有
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Translingual[edit]
Stroke order | |||
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Stroke order (Japan) | |||
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Han character[edit]
有 (radical 74, 月+2, 6 strokes, cangjie input 大月 (KB), four-corner 40227, composition ⿸𠂇月)
Usage notes[edit]
Despite the technically-correct radical being ⺼ (“meat”) as described in this entry’s glyph origin section, 有 is associated with the radical 月 (“moon”) in dictionaries for historical reasons and is likewise written as if it contained the 月 radical, i.e. it has 二 instead of 冫 inside of 冂.
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 504, character 20
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14332
- Dae Jaweon: page 880, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2041, character 5
- Unihan data for U+6709
Chinese[edit]
simp. and trad. |
有 | |
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alternative forms | 𠂇 𢇔 𪠥 |
Glyph origin[edit]
Historical forms of the character 有 | ||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu Slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Ideogrammic compound (會意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɢʷɯʔ): phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “hand”) + semantic ⺼ (“meat”) – a hand holding meat, hence “in possession of”. The hand shape has been significantly abstracted; compare 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs).
Alternatively, the graph was perhaps originally intended for the word 醢 (OC *qʰɯːʔ, “minced pickled meat”), which also has the 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) element as phonetic.
Shuowen Jiezi and other ancient sources have erroneously analyzed the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɢʷɯʔ): phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) + semantic 月 (“moon”). Shuowen Jiezi defines 有 as "不宜有也" ("[to have something that] not should be had"), citing the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋傳): "日月有食之" ("There are solar and lunar eclipses"). As eclipses were not auspicious to the Chinese, they were "something that should not be happening". The 月 component alludes to the inauspicious lunar eclipse.
Etymology[edit]
Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Compare Tibetan ཡོད (yod, “to be; to have”). Related to:
- 侑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to offer, to sacrifice”) [causative, i.e. “to cause to have”]
- 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”) [adverbial]
- 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ, “some; or”) [indefinite]
Pronunciation 1[edit]
Definitions[edit]
有
- to have; to possess (when a subject is present)
- there is; to exist (when a subject is absent)
- (euphemistic) to be pregnant with a child
- abundant; affluent
- many; much; (of time) long; (of age) old
- some (indefinite pronoun)
- (literary or dialectal) Placed before a verb to emphasize that the action has been done.
- A surname.
- 有子 ― Yǒuzǐ ― Philosopher You
- A meaningless prefix.
- 有夏 ― yǒuxià ― China
- (Hokkien, Teochew) Particle used after a verb to indicate accomplishment or accomplishability of a goal.
Usage notes[edit]
Synonyms[edit]
Antonyms[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Descendants[edit]
Pronunciation 2[edit]
Definitions[edit]
有
- † Alternative form of 又 (yòu, “again”).
- † and; with a remainder of (when dividing an integer by ten)
- 吾十有五而志於學,三十而立。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, circa 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Wú shí yòu wǔ ér zhì yú xué, sānshí ér lì. [Pinyin]
- When I was 10 and 5 years (15 years old), I devoted myself to study. At the age of 30, I established myself (got a job and started a family).
吾十有五而志于学,三十而立。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
References[edit]
- “有”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01842
- “Entry #2449”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan][2] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese[edit]
Stroke order (Japan) | |||
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Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: う (u, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)←いう (iu, historical)
- Kun: ある (aru, 有る, Jōyō); あり (ari, 有り); もつ (motsu, 有つ); たもつ (tamotsu, 有つ)
- Nanori: あ (a); あら (ara); あり (ari); ある (aru); くに (kuni); すみ (sumi); たもつ (tamotsu); とお (tō); とも (tomo); なお (nao); なり (nari); みち (michi); もち (mochi); や (ya); り (ri)
Compounds[edit]
- 有明 (ariake)
Etymology 1[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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有 |
ゆう Grade: 3 |
kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 有 (MC ɦɨuX). The sense “and, with a remainder of” is from Middle Chinese 有 / 又 (MC ɦɨuH).
The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.
Pronunciation[edit]
Affix[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
- 有余 (yūyo)
- 有意 (yūi)
- 有為 (yūi)
- 有職 (yūshoku)
- 有識 (yūshiki)
- 有益 (yūeki)
- 有縁 (yūen)
- 有休 (yūkyū)
- 有窮 (yūkyū)
- 有功 (yūkō)
- 有徳 (yūtoku)
- 有名無実 (yūmeimujitsu)
- 有事 (yūji)
- 有能 (yūnō)
- 有機 (yūki)
- 有識者 (yūshikisha)
- 有終 (yūshū)
- 有情 (yūjō)
- 有色 (yūshoku)
- 有身 (yūshin)
- 有限 (yūgen)
- 有恒 (yūkō)
- 有効 (yūkō)
- 有司 (yūshi)
- 有数 (yūsū)
- 有職故実 (yūsokukojitsu)
- 有望 (yūbō)
- 有名 (yūmei)
- 有徳人 (yūtokujin)
- 有用 (yūyō)
- 有利 (yūri)
- 有理 (yūri)
- 有理数 (yūrisū)
Noun[edit]
- existence
- possession
- (Buddhism) Synonym of 有 (u)
- Short for 有限会社 (yūgengaisha, “limited company”).
Etymology 2[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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有 |
う Grade: 3 |
goon |
From Middle Chinese 有 (MC ɦɨuX).
The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.
Pronunciation[edit]
Affix[edit]
- exist
- (Buddhism) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Derived terms[edit]
Noun[edit]
- (Buddhism) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Etymology 3[edit]
Proper noun[edit]
- A female given name
References[edit]
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
Kunigami[edit]
Kanji[edit]
有
Miyako[edit]
Kanji[edit]
有
Okinawan[edit]
Kanji[edit]
有
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
有: Hán Việt readings: hữu[1][2][3]
有: Nôm readings: hữu[1][3][4][5], hỡi[2][6], hơi[2]
Compounds[edit]
References[edit]
Yaeyama[edit]
Kanji[edit]
有
Yonaguni[edit]
Kanji[edit]
有
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- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading いう
- Japanese kanji with goon reading う
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading あ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading あら
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading あり
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ある
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading くに
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading すみ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading たもつ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading とお
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading とも
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading なお
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading なり
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading みち
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading もち
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading や
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading り
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