九

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九 U+4E5D, 九
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E5D
← 乜
[U+4E5C]		 CJK Unified Ideographs 乞 →
[U+4E5E]
See also: 玖, 丸, and 力
Commons:Category
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Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
2 strokes
Stroke order
九-order.gif

Han character[edit]

九 (radical 5 乙+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 大弓 (KN), four-corner 40017, composition ⿻丿乙)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 83, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 167
  • Dae Jaweon: page 168, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 48, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4E5D

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 九
alt. forms 玖 financial
𠔀
𢌬
𣲄

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 九
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bamboo and silk script Large seal script Small seal script
九-oracle.svg 九-bronze.svg 九-silk.svg 九-bigseal.svg 九-seal.svg
Oracle bone script
ACC-j29822.svg

j29822
ACC-j29823.svg

j29823
ACC-j29824.svg

j29824
ACC-j29825.svg

j29825
ACC-j29826.svg

j29826
ACC-j29827.svg

j29827
ACC-j29828.svg

j29828
ACC-j29829.svg

j29829
ACC-j29830.svg

j29830
ACC-j29831.svg

j29831
ACC-j29832.svg

j29832
ACC-j29833.svg

j29833
ACC-j29834.svg

j29834
ACC-j29835.svg

j29835
ACC-j29836.svg

j29836
ACC-j29837.svg

j29837
ACC-j29838.svg

j29838
ACC-j29839.svg

j29839
ACC-j29840.svg

j29840
ACC-j29841.svg

j29841
ACC-j29842.svg

j29842
ACC-j29843.svg

j29843
ACC-j29844.svg

j29844
ACC-j29845.svg

j29845
ACC-j29846.svg

j29846
ACC-j29847.svg

j29847
ACC-j29848.svg

j29848
ACC-j29849.svg

j29849
ACC-j29850.svg

j29850
ACC-j29851.svg

j29851
Bronze inscriptions
ACC-b19923.svg

b19923
ACC-b19924.svg

b19924
ACC-b19925.svg

b19925
ACC-b19926.svg

b19926
ACC-b19927.svg

b19927
ACC-b19928.svg

b19928
ACC-b19929.svg

b19929
ACC-b19930.svg

b19930
ACC-b19931.svg

b19931
ACC-b19932.svg

b19932
ACC-b19933.svg

b19933
ACC-b19934.svg

b19934
ACC-b19935.svg

b19935
ACC-b19936.svg

b19936
ACC-b19937.svg

b19937
ACC-b19938.svg

b19938
ACC-b19939.svg

b19939
ACC-b19940.svg

b19940
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b19941
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b19942
ACC-b19943.svg

b19943
ACC-b19944.svg

b19944
ACC-b19945.svg

b19945
ACC-b19946.svg

b19946
ACC-b19947.svg

b19947
ACC-b19948.svg

b19948
ACC-b19949.svg

b19949
ACC-b19950.svg

b19950
ACC-b19951.svg

b19951
ACC-b19952.svg

b19952
ACC-b19953.svg

b19953
ACC-b19954.svg

b19954
ACC-b19955.svg

b19955
ACC-b19956.svg

b19956
ACC-b19957.svg

b19957
Large seal script
ACC-L35389.svg

L35389
ACC-L35390.svg

L35390
ACC-L35391.svg

L35391
ACC-L35392.svg

L35392
ACC-L35393.svg

L35393
ACC-L18222.svg

L18222
ACC-L18223.svg

L18223
ACC-L18224.svg

L18224
ACC-L18225.svg

L18225
ACC-L18226.svg

L18226
ACC-L18227.svg

L18227
ACC-L18228.svg

L18228
ACC-L18229.svg

L18229
ACC-L18230.svg

L18230
ACC-L18231.svg

L18231
ACC-L18232.svg

L18232
Small seal script
ACC-s10923.svg

s10923
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (large seal) and
  • Xu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (九) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
尻 *kʰuː
訄 *kʰuː, *kʰu, *ɡu
艽 *krɯːw, *qʰrɯːw, *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
虓 *qʰruː
鳩 *ku
勼 *ku
九 *kuʔ
究 *kus
仇 *ɡu
鼽 *ɡu
犰 *ɡu
叴 *ɡu
厹 *ɡu
頄 *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
朹 *ɡu, *kʷrɯwʔ
馗 *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
扏 *ɡu
訅 *ɡu
釚 *ɡu
肍 *ɡu
軌 *kʷrɯwʔ
宄 *kʷrɯwʔ
氿 *kʷrɯwʔ
匭 *kʷrɯwʔ
泦 *kuɡ
旭 *qʰʷoɡ

Pictogram (象形) – a stylized hand, with bent wrist/forearm (hence the hook stroke at lower right). Earlier forms resemble 手, 寸. The original meaning of the glyph was “elbow”, which is now written 肘 (OC *tkuʔ).

After the meaning “elbow” was forgotten, 九 was taken to symbolize a fist tightening to bump up against something; thus, there is a metaphorical bumping up of nine against ten, which is the the last number when counting on one's fingers.

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d/s-kəw. Compare Tibetan དགུ (dgu).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • gāu - vernacular;
  • giū - literary.
Note:
  • káu - vernacular;
  • kiú - literary.
Note:
  • gao2 - vernacular;
  • giu2 - literary.
Rime
Character 九
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 舉有切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kɨuX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kiuX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kiəuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kuwX/
Li
Rong		 /kiuX/
Wang
Li		 /kĭəuX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ki̯ə̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 jiǔ
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 九
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 jiǔ
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ kjuwX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[k]uʔ/
English nine

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 九
Reading # 1/1
No. 6941
Phonetic
component		 九
Rime
group		 幽
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 久
Old
Chinese		 /*kuʔ/

Definitions[edit]

九

  1. nine
  2. (figuratively) many
  3. (weather) each of the nine nine-day periods from the winter solstice

See also[edit]

Chinese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 102 103 104 108 1012
Cardinal 〇 一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 百 千 萬
万		 億
亿		 兆
万亿
Financial 零 壹 貳
贰		 參
叁		 肆 伍 陸
陆		 柒 捌 玖 拾 佰 仟 萬
万		 億
亿		 兆
万亿

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 九

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (九):
  • Japanese: 九 (く) (ku); 九 (きゅう) (kyū)
  • Korean: 구 (九, gu)
  • Vietnamese: cửu (九)

Others:

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

九

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. nine

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Japanese cardinal numbers
 <  8 9 10  > 
    Cardinal : 九

From Early Middle Chinese. Goon, the initial reading when first borrowed into Japanese.

Pronunciation[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Number[edit]

九 (hiragana く, rōmaji ku)

  1. nine
  2. ninth

Noun[edit]

九 (hiragana く, rōmaji ku)

  1. nine
  2. the ninth

Etymology 2[edit]

From Middle Chinese. Kan'on, a later reading. Borrowed after palatalisation occurred in Middle Chinese.

Pronunciation[edit]

Number[edit]

九 (hiragana きゅう, rōmaji kyū, historical hiragana きう)

  1. nine

Noun[edit]

九 (hiragana きゅう, rōmaji kyū, historical hiragana きう)

  1. nine
  2. an indeterminate large number, a myriad, a great many
  3. (divination) the number of yang, in opposition to 六 (roku, “six”) as the number of yin
Alternative forms[edit]
  • (large number): 究

Etymology 3[edit]

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation[edit]

Number[edit]

九 (hiragana ここの, rōmaji kokono)

  1. nine

Etymology 4[edit]

/kokono/ → /kono/

Abbreviation of Old Japanese kokono (“nine”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Number[edit]

九 (hiragana この, rōmaji kono)

  1. nine
    ひい、ふう、みい、…なな、やあ、この、とお
    hī, fū, mī, …nana, yā, kono, tō
    one, two, three, ... seven, eight, nine, ten
Alternative forms[edit]
Usage notes[edit]

Generally only used when counting out loud, as in the example above. In writing, usually found spelled out in hiragana as この to make the reading unambiguous.

References[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

九 • (gu)

  • Eumhun:
    • Sound (hangeul): 구 (revised: gu, McCune-Reischauer: ku, Yale: kwu)
    • Name (hangeul): 아홉 (revised: ahop, McCune-Reischauer: ahop, Yale: ahop)
  1. nine

Compounds[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

九 (cửu)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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