長
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Translingual[edit]
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Alternative forms[edit]
- 镸 (when used as a radical)
Han character[edit]
長 (Kangxi radical 168, 長+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 尸一女 (SMV), four-corner 71732, composition ⿱⿺丄三⿰𠄌⿺乀丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿺丄三𠄌⿺乀丿(HT) or ⿱⿰丨三⿸⿱一𠄌⿺乀丿(HT))
- Kangxi radical #168, ⾧.
Derived characters[edit]
- Appendix:Chinese radical/長
- 倀, 𫪛, 㙊, 𪥽, 帳, 張, 悵, 掁, 涱, 𤟔, 𪯹, 棖, 𤊞, 𪺑, 脹, 𭀫, 𤬅, 𤲘, 𥇔, 䂻, 𬔡, 𧛇, 粻, 𦁢, 䗅, 𢐘, 䛫, 賬(𧹔), 䠆, 躼, 𮝙, 𮡙, 鋹, 𬼓, 䩨, 韔, 餦, 𮪉, 𩳤, 𩸕, 𮦳
- 𬪆, 𡘷, 萇, 㷃, 𥮲, 𩭨, 鼚, 𪠍, 痮, 𦹥
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 1328, character 7
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41100
- Dae Jaweon: page 1829, character 11
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4050, character 1
- Unihan data for U+9577
Chinese[edit]
trad. | 長 | |
---|---|---|
simp. | 长 |
Glyph origin[edit]
Historical forms of the character 長 | ||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
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Pictogram (象形) – originally long hair; compare 彡.
Etymology[edit]
Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).
Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin.
See 張 for more.
Pronunciation 1[edit]
Definitions[edit]
長
- long (of distance)
- length
- long (in space); far; distant
- long (of time); lasting
- everlasting; permanent
- constantly; frequently
- See also: 常
- straight; perfectly straight
- upright; right; good; fine
- strength; advantage; merit
- skill; specialism
- to excel in
- A surname.
Compounds[edit]
Descendants[edit]
Pronunciation 2[edit]
Definitions[edit]
長
- to begin to grow; to grow; to develop
- (of a person) to look; to appear (e.g. beautiful)
- (transitive) to increase; to enhance
- (intransitive) to increase; to go up
- See also: 漲
- to nourish
- old (of age)
- senior; elder
- leader; master; chief; head
- eldest; oldest
- to exalt; to honor
- 乃惟四方之多罪逋逃,是崇是長,是信是使,是以為大夫卿士。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Nǎi wéi sìfāng zhī duōzuì būtáo, shì chóng shì zhǎng, shì xìn shì shǐ, shì yǐwéi dàfū qīngshì. [Pinyin]
- They are only the fugitives from all quarters, loaded with crimes, whom he honours and exalts, whom he employs and trusts, making them great officers and high nobles.
乃惟四方之多罪逋逃,是崇是长,是信是使,是以为大夫卿士。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to wield; to be in control of
Synonyms[edit]
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Classical Chinese | 生, 長 | |
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 長 | |
Mandarin | Taiwan | 長 |
Muping | 生 | |
Jinan | 長 | |
Wanrong | 長 | |
Xi'an | 長 | |
Ürümqi | 生 | |
Wuhan | 長 | |
Guilin | 長 | |
Yangzhou | 生 | |
Singapore | 長 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 生 |
Hong Kong | 生 | |
Dongguan | 生 | |
Gan | Lichuan | 長 |
Pingxiang | 生 | |
Hakka | Meixian | 生 |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 生 | |
Pingtung (Neipu, S. Sixian) | 生 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong, Hailu) | 生 | |
Taichung (Dongshi, Dabu) | 生 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin, Raoping) | 生 | |
Jin | Taiyuan | 長 |
Min Dong | Fuzhou | 生 |
Min Nan | Xiamen | 生 |
Quanzhou | 生 | |
Zhangzhou | 生 | |
Taipei | 生 GT | |
Shantou | 生 | |
Jieyang | 生 | |
Leizhou | 生 | |
Haikou | 生 | |
Wu | Suzhou | 長 |
Ningbo | 生 | |
Wenzhou | 生 | |
Jinhua | 生 | |
Xiang | Loudi | 生 |
Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |
Compounds[edit]
Descendants[edit]
Pronunciation 3[edit]
Definitions[edit]
長
Compounds[edit]
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
- long, lengthy
- long time
- growing, increasing
- excellent, great
- comfortable, relaxing
- elder, old, senior
- chief, head, leader
- Short for 長門国 (Nagato no kuni): Nagato Province
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: ちょう (chō, Jōyō); じょう (jō)←ぢやう (dyau, historical)
- Kan-on: ちょう (chō, Jōyō)←ちやう (tyau, historical)
- Kun: ながい (nagai, 長い, Jōyō); おさ (osa, 長)←をさ (wosa, historical); たける (takeru, 長ける); つかさ (tsukasa, 長)
- Nanori: いえ (ie); すすむ (susumu); たけ (take); たけし (takeshi); つね (tsune); ながし (nagashi); のぶ (nobu); ひさ (hisa); ひさし (hisashi); まさ (masa); まさる (masaru); ます (masu); みち (michi)
Compounds[edit]
- 長歌 (chōka)
- 長句 (chōku)
- 長躯 (chōku)
- 長兄 (chōkei)
- 長子 (chōshi)
- 長時間 (chō-jikan)
- 長州 (chōshū)
- 長女 (chōjo)
- 長上 (chōjō)
- 長短 (chōtan)
- 長調 (chōchō)
- 長刀 (chōtō)
- 長男 (chōnan)
- 長髪 (chōhatsu, “long hair”)
- 長夜 (chōya)
- 長老 (chōrō)
- 長銘 (chōmei): (swords) an inscription that includes some personal details about the swordsmith
- 一長一短 (itchō-ittan)
- 院長 (inchō)
- 延長 (enchō)
- 課長 (kachō)
- 会長 (kaichō)
- 学長 (gakuchō)
- 係長 (kakarichō)
- 楽長 (gakuchō)
- 機長 (kichō)
- 組長 (kumichō)
- 薩長 (Satchō)
- 市長 (shichō)
- 社長 (shachō)
- 船長 (senchō)
- 村長 (sonchō)
- 町長 (chōchō)
- 店長 (tenchō)
- 班長 (hanchō)
- 番長 (banchō)
- 部長 (buchō)
- 防長 (Bōchō)
- 霊長 (reichō)
- 長官 (kami)
- 長刀, 薙刀, 眉尖刀 (naginata)
- 長押 (nageshi)
- 長閑 (nodoka)
Etymology 1[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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長 |
ちょう Grade: 2 |
on’yomi |
/tjau/ → /t͡ɕjau/ → /t͡ɕɔː/ → /t͡ɕoː/
From Middle Chinese 長 (MC ʈɨɐŋX) in the sense of “chief, head, leader” and 長 (MC ɖɨɐŋ) (literally meaning “long”) for other senses. The two Middle Chinese readings were distinct but etymologically connected.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- chief, head, leader
- 班長
- han chō
- the group leader
- 班長
- strong point
- 長を伸ばす
- chō o nobasu
- enrich a strong point
- Antonym: 短 (tan)
- 長を伸ばす
- (music) major
- Antonym: 短 (tan)
Proper noun[edit]
- a surname
Etymology 2[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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長 |
おさ Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
/wosa/ → /osa/
From Old Japanese.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Proper noun[edit]
- a place name
- a surname
Etymology 3[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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長 |
なが Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese.
Stem form of classical adjective 長し (nagashi), modern 長い (nagai, “long, lengthy”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Prefix[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Proper noun[edit]
- a surname
Etymology 4[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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長 |
つかさ Grade: 2 |
Irregular |
Alternative spellings |
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官 司 首 |
From Old Japanese.
Probably derived from 就か (tsuka, irrealis form of verb 就く (tsuku), “to take a position”) + さ (-sa, “-ness”, suffix indicating state or degree). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Irregular reading)
Noun[edit]
Proper noun[edit]
- a surname
- a unisex given name
Etymology 5[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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長 |
たき Grade: 2 |
Irregular |
⟨taki1⟩ → */takʲi/ → /taki/
Possibly a variant of take below.[3] Appears in the Ruiju Myōgishō of around 1081-1100 CE.
Pronunciation[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Noun[edit]
Etymology 6[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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長 |
たけ Grade: 2 |
Irregular |
⟨take2⟩ → */takəj/ → /take/
Cognate with 高 (taka, “height”), 高い (takai, “high”), and 長ける (takeru, “to be high”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Noun[edit]
Proper noun[edit]
- a surname.
Etymology 7[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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長 |
たける Grade: 2 |
Irregular |
Nominalization of verb 長ける (takeru, “to excel at”).
Proper noun[edit]
- a surname
- a male or female given name
Etymology 8[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
長 |
ひさし Grade: 2 |
Irregular |
From Old Japanese.
Nominalization of classical adjective 久し (hisashi), modern 久しい (hisashii, “long time”).
Proper noun[edit]
- a surname
- a male or female given name
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- ^ 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
Korean[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Middle Chinese 長 (MC ɖɨɐŋ, “long”).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 땨ᇰ (Yale: ttyàng) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 긴 (Yale: kin) | 댱 (Yale: tyang) |
Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕa̠ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [장]
Hanja[edit]
Compounds[edit]
- 연장 (延長, yeonjang)
- 신장 (身長, sinjang)
- 장고 (長考, janggo)
- 장광설 (長廣舌, janggwangseol)
- 장기 (長期, janggi)
- 장단 (長短, jangdan)
- 장문 (長文, jangmun)
- 장발 (長髮, jangbal)
- 장성 (長城, jangseong)
- 장소 (長所, jangso)
- 장수 (長壽, jangsu)
- 장어 (長魚, jang'eo)
- 장음 (長音, jang'eum)
- 장작 (長斫, jangjak)
- 장점 (長點, jangjeom)
- 장화 (長靴, janghwa)
- 최장 (最長, choejang)
- 파장 (波長, pajang)
Etymology 2[edit]
From Middle Chinese 長 (MC ʈɨɐŋX, “grow; elder”).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 댜ᇰ〯 (Yale: tyǎng) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 길 (Yale: kil) | 댱 (Yale: tyang) |
Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕa̠(ː)ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [장(ː)]
- Though still prescriptive in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja[edit]
- Hanja form? of 장 (“head; chief; manager”). [noun, suffix]
- Hanja form? of 장 (“to grow; to develop”). [affix]
Compounds[edit]
- 성장 (成長, seongjang, “|”)
- 조장 (助長, jojang, “|”)
- 장관 (長官, janggwan, “|”)
- 총장 (總長, chongjang, “|”)
- 회장 (會長, hoejang, “|”)
- 사장 (社長, sajang, “|”)
- 과장 (課長, gwajang, “|”)
- 의장 (議長, uijang, “|”)
- 교장 (校長, gyojang, “|”)
- 시장 (市長, sijang, “|”)
- 실장 (室長, siljang, “|”)
- 부장 (部長, bujang, “|”)
- 장남 (長男, jangnam, “|”)
- 반장 (班長, banjang, “|”)
- 가장 (家長, gajang, “|”)
- 수장 (首長, sujang, “|”)
- 선장 (船長, seonjang, “|”)
- 소장 (所長, sojang, “|”)
- 단장 (團長, danjang, “|”)
- 대장 (隊長, daejang, “|”)
- 계장 (係長, gyejang, “|”)
- 청장 (廳長, cheongjang, “|”)
- 원장 (院長, wonjang, “|”)
- 원장 (園長, wonjang, “|”)
- 장로 (長老, jangno, “|”)
- 서장 (署長, seojang, “|”)
- 학장 (學長, hakjang, “|”)
- 병장 (兵長, byeongjang, “|”)
- 촌장 (村長, chonjang, “|”)
- 기장 (機長, gijang, “|”)
- 함장 (艦長, hamjang, “|”)
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [1]
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
長: Hán Việt readings: trường (
長: Nôm readings: tràng[1][2][4], trường[1][2][4], trưởng[1][2][4], dài[1], chường[2], trành[3], trườn[5]
chữ Hán form of trưởng (“head; leader; to grow”).
Compounds[edit]
- 兄長 (huynh trưởng)
- 副校長 (phó hiệu trưởng)
- 增長 (tăng trưởng)
- 外長 (ngoại trưởng)
- 家長 (gia trưởng)
- 市長 (thị trưởng)
- 族長 (tộc trưởng)
- 會長 (hội trưởng)
- 校長 (hiệu trưởng)
- 生長 (sinh trưởng)
- 省長 (tỉnh trưởng)
- 社長 (xã trưởng)
- 組長 (tổ trưởng)
- 部長 (bộ trưởng)
- 酋長 (tù trưởng)
- 長女 (trưởng nữ)
- 長孫 (trưởng tôn)
- 長成 (trưởng thành)
- 長房 (trưởng phòng)
- 長村 (trưởng thôn)
- 長男 (trưởng nam)
- 長老 (trưởng lão)
- 長者 (trưởng giả)
- 隊長 (đội trưởng)
chữ Hán form of trường (“long (of distance and time)”).
Compounds[edit]
- 所長 (sở trường)
- 長壽 (trường thọ)
- 長度 (trường độ)
- 長征 (trường chinh)
- 長期 (trường kỳ)
- 長江 (Trường Giang)
- 長生 (trường sinh)
References[edit]
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
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- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading ちょう
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading ちやう
- Japanese kanji with goon reading ちょう
- Japanese kanji with goon reading じょう
- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading ぢやう
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading いえ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading すすむ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading たけ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading たけし
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading つね
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ながし
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading のぶ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ひさ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ひさし
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading まさ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading まさる
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ます
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