有

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See also: 肴, 右, and 🈶
有 U+6709, 有
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709
← 月
[U+6708] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 朊 →
[U+670A]
Emoji u1f236.svg
🈶 U+1F236, 🈶
SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709
← 🈵
[U+1F235] 		Enclosed Ideographic Supplement 🈷 →
[U+1F237]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
有-order.gif
Stroke order (Japan)
6 strokes

Han character[edit]

有 (radical 74, 月+2, 6 strokes, cangjie input 大月 (KB), four-corner 40227, composition ⿸𠂇月)

Usage notes[edit]

Despite the technically-correct radical being ⺼ (“meat”) as described in this entry’s glyph origin section, 有 is associated with the radical 月 (“moon”) in dictionaries for historical reasons and is likewise written as if it contained the 月 radical, i.e. it has 二 instead of 冫 inside of 冂.

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 504, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14332
  • Dae Jaweon: page 880, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2041, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+6709

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 有
alternative forms 𠂇
𢇔
𪠥

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 有
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
有-oracle.svg 有-bronze.svg 有-silk.svg 有-seal.svg 有-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (又) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
絠 *kɯːʔ
醢 *qʰɯːʔ
珛 *qʰʷɯs
栯 *ɢʷɯʔ, *qʷɯ
有 *ɢʷɯʔ
友 *ɢʷɯʔ
右 *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs
宥 *ɢʷɯs
囿 *ɢʷɯs, *ɡʷɯ
侑 *ɢʷɯs
酭 *ɢʷɯs
姷 *ɢʷɯs
又 *ɢʷɯs
佑 *ɢʷɯs
祐 *ɢʷɯs
賄 *qʰʷɯːʔ
蛕 *qʰʷɯːʔ, *ɡʷɯː
烠 *ɡʷɯː
倄 *ɢraːw, *ɢʷɯːʔ
鮪 *ɢʷɯʔ
洧 *ɢʷɯʔ
痏 *ɢʷɯʔ
郁 *qʷɯ
戫 *qʷɯ
哊 *ɡʷɯ

Ideogrammic compound (會意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɢʷɯʔ): phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “hand”) + semantic ⺼ (“meat”) – a hand holding meat, hence “in possession of”. The hand shape has been significantly abstracted; compare 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs).

Alternatively, the graph was perhaps originally intended for the word 醢 (OC *qʰɯːʔ, “minced pickled meat”), which also has the 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) element as phonetic.

Shuowen Jiezi and other ancient sources have erroneously analyzed the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɢʷɯʔ): phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) + semantic 月 (“moon”). Shuowen Jiezi defines 有 as "不宜有也" ("[to have something that] not should be had"), citing the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋傳): "日月有食之" ("There are solar and lunar eclipses"). As eclipses were not auspicious to the Chinese, they were "something that should not be happening". The 月 component alludes to the inauspicious lunar eclipse.

Etymology[edit]

Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Compare Tibetan ཡོད (yod, “to be; to have”). Related to:

  • 侑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to offer, to sacrifice”) [causative, i.e. “to cause to have”]
  • 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”) [adverbial]
  • 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ, “some; or”) [indefinite]

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • ô - vernacular;
  • īu - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • ū/ǔ - vernacular;
    • iú - literary.
    Note: iu2 - prefix.
    Rime
    Character 有
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 云 (35)
    Final (韻) 尤 (136)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 云久切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦɨuX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦiuX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣiəuX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦuwX/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣiuX/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣĭəuX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/i̯ə̯uX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		yǒu
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 有
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		yǒu
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ hjuwX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[ɢ]ʷəʔ/
    English have, exist

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 有
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 15595
    Phonetic
    component         		又
    Rime
    group         		之
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		有
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɢʷɯʔ/

    Definitions[edit]

    有

    1. to have; to possess (when a subject is present)
      我有兩輛車。 / 我有两辆车。  ―  Wǒ yǒu liǎng liàng chē.  ―  I have two cars.
      大象有著長長的鼻子。 [MSC, trad.]
      大象有着长长的鼻子。 [MSC, simp.]
      Dàxiàng yǒuzhe chángcháng de bízi. [Pinyin]
      Elephants have long trunks.
    2. there is; to exist (when a subject is absent)
      有很多人。  ―  Yǒu hěn duō rén.  ―  There are a lot of people.
      這兒有書嗎？ / 这儿有书吗？  ―  Zhèr yǒu shū ma?  ―  Are there any books here?
      這裡有著清新的空氣。 [MSC, trad.]
      这里有着清新的空气。 [MSC, simp.]
      Zhèlǐ yǒuzhe qīngxīn de kōngqì. [Pinyin]
      There is fresh air here.
    3. (euphemistic) to be pregnant with a child
    4. abundant; affluent
    5. many; much; (of time) long; (of age) old
    6. some (indefinite pronoun)
    7. (literary or dialectal) Placed before a verb to emphasize that the action has been done.
      古語有云 / 古语有云 [Classical Chinese]  ―  gǔyǔ yǒu yún [Pinyin]  ―  as the saying goes (literally, “the old saying has said”)
      伊拄才有出來。 [Hokkien, trad.]
      伊拄才有出来。 [Hokkien, simp.]
      I tú-chiah ū chhut-lâi. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      He did come just now.
      我有去過海洋公園。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      我有去过海洋公园。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      ngo5 jau5 heoi3 gwo3 hoi2 joeng4 gung1 jyun4-2. [Jyutping]
      I have been to Ocean Park.
      我有看見過他。 / 我有看见过他。  ―  Wǒ yǒu kànjiàn guò tā.  ―  I have seen him.
    8. A surname​.
      有子  ―  Yǒuzǐ  ―  Philosopher You
    9. A meaningless prefix.
      有夏  ―  yǒuxià  ―  China
    10. (Hokkien, Teochew) Particle used after a verb to indicate accomplishment or accomplishability of a goal.
      聽有 / 听有 [Hokkien]  ―  thiaⁿ ū [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to understand (when listening); to be able to hear
      揣有 [Teochew]  ―  cuê7 u6 [Peng'im]  ―  to be able to find
    Usage notes[edit]
    • In Mandarin, 有 is the only verb not negated with 不 (bù). It is negated with 沒／没 (méi).
    我沒有錢 / 我没有钱  ―  wǒ méiyǒu qián  ―  I don't have any money
    Synonyms[edit]

    Antonyms[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (有):
    • → Japanese: 有(う) (u); 有(ゆう) (yū)
    • → Vietnamese: hữu (有)

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    有

    1. † Alternative form of 又 (yòu, “again”).
    2. † and; with a remainder of (when dividing an integer by ten)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Stroke order
    (Japan)
    有-jorder.gif

    Kanji[edit]

    有

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. have; possess; own
    2. to exist; to bring into existence
    3. keep; maintain
    4. happen; occur

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    有
    ゆう
    Grade: 3
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 有 (MC ɦɨuX). The sense “and, with a remainder of” is from Middle Chinese 有 / 又 (MC ɦɨuH).

    The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Affix[edit]

    有(ゆう) • (yū) ←いう (iu)?

    1. exist
    2. have; possess; own
    3. (between numbers) and; with a remainder of
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Noun[edit]

    有(ゆう) • (yū) ←いう (iu)?

    1. existence
    2. possession
    3. (Buddhism) Synonym of 有 (u)
    4. Short for 有限会社 (yūgengaisha, “limited company”).

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    有
    う
    Grade: 3
    goon

    From Middle Chinese 有 (MC ɦɨuX).

    The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Affix[edit]

    有(う) • (u) 

    1. exist
    2. (Buddhism) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Noun[edit]

    有(う) • (u) 

    1. (Buddhism) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Proper noun[edit]

    有(なお) • (Nao) 

    1. A female given name

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    有 (eumhun 있을 유 (isseul yu))

    1. Hanja form? of 유 (“to possess; to have; to exist”).

    Kunigami[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    有

    Miyako[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    有

    Okinawan[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    有

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    有: Hán Việt readings: hữu[1][2][3]
    有: Nôm readings: hữu[1][3][4][5], hỡi[2][6], hơi[2]

    1. Hán tự form of hữu (“to have; to own”).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Trần (2004).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bonet (1899).
    4. ^ Génibrel (1898).
    5. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
    6. ^ Hồ (1976).

    Yaeyama[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    有

    Yonaguni[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    有

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