九

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See also: 玖, 丸, and 力
九 U+4E5D, 九
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E5D
← 乜
[U+4E5C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 乞 →
[U+4E5E]
Commons:Category
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Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
2 strokes
Stroke order
九-order.gif

Han character[edit]

九 (radical 5, 乙+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 大弓 (KN), four-corner 40017, composition ⿻丿㇈)

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 83, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 167
  • Dae Jaweon: page 168, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 48, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4E5D

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 九
alternative forms 玖 financial
𠔀
𢌬
𣲄
The number nine in Chinese number gestures

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 九
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
九-oracle.svg 九-bronze.svg 九-silk.svg 九-seal.svg 九-bigseal.svg
Oracle bone script
ACC-j29822.svg

j29822

ACC-j29823.svg

j29823

ACC-j29824.svg

j29824

ACC-j29825.svg

j29825

ACC-j29826.svg

j29826

ACC-j29827.svg

j29827

ACC-j29828.svg

j29828

ACC-j29829.svg

j29829

ACC-j29830.svg

j29830

ACC-j29831.svg

j29831

ACC-j29832.svg

j29832

ACC-j29833.svg

j29833

ACC-j29834.svg

j29834

ACC-j29835.svg

j29835

ACC-j29836.svg

j29836

ACC-j29837.svg

j29837

ACC-j29838.svg

j29838

ACC-j29839.svg

j29839

ACC-j29840.svg

j29840

ACC-j29841.svg

j29841

ACC-j29842.svg

j29842

ACC-j29843.svg

j29843

ACC-j29844.svg

j29844

ACC-j29845.svg

j29845

ACC-j29846.svg

j29846

ACC-j29847.svg

j29847

ACC-j29848.svg

j29848

ACC-j29849.svg

j29849

ACC-j29850.svg

j29850

ACC-j29851.svg

j29851

Bronze inscriptions
ACC-b19923.svg

b19923

ACC-b19924.svg

b19924

ACC-b19925.svg

b19925

ACC-b19926.svg

b19926

ACC-b19927.svg

b19927

ACC-b19928.svg

b19928

ACC-b19929.svg

b19929

ACC-b19930.svg

b19930

ACC-b19931.svg

b19931

ACC-b19932.svg

b19932

ACC-b19933.svg

b19933

ACC-b19934.svg

b19934

ACC-b19935.svg

b19935

ACC-b19936.svg

b19936

ACC-b19937.svg

b19937

ACC-b19938.svg

b19938

ACC-b19939.svg

b19939

ACC-b19940.svg

b19940

ACC-b19941.svg

b19941

ACC-b19942.svg

b19942

ACC-b19943.svg

b19943

ACC-b19944.svg

b19944

ACC-b19945.svg

b19945

ACC-b19946.svg

b19946

ACC-b19947.svg

b19947

ACC-b19948.svg

b19948

ACC-b19949.svg

b19949

ACC-b19950.svg

b19950

ACC-b19951.svg

b19951

ACC-b19952.svg

b19952

ACC-b19953.svg

b19953

ACC-b19954.svg

b19954

ACC-b19955.svg

b19955

ACC-b19956.svg

b19956

ACC-b19957.svg

b19957

Small seal script
ACC-s10923.svg

s10923

Transcribed ancient scripts
ACC-L35389.svg

L35389

ACC-L35390.svg

L35390

ACC-L35391.svg

L35391

ACC-L35392.svg

L35392

ACC-L35393.svg

L35393

ACC-L18222.svg

L18222

ACC-L18223.svg

L18223

ACC-L18224.svg

L18224

ACC-L18225.svg

L18225

ACC-L18226.svg

L18226

ACC-L18227.svg

L18227

ACC-L18228.svg

L18228

ACC-L18229.svg

L18229

ACC-L18230.svg

L18230

ACC-L18231.svg

L18231

ACC-L18232.svg

L18232

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (九) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
尻 *kʰuː
訄 *kʰuː, *kʰu, *ɡu
艽 *krɯːw, *qʰrɯːw, *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
虓 *qʰruː
鳩 *ku
勼 *ku
九 *kuʔ
究 *kus
仇 *ɡu
鼽 *ɡu
犰 *ɡu
叴 *ɡu
厹 *ɡu
頄 *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
朹 *ɡu, *kʷrɯwʔ
馗 *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
扏 *ɡu
訅 *ɡu
釚 *ɡu
肍 *ɡu
軌 *kʷrɯwʔ
宄 *kʷrɯwʔ
氿 *kʷrɯwʔ
匭 *kʷrɯwʔ
泦 *kuɡ
旭 *qʰʷoɡ

Pictogram (象形) – a stylized hand, with bent wrist/forearm (hence the hook stroke at lower right). Earlier forms resemble 手, 寸. The original meaning of the glyph was “elbow”, which is now written 肘 (OC *tkuʔ).

After the meaning “elbow” was forgotten, 九 was taken to symbolize a fist tightening to bump up against something; thus, there is a metaphorical bumping up of nine against ten, which is the last number when counting on one's fingers.

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d/s-kəw. Compare Tibetan དགུ (dgu).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • gāu - vernacular;
  • giū - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • káu - vernacular;
    • kiú - literary.
    Note:
    • gao2 - vernacular;
    • giu2 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 九
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 尤 (136)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 舉有切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kɨuX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kiuX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kiəuX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kuwX/
    Li
    Rong         		/kiuX/
    Wang
    Li         		/kĭəuX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ki̯ə̯uX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jiǔ
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gau2
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 九
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		jiǔ
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kjuwX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[k]uʔ/
    English nine

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 九
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 6941
    Phonetic
    component         		九
    Rime
    group         		幽
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		久
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kuʔ/

    Definitions[edit]

    九

    1. nine
    2. (figuratively) many
    3. (weather) each of the nine nine-day periods from the winter solstice
      • 一九二九不出手，三九四九冰上走。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
        From: “The Nine Nine-Day Periods Song”, a folk song
        Yī jiǔ èr jiǔ bù chū shǒu, sān jiǔ sì jiǔ bīng shàng zǒu. [Pinyin]
        In the first and the second nine-day period, one should not take out one's hand; / In the third and the fourth nine-day period, the ice is thick enough to stand.
    4. (Cantonese, euphemistic) Synonym of 㞗 (gau1, “penis”).
    See also[edit]
    Chinese numbers
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 102 103 104 108 1012
    Normal
    (小寫／小写)     		〇 一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 百 千 萬／万 億／亿 兆 (Taiwan)
    萬億／万亿 (Mainland China)
    Financial
    (大寫／大写)     		零 壹 貳／贰 參／叁 肆 伍 陸／陆 柒 捌 玖 拾 佰 仟

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 九

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (九):
    • → Japanese: 九(く) (ku); 九(きゅう) (kyū)
    • → Korean: 구 (九, gu)
    • → Vietnamese: cửu (九)

    Others:

    Etymology 2[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 九 – see 鳩 (“to gather; to assemble”).
    (This character, 九, is an obsolete form of 鳩.)

    Japanese[edit]

    Japanese cardinal numbers
     <  8 9 10  > 
        Cardinal : 九

    Kanji[edit]

    九

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. nine

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    九
    く
    Grade: 1
    goon
    Alternative spelling
    玖

    From Early Middle Chinese 九 (MC kɨuX). The goon, the initial reading when first borrowed into Japanese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Number[edit]

    九(く) • (ku) 

    1. nine
    2. ninth

    Noun[edit]

    九(く) • (ku) 

    1. nine
    2. the ninth

    Coordinate terms[edit]

    Japanese numbers
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    Regular 零(れい) (rei)
    零(ゼロ) (zero)     		一(いち) (ichi) 二(に) (ni) 三(さん) (san) 四(よん) (yon)
    四(し) (shi)     		五(ご) (go) 六(ろく) (roku) 七(なな) (nana)
    七(しち) (shichi)     		八(はち) (hachi) 九(きゅう) (kyū)
    九(く) (ku)     		十(じゅう) (jū)
    Formal 壱(いち) (ichi) 弐(に) (ni) 参(さん) (san) 拾(じゅう) (jū)
    90 100 300 600 800 1,000 3,000 8,000 10,000 100,000,000
    Regular 九(きゅう)十(じゅう) (kyūjū) 百(ひゃく) (hyaku)
    一(いっ)百(ぴゃく) (ippyaku)     		三(さん)百(びゃく) (sanbyaku) 六(ろっ)百(ぴゃく) (roppyaku) 八(はっ)百(ぴゃく) (happyaku) 千(せん) (sen)
    一(いっ)千(せん) (issen)     		三(さん)千(ぜん) (sanzen) 八(はっ)千(せん) (hassen) 一(いち)万(まん) (ichiman) 一(いち)億(おく) (ichioku)
    Formal 一(いち)萬(まん) (ichiman)
    1012 8×1012 1013 1016 6×1016 8×1016 1017 1018
    一(いっ)兆(ちょう) (itchō) 八(はっ)兆(ちょう) (hatchō) 十(じゅっ)兆(ちょう) (jutchō) 一(いっ)京(けい) (ikkei) 六(ろっ)京(けい) (rokkei) 八(はっ)京(けい) (hakkei) 十(じゅっ)京(けい) (jukkei) 百(ひゃっ)京(けい) (hyakkei)

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    九
    きゅう
    Grade: 1
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 九 (MC kɨuX). The kan'on, a later reading. Borrowed after palatalisation occurred in Middle Chinese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • Audio
      		(file)

    Number[edit]

    九(きゅう) • (kyū) ←きう (kiu)?

    1. nine

    Noun[edit]

    九(きゅう) • (kyū) ←きう (kiu)?

    1. nine
    2. 究: an indeterminate large number, a myriad, a great many
    3. (divination) the number of yang, in opposition to 六 (roku, “six”) as the number of yin

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    九
    ここの
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese,[2] from Proto-Japonic *kəkənə.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Number[edit]

    九(ここの) • (kokono) 

    1. nine

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    九
    この
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    /kokono/ → /kono/

    Abbreviation of Old Japanese kokono (“nine”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Number[edit]

    九(この) • (kono) 

    1. nine
      ひい、ふう、みい、…なな、やあ、この、とお
      hī, fū, mī, …nana, yā, kono, tō
      one, two, three, ... seven, eight, nine, ten
    Alternative forms[edit]
    Usage notes[edit]

    Generally only used when counting out loud, as in the example above. In writing, usually found spelled out in hiragana as この to make the reading unambiguous.

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Korean numbers (edit)
    90
     ←  8 9 10  → 
        Native: 아홉 (ahop)
        Sino-Korean: 구 (gu)
        Hanja: 九
        Ordinal: 아홉째 (ahopjjae)
        Number of days: 아흐레 (aheure)

    From Middle Chinese 九 (MC kɨuX).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    九 (eumhun 아홉 구 (ahop gu))

    1. Hanja form? of 구 (“nine”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Related to Middle Chinese 糾 (MC kiɪuX).

    Hanja[edit]

    九 (eumhun 모을 규 (mo-eul gyu))

    1. (archaic) Hanja form? of 규 (“to gather; to collect”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    九: Hán Việt readings: cửu[1][2]
    九: Nôm readings: cửu[1][3][4]

    1. Hán tự form of cửu (“nine”).

    Derived terms[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    2. ^ Trần (2004).
    3. ^ Bonet (1899).
    4. ^ Génibrel (1898).

    Zhuang[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    九

    1. Sawndip form of gyaeuj (“head; headhair”)
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=九&oldid=62307858"