長

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See also: 长 and 튽
長 U+9577, 長
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9577
← 镶
[U+9576] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 镸 →
[U+9578]
⾧ U+2FA7, ⾧
KANGXI RADICAL LONG
← ⾦
[U+2FA6] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾨ →
[U+2FA8]
⻑ U+2ED1, ⻑
CJK RADICAL LONG ONE
← ⻐
[U+2ED0] 		CJK Radicals Supplement ⻒ →
[U+2ED2]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes
Stroke order

Alternative forms[edit]

  • 镸 (when used as a radical)

Han character[edit]

See images of
Radical 168 長

長 (Kangxi radical 168, 長+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 尸一女 (SMV), four-corner 71732, composition ⿱⿺丄三⿰𠄌⿺乀丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿺丄三𠄌⿺乀丿(HT) or ⿱⿰丨三⿸⿱一𠄌⿺乀丿(HT))

  1. Kangxi radical #168, ⾧.

Derived characters[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1328, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41100
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1829, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4050, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+9577

Chinese[edit]

trad. 長
simp. 长

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 長
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (長) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
張 *taŋ, *taŋs
餦 *taŋ
粻 *taŋ
漲 *taŋ, *taŋʔ, *taŋs
長 *taŋʔ, *daŋ, *daŋs
脹 *taŋs
痮 *taŋs
帳 *taŋs
賬 *taŋs
倀 *tʰaŋ, *rtaːŋs
鼚 *tʰaŋ
鋹 *tʰaŋʔ
悵 *tʰaŋs
韔 *tʰaŋs
萇 *daŋ
瓺 *daŋ, *daŋs
棖 *rdaːŋ
掁 *rdaːŋ

Pictogram (象形) – originally long hair; compare 彡.

Etymology[edit]

Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).

Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin.

See 張 for more.

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • dòng - colloquial;
  • diòng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • tn̂g/tôⁿ - colloquial;
    • tiô/tiôⁿ - colloquial (only used in 長泰／长泰);
    • tiông/tiâng - literary;
    • chhiâng - literary (limited, e.g. 笨長／笨长 and 高長／高长).
    Note:
    • deng5 - colloquial;
    • ciang5 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 長 (長短)
    Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
    Harbin /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
    Tianjin /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
    /t͡sʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
    Jinan /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
    Qingdao /tʃʰaŋ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
    Xi'an /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
    Xining /ʈ͡ʂʰɔ̃²⁴/
    Yinchuan /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵³/
    Lanzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵³/
    Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹/
    Wuhan /t͡sʰaŋ²¹³/
    Chengdu /t͡sʰaŋ³¹/
    Guiyang /t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
    Kunming /ʈ͡ʂʰã̠¹/
    Nanjing /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
    Hefei /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
    Pingyao /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ¹³/
    /t͡suə¹³/
    Hohhot /t͡sʰɑ̃³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /zã²³/
    Suzhou /zã¹³/
    Hangzhou /d͡zɑŋ²¹³/
    Wenzhou /d͡ʑi³¹/
    Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰia⁴⁴/
    Tunxi /t͡ɕiau⁴⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /ʈ͡ʂan¹³/
    Xiangtan /ɖ͡ʐɔn¹²/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰɔŋ²⁴/
    Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/
    Taoyuan /tʃʰoŋ¹¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
    Nanning /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
    Hong Kong /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /tiɔŋ³⁵/
    /tŋ̍³⁵/
    /t͡sʰiaŋ³⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /touŋ⁵³/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /tɔŋ²¹/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /t͡siaŋ⁵⁵/
    /tɯŋ⁵⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /siaŋ³¹/
    /ʔdo³¹/
    Rime
    Character 長
    Reading # 1/3
    Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
    Final (韻) 陽 (105)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 直良切
    Baxter drjang
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɖɨɐŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɖiɐŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ȡiɑŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɖɨaŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/ȡiaŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/ȡĭaŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ȡʱi̯aŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		cháng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		coeng4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 長
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		cháng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ drjang ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*Cə-[N]-traŋ/
    English long (adj.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 長
    Reading # 2/3
    No. 1276
    Phonetic
    component         		長
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		長
    Old
    Chinese         		/*daŋ/

    Definitions[edit]

    長

    1. long (of distance)
      長征／长征  ―  chángzhēng  ―  Long March
    2. length
      全長／全长  ―  quáncháng  ―  full length (of a river)
    3. long (in space); far; distant
    4. long (of time); lasting
    5. everlasting; permanent
    6. constantly; frequently
      See also: 常
    7. straight; perfectly straight
    8. upright; right; good; fine
    9. strength; advantage; merit
    10. skill; specialism
    11. to excel in
    12. a surname

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (長):

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Note:
    • tióng/tiáng - literary;
    • tiúⁿ/tióⁿ/tiáuⁿ - vernacular ("leader");
    • chiáng - colloquial ("to grow", limited).
    Note:
    • ziang2 - "leader", "grow", "senior";
    • dion2 - dialectal usage ("manager of shops").
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 長
    Reading # 2/3
    Initial (聲) 知 (9)
    Final (韻) 陽 (105)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 知丈切
    Baxter trjangX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ʈɨɐŋX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʈiɐŋX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ȶiɑŋX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʈɨaŋX/
    Li
    Rong         		/ȶiaŋX/
    Wang
    Li         		/ȶĭaŋX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ȶi̯aŋX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		zhǎng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		zoeng2
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 長
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zhǎng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ trjangX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*traŋʔ/
    English grow; elder

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 長
    Reading # 1/3
    No. 1263
    Phonetic
    component         		長
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		長
    Old
    Chinese         		/*taŋʔ/

    Definitions[edit]

    長

    1. to begin to grow; to grow; to develop
      長大／长大  ―  zhǎngdà  ―  to grow old
      我家的樹長得很健康。 [MSC, trad.]
      我家的树长得很健康。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ jiā de shù zhǎng dé hěn jiànkāng. [Pinyin]
      The tree in my house is growing healthily.
    2. (of a person) to look; to appear (e.g. beautiful)
    3. (transitive) to increase; to enhance
    4. (intransitive) to increase; to go up
      See also: 漲
    5. to nourish
    6. old (of age)
      年長／年长  ―  niánzhǎng  ―  senior
    7. senior; elder
      兄長／兄长  ―  xiōngzhǎng  ―  elder brother
    8. leader; master; chief; head
    9. eldest; oldest
    10. to exalt; to honor
    11. to wield; to be in control of
    Synonyms[edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 長 (“(of an organism) to grow; to develop”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 生, 長
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 長
    Mandarin Taiwan 長
    Yantai (Muping) 生
    Jinan 長
    Wanrong 長
    Xi'an 長
    Ürümqi 生
    Wuhan 長
    Guilin 長
    Yangzhou 生
    Singapore 長
    Cantonese Guangzhou 生
    Hong Kong 生
    Dongguan 生
    Gan Lichuan 長
    Pingxiang 生
    Hakka Meixian 生
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 生
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 生
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 生
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 生
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 生
    Jin Taiyuan 長
    Min Dong Fuzhou 生
    Min Nan Xiamen 生
    Quanzhou 生
    Zhangzhou 生
    Taipei 生 GT
    Shantou 生
    Jieyang 生
    Leizhou 生
    Haikou 生
    Wu Suzhou 長
    Ningbo 生
    Wenzhou 生
    Jinhua 生
    Xiang Loudi 生
    Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (長):

    Pronunciation 3[edit]

    Rime
    Character 長
    Reading # 3/3
    Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
    Final (韻) 陽 (105)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 直亮切
    Baxter drjangH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɖɨɐŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɖiɐŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ȡiɑŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɖɨaŋH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ȡiaŋH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ȡĭaŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ȡʱi̯aŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		zhàng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		zoeng6
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 長
    Reading # 3/3
    No. 1280
    Phonetic
    component         		長
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		仗
    Old
    Chinese         		/*daŋs/

    Definitions[edit]

    長

    1. (archaic) length; measure of length
      See also: 丈
    2. (archaic, Min) to be left over; surplus, residue
      今旦飯長野儕。 [Min Dong, trad.]
      今旦饭长野侪。 [Min Dong, simp.]
      gĭng-dáng buông diông iā sâ̤ / [kiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ (t-)nɑŋ²¹³ puɔŋ²⁴² tuɔŋ²⁴² ia³³ sɑ²⁴²] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
      There is a lot of leftover food today.

    Compounds[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    長

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. long, lengthy
    2. long time
    3. growing, increasing
    4. excellent, great
    5. comfortable, relaxing
    6. elder, old, senior
    7. chief, head, leader
    8. Short for 長門国 (Nagato no kuni): Nagato Province

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    長
    ちょう
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    /tjau/ → /t͡ɕjau/ → /t͡ɕɔː/ → /t͡ɕoː/

    From Middle Chinese 長 (MC ʈɨɐŋX) in the sense of “chief, head, leader” and 長 (MC ɖɨɐŋ) (literally meaning “long”) for other senses. The two Middle Chinese readings were distinct but etymologically connected.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    長(ちょう) • (chō) ←ちやう (tyau)?

    1. chief, head, leader
      班(はん)長(ちょう)
      han chō
      the group leader
    2. strong point
      長(ちょう　)を伸(　の)ばす
      chō o nobasu
      enrich a strong point
      Antonym: 短 (tan)
    3. (music) major
      Antonym: 短 (tan)

    Proper noun[edit]

    長(ちょう) • (Chō) ←ちやう (tyau)?

    1. a surname

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    長
    おさ
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    /wosa/ → /osa/

    From Old Japanese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    長(おさ) • (osa) ←をさ (wosa)?

    1. chief, head, leader
      Synonym: 頭 (kashira)
    Derived terms[edit]

    Proper noun[edit]

    長(おさ) • (Osa) ←をさ (wosa)?

    1. a place name
    2. a surname

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    長
    なが
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese.

    Stem form of classical adjective 長し (nagashi), modern 長い (nagai, “long, lengthy”).

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Prefix[edit]

    長(なが) • (naga-) 

    1. long
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Proper noun[edit]

    長(なが) • (Naga) 

    1. a surname

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    長
    つかさ
    Grade: 2
    irregular
    Alternative spellings
    官
    司
    首

    From Old Japanese.

    Probably derived from 就か (tsuka, irrealis form of verb 就く (tsuku), “to take a position”) +‎ さ (-sa, “-ness”, suffix indicating state or degree). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    長(つかさ) • (tsukasa) 

    1. a manager, a headman, a foreman
    2. an official
    3. government service

    Proper noun[edit]

    長(つかさ) • (Tsukasa) 

    1. a surname
    2. a unisex given name

    Etymology 5[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    長
    たき
    Grade: 2
    irregular

    ⟨taki1⟩ → */takʲi/ → /taki/

    Possibly a variant of take below.[3] Appears in the Ruiju Myōgishō of around 1081-1100 CE.

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    長(たき) • (taki) 

    1. height

    Etymology 6[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    長
    たけ
    Grade: 2
    irregular

    ⟨take2⟩ → */takəj/ → /take/

    Cognate with 高 (taka, “height”), 高い (takai, “high”), and 長ける (takeru, “to be high”).

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    長(たけ) • (take) 

    1. height

    Proper noun[edit]

    長(たけ) • (Take) 

    1. a surname

    Etymology 7[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    長
    たける
    Grade: 2
    irregular

    Nominalization of verb 長ける (takeru, “to excel at”).

    Proper noun[edit]

    長(たける) • (Takeru) 

    1. a surname
    2. a male or female given name

    Etymology 8[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    長
    ひさし
    Grade: 2
    irregular

    From Old Japanese.

    Nominalization of classical adjective 久し (hisashi), modern 久しい (hisashii, “long time”).

    Proper noun[edit]

    長(ひさし) • (Hisashi) 

    1. a surname
    2. a male or female given name

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
    3. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 長 (MC ɖɨɐŋ, “long”).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 땨ᇰ (Yale: ttyàng)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 긴 (Yale: kin) 댱 (Yale: tyang)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    長 (eumhun 길 장 (gil jang))

    1. Hanja form? of 장 (“long; lengthy”). [prefix]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 2[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 長 (MC ʈɨɐŋX, “grow; elder”).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 댜ᇰ〯 (Yale: tyǎng)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 길 (Yale: kil) 댱 (Yale: tyang)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕa̠(ː)ŋ]
    • Phonetic hangul: [장(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja[edit]

    長 (eumhun 어른 장 (eoreun jang))

    1. Hanja form? of 장 (“head; chief; manager”). [noun, suffix]
    2. Hanja form? of 장 (“to grow; to develop”). [affix]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    長: Hán Việt readings: trường (直(trực)良(lương)切(thiết))[1][2][3], trưởng (展(triển)兩(lưỡng)切(thiết))[1][2][3], tràng[3]
    長: Nôm readings: tràng[1][2][4], trường[1][2][4], trưởng[1][2][4], dài[1], chường[2], trành[3], trườn[5]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    chữ Hán form of trưởng (“head; leader; to grow”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms

    Etymology 2[edit]

    chữ Hán form of trường (“long (of distance and time)”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
    5. ^ Hồ (1976).
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