常
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Translingual[edit]
Stroke order | |||
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Han character[edit]
常 (Kangxi radical 50, 巾+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 火月口中月 (FBRLB), four-corner 90227, composition ⿱𫩠巾 or ⿱龸吊)
Derived characters[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- KangXi: page 333, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8955
- Dae Jaweon: page 639, character 13
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 744, character 1
- Unihan data for U+5E38
Chinese[edit]
simp. and trad. |
常 | |
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alternative forms | 㦂 |
Glyph origin[edit]
Old Chinese | |
---|---|
當 | *taːŋ, *taːŋs |
襠 | *taːŋ |
鐺 | *taːŋ, *sʰraːŋ |
簹 | *taːŋ |
璫 | *taːŋ |
檔 | *taːŋ, *taːŋs |
儅 | *taːŋ, *taːŋs |
蟷 | *taːŋ |
擋 | *taːŋʔ, *taːŋs |
黨 | *taːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋʔ |
讜 | *taːŋʔ |
欓 | *taːŋʔ |
譡 | *taːŋs |
闣 | *taːŋs |
瓽 | *taːŋs |
鏜 | *tʰaːŋ |
闛 | *tʰaːŋ, *daːŋ |
鼞 | *tʰaːŋ |
曭 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
儻 | *tʰaːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋs |
戃 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
矘 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
爣 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
攩 | *hl'aːŋʔ, *ɦʷlaːŋʔ, *ɦʷlaːŋs |
淌 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
倘 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
躺 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
趟 | *tʰaːŋs, *rtaːŋ, *rtaːŋs |
堂 | *daːŋ |
坣 | *daːŋ |
棠 | *daːŋ |
糛 | *daːŋ |
螳 | *daːŋ |
隚 | *daːŋ |
橖 | *daːŋ |
掌 | *tjaŋʔ |
廠 | *tʰjaŋʔ, *tʰjaŋs |
敞 | *tʰjaŋʔ |
僘 | *tʰjaŋʔ |
氅 | *tʰjaŋʔ |
常 | *djaŋ |
嘗 | *djaŋ |
裳 | *djaŋ |
徜 | *djaŋ |
尚 | *djaŋ, *djaŋs |
甞 | *djaŋ |
鋿 | *djaŋ |
嫦 | *djaŋ |
償 | *djaŋ, *djaŋs |
賞 | *hjaŋʔ |
瞠 | *rtʰaːŋ |
撐 | *rtʰaːŋ |
樘 | *rtʰaːŋ |
橕 | *rtʰaːŋ |
牚 | *rtʰaːŋs |
埫 | *tʰoŋʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *djaŋ): phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 巾 (“cloth”).
The character originally referred to "lower garment", before being phonetically borrowed to mean "long-lasting; frequently". The original sense is now represented by the character 裳 (OC *djaŋ, “lower garment”).
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; perhaps related to Tibetan ཡང (yang, “again, once more”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
常
- normal; general; common
- 正常 ― zhèngcháng ― normal
- constant; invariable
- often; frequently
- 51st tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "constancy" (𝌸)
- A surname.
Synonyms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
Compounds[edit]
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References[edit]
- “常”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01175
- “Query for 常”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan], Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: じょう (jō, Jōyō)←じやう (zyau, historical)
- Kan-on: しょう (shō)←しやう (syau, historical)
- Kun: きだ (kida, 常); つね (tsune, 常, Jōyō); とこ (toko, 常, Jōyō); とことわ (tokotowa, 常); とわ (towa, 常)
- Nanori: つら (tsura); とき (toki); ときわ (tokiwa)←ときは (tokifa, historical); のぶ (nobu); ひ (hi); ひさ (hisa); ひさし (hisashi); ひた (hita)
Compounds[edit]
- 常陸 (Hitachi)
Etymology 1[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
常 |
じょう Grade: 5 |
on’yomi |
/d͡ʑau/ → /d͡ʑɔː/ → /d͡ʑoː/
From Middle Chinese 常 (MC d͡ʑɨɐŋ).
Pronunciation[edit]
Adverb[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
- 常温 (jōon)
- 常軌 (jōki)
- 常時 (jōji)
- 常識 (jōshiki)
- 常州 (Jōshū)
- 常習 (jōshū)
- 常人 (jōjin), 常人 (jōnin)
- 常体 (jōtai)
- 常態 (jōtai)
- 常任 (jōnin)
- 常磐 (Jōban)
- 常備 (jōbi)
- 常務 (jōmu)
- 常夜 (jōya)
- 常用 (jōyō)
- 常緑 (jōryoku)
- 異常 (ijō)
- 経常 (keijō)
- 恒常 (kōjō)
- 綱常 (kōjō)
- 五常 (gojō)
- 尋常 (jinjō)
- 正常 (seijō)
- 通常 (tsūjō)
- 日常 (nichijō)
- 非常 (hijō)
- 平常 (heijō)
- 無常 (mujō)
Noun[edit]
- a traditional Japanese unit of length, equal to one 丈 (jō, roughly three meters) and three 尺 (shaku, roughly one foot or thirty centimeters)
Etymology 2[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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常 |
きだ Grade: 5 |
kun’yomi |
*⟨ki1da⟩ → */kʲida/ → /kida/
First attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).
Cognate with root kiza in 刻む (kizamu, “to mince; to slice; to cut a thing into pieces; to groove, to nick, to notch”).[1]
Also sometimes read as kita.
Pronunciation[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Noun[edit]
- (obsolete) a traditional Japanese unit of measure for the length of cut cloth, equal to one 丈 (jō, roughly three meters) and three 尺 (shaku, roughly one foot or thirty centimeters)
- (obsolete) a traditional Japanese unit of measure for the area of an agricultural field or paddy, equal to either 360 歩 (bu, around 1190 square meters), later reduced to 300 歩 (bu)/坪 (tsubo, almost 992 square meters)
- Synonym: 段 (tan)
Counter[edit]
- counter for cuts or strips of something
Etymology 3[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
常 |
つね Grade: 5 |
kun’yomi |
/tune/ → /t͡sune/
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, compiled around 759 CE.[1] May be cognate with 綱 (tsuna, “thick rope; binding”), with underlying ideas of "connection, continuance".
Pronunciation[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Adjective[edit]
常 • (tsune) -na (adnominal 常な (tsune na), adverbial 常に (tsune ni))
Usage notes[edit]
This appears as an adjective in older texts with the classical attributive form tsune naru. When used attributively in modern Japanese, this term is used with the particle の (no) instead:
- 常の人
- tsune no hito
- everyday people, regular people
Modern Japanese does still use this term as an adverb, with particle に (ni):
- このカメラは常にオンになっている。
- Kono kamera wa tsune ni on ni natte iru.
- This camera is always on.
- あの会社はサービスが常に悪い。
- Ano kaisha wa sābisu ga tsune ni warui.
- That company has consistently bad service.
Derived terms[edit]
Noun[edit]
- constancy, continuance
- the ordinary, the everyday
Etymology 4[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
常 |
とこ Grade: 5 |
kun’yomi |
⟨to2ko2⟩ → */təkə/ → /toko/
From Old Japanese. Possibly cognate with 時 (toki, “time”). Alternatively, from Proto-Nivkh *d’ək (whence Nivkh тьык (țək, “(a) long time”)).[4]
The way the term is used in the historical record suggests that this was originally a noun. By the time of written Japanese, however, this term only appears in compounds, never on its own, and its usage is more as an adjective to modify other nouns.
Pronunciation[edit]
Prefix[edit]
Usage notes[edit]
Only used in compounds. Attaches to nouns and other nominals, often (but not always) with the now-obsolete possessive particle つ (tsu).
- 常つ御門、常夏、常とわ
- toko tsu mikado, tokonatsu, tokotowa
- the eternal palace, eternal summer, eternal permanence [→ eternity]
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 5[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
常 |
とことわ Grade: 5 |
kun’yomi |
/tokotoba/ → /tokotowa/
From Old Japanese. Read as tokotoba until the Heian period.[1][2]
Appears to be originally a compound of 常 (toko, “eternal”, see above) + とわ (towa, “permanence, unchangingness”, from earlier とば toba).
This latter element is of unclear derivation. Some sources[1] indicate that towa as an independent term arose as a contraction of earlier tokotoba, suggesting the possibility that toba was initially a compound of particles と (to, adverbial particle) + は (wa, formerly ba, even earlier pa; topic particle). However, other sources[5] describe tokotowa as an intensified or emphatic form of towa.
Pronunciation[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Adjective[edit]
常 • (tokotowa) ←とことは (tokotofa)? -na (adnominal 常な (tokotowa na), adverbial 常に (tokotowa ni))
- (archaic, rare) permanent, eternal
- Synonym: 常しえ (tokoshie)
- (archaic, rare) usual, ordinary
- Synonym: 常 (tsune)
Usage notes[edit]
Listed in dictionaries[1][2][6] as a 形容動詞 (keiyō dōshi, “-na adjective”). However, actual usage suggests that this was only used with particle に (ni) as an adverb, and never with particle な (na) or classical なる (naru) as an adjective. When this appears attributively, it is followed by particle の (no),[5] the usual construction when using a noun to modify another noun.
Noun[edit]
常 • (tokotowa) ←とことは (tokotofa)?
- (archaic, rare) permanence, eternity
- Synonym: 常しえ (tokoshie)
Etymology 6[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
常 |
とわ Grade: 5 |
kun’yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 常 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, 常, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- ^ Miyano, Satoshi. "Nivkh Loanwords in Japanese and Korean".
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 常 (MC d͡ʑɨɐŋ).
Hanja[edit]
常 (eumhun 떳떳할 상 (tteottteothal sang))
常 (eumhun 항상 상 (hangsang sang))
- Hanja form? of 상 (“honorable; righteous; upright; dignified”).
- Hanja form? of 상 (“eternal; everlasting”).
- Hanja form? of 상 (“constant; frequent”).
Compounds[edit]
- 상객 (常客, sanggaek)
- 상궤 (常軌, sanggwe)
- 상규 (常規, sanggyu)
- 상도 (常道, sangdo)
- 상례 (常例, sangnye)
- 상례 (常禮, sangnye)
- 상리 (常理, sangni)
- 상무 (常務, sangmu)
- 상민 (常民, sangmin)
- 상반 (常班, sangban)
- 상복 (常服, sangbok)
- 상비 (常備, sangbi)
- 상설 (常設, sangseol)
- 상수 (常數, sangsu)
- 상습 (常習, sangseup)
- 상시 (常時, sangsi)
- 상식 (常識, sangsik)
- 상식 (常食, sangsik)
- 상임 (常任, sang'im)
- 상정 (常情, sangjeong)
- 상존 (常存, sangjon)
- 상주 (常住, sangju)
- 상태 (常態, sangtae)
- 상투 (常套, sangtu)
- 강상 (綱常, gangsang)
- 경상 (經常, gyeongsang)
- 괴상 (乖常, goesang)
- 기상 (旂常, gisang)
- 무상 (無常, musang)
- 반상 (班常, bansang)
- 비상 (非常, bisang)
- 심상 (尋常, simsang)
- 오상 (五常, osang)
- 윤상 (倫常, yunsang)
- 이상 (異常, isang)
- 일상 (日常, ilsang)
- 정상 (定常, jeongsang)
- 정상 (正常, jeongsang)
- 통상 (通常, tongsang)
- 평상 (平常, pyeongsang)
- 항상 (恒常, hangsang)
- 상록수 (常綠樹, sangnoksu)
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
常: Hán Việt readings: thường (
常: Nôm readings: thường[1][2][3][4][6], sàn[7]
Compounds[edit]
- 常用 (thường dụng)
- 常常 (thường thường)
- 常川 (thường xuyên)
- 不常 (bất thường)
- 異常 (dị thường)
- 非常 (phi thường)
- 失常 (thất thường)
- 通常 (thông thường)
- 無常 (vô thường)
References[edit]
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Han phono-semantic compounds
- Chinese terms inherited from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Chinese terms derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading つね
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading とことわ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading とわ
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading しょう
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading しやう
- Japanese kanji with goon reading じょう
- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading じやう
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading つら
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading とき
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ときわ
- Japanese kanji with historical nanori reading ときは
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading のぶ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ひ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ひさ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ひさし
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ひた
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