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陸

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 陆 and 六
陸 U+9678, 陸
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9678
← 陷
[U+9677] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 陹 →
[U+9679]
陸 U+F9D3, 陸
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9D3
← 戮
[U+F9D2] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 倫 →
[U+F9D4]

Translingual

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Han character

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陸 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+8, 11 strokes, Cangjie input 弓中土金土 (NLGCG), four-corner 74214, composition ⿰阝坴)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1355, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41708
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1858, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4134, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+9678

Chinese

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trad. 陸
simp. 陆
alternative forms
𤱒
𡽷
𨽐
𨽰
𨽫
𤱒
𡽷
𨽐
𨽰
𨽫
𨽱
𠃈
 
Chinese Wikipedia has an article on:
陸 / 陆
Wikipedia zh

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (坴) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
睦 *mluɡ
坴 *m·ruɡ
陸 *m·ruɡ
稑 *ruɡ
鵱 *ruɡ
鯥 *ruɡ
淕 *ruɡ
踛 *ruɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *m·ruɡ): semantic 阝 + phonetic 坴 (OC *m·ruɡ).

Etymology 1

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Perhaps related to Proto-Wa (*[ʔ]rok, "dry land") (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • lah7 - vernacular;
  • loeh7/lyoeh7 - literary.
Note:
  • lêg8 - vernacular;
  • log8 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 陸
Mandarin Beijing /lu⁵¹/
Harbin /lu⁵³/
Tianjin /lu⁵³/
Jinan /lu²¹/
Qingdao /lu⁴²/
Zhengzhou /lu²⁴/
Xi'an /lu²¹/
Xining /lv̩⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /lu¹³/
Lanzhou /lu¹³/
Ürümqi /lu²¹³/
Wuhan /nəu²¹³/
Chengdu /nu³¹/
Guiyang /nu²¹/
Kunming /lu³¹/
Nanjing /luʔ⁵/
Hefei /luəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /luəʔ²/
Pingyao /luʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /luəʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /loʔ¹/
Suzhou /loʔ³/
Hangzhou /loʔ²/
Wenzhou /lɤu²¹³/
Hui Shexian /lo²²/
Tunxi /ləu¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ləu²⁴/
Xiangtan /nəɯ²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /luʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /liuk̚⁵/
Taoyuan /liuk̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /lok̚²/
Nanning /luk̚²²/
Hong Kong /luk̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /liɔk̚⁵/
/lak̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /løyʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ly⁴²/
Shantou (Teochew) /lek̚⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /lok̚⁵/ ～地
/lok̚³/ ～續
Rime
Character 陸
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 屋 (4)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 力竹切
Baxter ljuwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lɨuk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/liuk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/liuk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/luwk̚/
Li
Rong 		/liuk̚/
Wang
Li 		/lĭuk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/li̯uk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		luk6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 陸
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lù
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ljuwk ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[r]uk/
English land (as opposed to water)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 陸
Reading # 1/1
No. 8533
Phonetic
component 		坴
Rime
group 		覺
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		六
Old
Chinese 		/*m·ruɡ/

Definitions

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陸

  1. land; continent; mainland
    登陸／登陆  ―  dēnglù  ―  to land; to go ashore
    陸路／陆路  ―  lùlù  ―  land route
  2. land route; surface transport
  3. short for 中國大陸／中国大陆 (Zhōngguó dàlù, “mainland China”)
    陸本／陆本  ―  lùběn  ―  Mainland China undergraduate degree
    陸生／陆生  ―  lùshēng  ―  student from mainland China studying in Taiwan
  4. short for 陸軍／陆军 (lùjūn, “army”)
  5. a surname, Lu
    陸游／陆游  ―  Lù Yóu  ―  Lu You (Southern Song dynasty poet)
Synonyms
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  • (land route):
Antonyms
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Compounds

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Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Note:
  • la̍k - vernacular;
  • lio̍k - literary.

Definitions

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陸

  1. (financial) alternative form of 六 (“six”)

See also

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Chinese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 102 103 104 106 108 1012
Normal
(小寫 / 小写) 		〇, 零, 空 一, 蜀 二, 兩 / 两 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 百 千 萬 / 万,
十千 (Malaysia, Singapore) 		百萬 / 百万,
桶(Philippines),
面桶 (Philippines) 		億 / 亿 兆 (Taiwan)
萬億 / 万亿 (Mainland China)
Financial
(大寫 / 大写) 		零 壹 貳 / 贰 參 / 叁 肆 伍 陸 / 陆 柒 捌 玖 拾 佰 仟

In Min Nan numbers, the vernacular (白) pronunciation is the more common pronunciation, while the literary (文) reading is used for reading numbers out loud, such as in phone numbers. Please note that this usage is similar to the usage of the variant 幺 for the numeral 一 in Mandarin.

Etymology 3

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Pronunciation

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Definitions

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陸

  1. (Hokkien) alternative form of 碌 (le̍k, “tired; to become tired (from something)”)
    陸路／陆路  ―  le̍k-lō͘  ―  to become tired after travelling
    陸腸陸肚／陆肠陆肚  ―  le̍k-tn̂g-le̍k-tō͘  ―  to work very hard
    無陸水錢／无陆水钱  ―  bô-le̍k-súi-chîⁿ  ―  quick money; money earned without effort

Japanese

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Kanji

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陸

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. land
  2. (financial, archaic) six

Readings

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  • Go-on: ろく (roku)
  • Kan-on: りく (riku, Jōyō)
  • Kun: おか (oka, 陸)←をか (woka, 陸, historical)、くが (kuga, 陸)
  • Nanori: たち (tachi)、みち (michi)、む (mu)、むつ (mutsu)

Synonyms

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
陸
ろく
Grade: 4
goon
Alternative spelling
碌

Originally referred to "flat" in reference to flat land, in turn the core meaning of the kanji character.[1][2]

The alternative 碌 spelling is an example of ateji.[1][2][3][4]

First attested in the 羅葡日辞書 (Ra-Ho-Nichi Jisho, “Latin-Portuguese-Japanese Dictionary”) of 1595.[1]

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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陸(ろく) • (roku) -na (adnominal 陸(ろく)な (roku na), adverbial 陸(ろく)に (roku ni))

  1. [from 1595] flat, not steep
    • 1603, 日葡辞書 [Nippo Jisho, Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary]‎[6], page 212:
      Rocuna michi.
      Rocuna michi.
      Flat road.
  2. [from roughly 1600] straightforward, uncomplicated, straight, correct
  3. [from roughly 1600] (chiefly in the negative) correct, right, complete, sufficient, satisfactory, proper
    ろくでもない人(じん)物(ぶつ)、ろくに休(やす)みも取(と)れない
    roku de mo nai jinbutsu, roku ni yasumi mo torenai
    a person who isn't right, a good-for-nothing / can't even fully take a break
  4. [from late 1600s] peaceful, tranquil, serene (said of one's surroundings)
  5. [from 1700] even-tempered, easygoing, relaxed
Inflection
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Inflection of 陸
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 陸だろ ろくだろ roku daro
Continuative (連用形) 陸で ろくで roku de
Terminal (終止形) 陸だ ろくだ roku da
Attributive (連体形) 陸な ろくな roku na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 陸なら ろくなら roku nara
Imperative (命令形) 陸であれ ろくであれ roku de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 陸ではない
陸じゃない 		ろくではない
ろくじゃない 		roku de wa nai
roku ja nai
Informal past 陸だった ろくだった roku datta
Informal negative past 陸ではなかった
陸じゃなかった 		ろくではなかった
ろくじゃなかった 		roku de wa nakatta
roku ja nakatta
Formal 陸です ろくです roku desu
Formal negative 陸ではありません
陸じゃありません 		ろくではありません
ろくじゃありません 		roku de wa arimasen
roku ja arimasen
Formal past 陸でした ろくでした roku deshita
Formal negative past 陸ではありませんでした
陸じゃありませんでした 		ろくではありませんでした
ろくじゃありませんでした 		roku de wa arimasen deshita
roku ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 陸で ろくで roku de
Conditional 陸なら（ば） ろくなら（ば） roku nara (ba)
Provisional 陸だったら ろくだったら roku dattara
Volitional 陸だろう ろくだろう roku darō
Adverbial 陸に ろくに roku ni
Degree 陸さ ろくさ rokusa
Classical conjugation of "陸なり" (ナリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 陸なら ろくなら rokunara
Continuative (連用形) 陸に[1]
陸なり[2]		 ろくに
ろくなり		 rokuni
rokunari
Terminal (終止形) 陸なり ろくなり rokunari
Attributive (連体形) 陸なる ろくなる rokunaru
Realis (已然形) 陸なれ ろくなれ rokunare
Imperative (命令形) 陸なれ ろくなれ rokunare
Key constructions
Negative 陸ならず ろくならず rokunarazu
Contrasting conjunction 陸なれど ろくなれど rokunaredo
Causal conjunction 陸なれば ろくなれば rokunareba
Conditional conjunction 陸ならば ろくならば rokunaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 陸なりき ろくなりき rokunariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 陸なりけり ろくなりけり rokunarikeri
Adverbial 陸に ろくに rokuni

[1]Without auxiliary verb.
[2]With auxiliary verb.

Noun

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陸(ろく) • (roku) 

  1. [from 1595] flatness
  2. [from roughly 1600] straightforwardness, uncomplicatedness, straightness, correctness
  3. [from roughly 1600] (mostly used in negative expressions) correctness, rightness, completeness, sufficientness, satisfactoriness, properness
  4. [from late 1600s] peacefulness, tranquility, serenity (said of one's surroundings)
  5. [from 1700] an even temper, easygoingness, relaxedness

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
陸
ろく
Grade: 4
goon
Alternative spelling
六 (non-legal)

Substitute spelling for 六 (roku, “six”),[6][2] likely borrowed from similar usage of written Chinese 陸 / 陆 (“six”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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陸(ろく) • (roku) 

  1. (financial, archaic) the number six, 6 (used only in legal documents, otherwise 六)
Usage notes
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Legal uses arose due to the relative ease with which certain number kanji can be fraudulently altered to look like other number kanji. For instance, 一 (ichi, “one”) could be modified to look like 六 (roku, “six”), but it cannot be modified to look like 陸 (roku, “six”, in legal contexts).

See also
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  • 大字 (daiji, “big character”, more-complicated kanji used as phonetic replacements for simpler numeric kanji, in order to prevent fraudulent modification)
v • d • e
Japanese numbers
NumberKanjiKanaRomaji
0零れい、ゼロrei, zero
1一、壱、弌、壹いちichi
2二、弐、貳、貮にni
3三、参、參さんsan
4四、肆よん、しyon, shi
5五、伍ごgo
6六、陸ろくroku
7七、漆なな、しちnana, shichi
8八、捌はちhachi
9九、玖きゅう、くkyū, ku
10十、拾じゅうjū
100百、陌、佰ひゃくhyaku
1,000千、阡、仟せんsen
10,000一万、万、一萬、萬いちまん、まんichiman, man
100,000,000一億、億いちおく、おくichioku, oku

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
陸
りく
Grade: 4
kan'on

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 陸 (MC ljuwk). First attested in Japanese as a standalone noun in a text from the mid-1400s.[7]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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陸(りく) • (riku) 

  1. [from mid-1400s] land (as opposed to sea or other bodies of water)
    Synonyms: 陸地 (rikuchi), おか (oka), くにが (kuniga), くぬが (kunuga), くが (kuga)

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
陸
おか
Grade: 4
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 陸 – see the following entry.
【おか】
[noun] [from 1310] land, ground (as opposed to the sea or other bodies of water)
[noun] [from 1708] the bathing area next to an お風呂 (ofuro, “traditional Japanese soaking tub”), often raised relative to the tub basin
[noun] [from 1873] the raised portion of a 硯 (suzuri, “inkstone”) where one grinds the stick of India ink (as opposed to the 池 (ike, literally “pond”) or 海 (umi, literally “sea”), the small depressed basin area where one pours in the water)
[interjection] (Internet slang) short for おかえり (okaeri): welcome back, welcome home
Alternative spelling
岡
(This term, 陸, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 5

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Kanji in this term
陸
くが
Grade: 4
kun'yomi

*⟨kuniga⟩ → *⟨kunuga⟩ → /kunuɡa/ → */kunɡa/ → /kuɡa/

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1]

Shift from Old Japanese 陸 (kunuga),[1][3] also attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE,[1] itself a shift from *kuniga, a compound of 国 (kuni, “country, land”) +‎ 処 (-ka, suffix indicating place).[1][3][2] The ka changes to ga as an instance of rendaku (連濁). The shift to kunuga may have been by analogy to 国内(くぬち) (kunuchi),[8] whose pronunciation is explainable by regular Old Japanese vowel elision processes.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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陸(くが) • (kuga) 

  1. [from 720] the land, the land portion of an area, as opposed to seas, rivers, lakes, swamps, etc.
  2. [mid-1700s–???] (archaic, possibly obsolete) an overland route, as opposed to an oversea route
    Synonym: 陸路 (rikuro)

Proper noun

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陸(くが) • (Kuga) 

  1. a surname

Etymology 6

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Kanji in this term
陸
くぬが
Grade: 4
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 陸 – see the following entry: くぬが

(The following entry does not have a page created for it yet: くぬが.)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 “陸・碌”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 “陸”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  6. ^ “六・陸”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[3] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  7. ^ “陸”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[4] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  8. ^ “陸”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[5] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

Korean

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Chinese 陸 (MC ljuwk).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 륙〮 (Yale: lyúk)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[8] 두듥〮 (Yale: twùtúlk) 륙〮 (Yale: lyúk)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

陸 (eumhun 뭍 륙 (mut ryuk), word-initial (South Korea) 뭍 육 (mut yuk))

  1. hanja form? of 륙/육 (“(dry) land”) [affix]

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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Hanja

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陸 (eumhun 여섯 륙 (yeoseot ryuk), word-initial (South Korea) 여섯 육 (yeoseot yuk))

  1. (financial) alternative form of 六 (“hanja form? of 륙/육 (“six”)”)

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [9]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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陸: Hán Nôm readings: lục

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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