACC-b00367.svg

b00367
ACC-b00368.svg

b00368
ACC-b00369.svg

b00369
ACC-b00370.svg

b00370
ACC-b00371.svg

b00371
ACC-b00372.svg

b00372
ACC-b00373.svg

b00373
ACC-b00374.svg

b00374
ACC-b00375.svg

b00375
Large seal script
ACC-L12758.svg

L12758
ACC-L12759.svg

L12759
ACC-L12760.svg

L12760
ACC-L12761.svg

L12761
ACC-L12762.svg

L12762
Small seal script
ACC-s00097.svg

s00097
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (large seal) and
  • Xu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (三) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
三 *suːm, *suːms
弎 *suːm

Ideogram (指事) - three parallel lines. Compare with 一, one line meaning “one”, 二, two lines meaning “two”, and 亖, four lines meaning “four”.

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-sum.

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • saⁿ - vernacular;
  • sam - literary.
Note:
  • san1 - vernacular;
  • sam1 - literary.
Rime
Character 三
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 談 (143)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 蘇甘切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /sɑm/
Pan
Wuyun		 /sɑm/
Shao
Rongfen		 /sɑm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /sam/
Li
Rong		 /sɑm/
Wang
Li		 /sɑm/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /sɑm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 sān
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 三
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 sān
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ sam ›
Old
Chinese		 /*s.rum/ (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?)
English three

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 三
Reading # 1/2
No. 10963
Phonetic
component		 三
Rime
group		 侵
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 三
Old
Chinese		 /*suːm/

Definitions[edit]

三

  1. three
  2. A surname​.

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (三):
  • Japanese: 三 (さん) (san)
  • Korean: 삼 (三, sam)
  • Vietnamese: tam (三)

Others:

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 三

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Rime
Character 三
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 談 (143)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 蘇暫切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /sɑmH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /sɑmH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /sɑmH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /samH/
Li
Rong		 /sɑmH/
Wang
Li		 /sɑmH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /sɑmH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 sàn
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 三
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 sān
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ samH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*s.r[u]m-s/ (*s.r- > *s-, infl. by 四 *s-?)
English three times

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 三
Reading # 2/2
No. 10965
Phonetic
component		 三
Rime
group		 侵
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 三
Old
Chinese		 /*suːms/

Definitions[edit]

三

  1. † repeatedly; thrice
    三思  ―  sānsī  ―  to think carefully

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 三

See also[edit]

Chinese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 102 103 104 108 1012
Cardinal 〇 一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 百 千 萬
万		 億
亿		 兆
Financial 零 壹 貳
贰		 參
叁		 肆 伍 陸
陆		 柒 捌 玖 拾 佰 仟 萬
万		 億
亿		 兆
Playing cards in Chinese · 撲克牌／扑克牌 (pūkèpái) (layout · text)
40 Asso di picche.jpg 41 Due di picche.jpg 42 Tre di picche.jpg 43 Quattro di picche.jpg 44 Cinque di picche.jpg 45 Sei di picche.jpg 46 Sette di picche.jpg
A 二 三 四 五 六 七
47 Otto di picche.jpg 48 Nove di picche.jpg 49 Dieci di picche.jpg 50 J di picche.jpg 51 Q di picche.jpg 52 K di picche.jpg Jolly Nero.jpg
八 九 十 J Q K 小王 (black), 大王 (red)

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

三

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Alternative forms[edit]

  • (Japanese financial/formal form): 参

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Related terms[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

三 (hiragana さん, rōmaji san)

  1. three

Numeral[edit]

Japanese cardinal numbers
 <  2 3 4  > 
    Cardinal : 三

三 (さん, san)

  1. three, 3

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

/mi1/: [mi].

Noun[edit]

三 (hiragana み, rōmaji mi)

  1. three

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

三 • (sam)

  • Eumhun:
    • Sound (hangeul): 삼 (McCune-Reischauer: sam, Yale: sam)
    • Name (hangeul): 셋 (revised: set, McCune-Reischauer: set, Yale: seys)
  1. three

References[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

三 (tam, tâm)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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