常
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Contents
Translingual[edit]
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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Han character[edit]
常 (radical 50, 巾+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 火月口中月 (FBRLB), four-corner 90227, composition ⿱尚巾 or ⿱龸吊)
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 333, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8955
- Dae Jaweon: page 639, character 13
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 744, character 1
- Unihan data for U+5E38
Chinese[edit]
| simp. and trad. |
常 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin[edit]
| Characters in the same phonetic series (尚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 當 | *taːŋ, *taːŋs |
| 襠 | *taːŋ |
| 鐺 | *taːŋ, *sʰraːŋ |
| 簹 | *taːŋ |
| 璫 | *taːŋ |
| 檔 | *taːŋ, *taːŋs |
| 儅 | *taːŋ, *taːŋs |
| 蟷 | *taːŋ |
| 擋 | *taːŋʔ, *taːŋs |
| 黨 | *taːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 讜 | *taːŋʔ |
| 欓 | *taːŋʔ |
| 譡 | *taːŋs |
| 闣 | *taːŋs |
| 瓽 | *taːŋs |
| 鏜 | *tʰaːŋ |
| 闛 | *tʰaːŋ, *daːŋ |
| 鼞 | *tʰaːŋ |
| 曭 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 儻 | *tʰaːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋs |
| 戃 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 矘 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 爣 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 攩 | *hl'aːŋʔ, *ɦʷlaːŋʔ, *ɦʷlaːŋs |
| 淌 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 倘 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 躺 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 趟 | *tʰaːŋs, *rtaːŋ, *rtaːŋs |
| 堂 | *daːŋ |
| 坣 | *daːŋ |
| 棠 | *daːŋ |
| 糛 | *daːŋ |
| 螳 | *daːŋ |
| 隚 | *daːŋ |
| 橖 | *daːŋ |
| 掌 | *tjaŋʔ |
| 廠 | *tʰjaŋʔ, *tʰjaŋs |
| 敞 | *tʰjaŋʔ |
| 僘 | *tʰjaŋʔ |
| 氅 | *tʰjaŋʔ |
| 常 | *djaŋ |
| 嘗 | *djaŋ |
| 裳 | *djaŋ |
| 徜 | *djaŋ |
| 尚 | *djaŋ, *djaŋs |
| 甞 | *djaŋ |
| 鋿 | *djaŋ |
| 嫦 | *djaŋ |
| 償 | *djaŋ, *djaŋs |
| 賞 | *hjaŋʔ |
| 瞠 | *rtʰaːŋ |
| 撐 | *rtʰaːŋ |
| 樘 | *rtʰaːŋ |
| 橕 | *rtʰaːŋ |
| 牚 | *rtʰaːŋs |
| 埫 | *tʰoŋʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *djaŋ): phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 巾.
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
常
- normal; general; common
- constant; invariable
- often; frequently
- 51st tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "constancy"
- A surname.
Synonyms[edit]
| Dialectal synonyms of 常常 (“often; frequently”) [map] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 經常、時常、常常、時時、往往、每每 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 常 |
| Taiwan | 常常 | |
| Jinan | 常常、常、時常 | |
| Xi'an | 常常、常、時常 | |
| Wuhan | 帶常、時常 | |
| Chengdu | 時常、常常、隨時 | |
| Yangzhou | 常 | |
| Hefei | 常 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 時時、長時、周時、遇時 |
| Hong Kong | 成日、經常、時時、周時、周不時 | |
| Hong Kong (Weitou) | 經常 | |
| Yangjiang | 周時 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 千長、時常 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 輒常、長時、時常 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 輒輒、輒常、長透、常常、時常、不時、時時 | |
| Liudui (S. Sixian) | 輒輒、輒常、長透、登常、常常、時常、不時、時時 | |
| Hsinchu (Hailu) | 輒輒、輒常、長透、常常、時常、不時、時時 | |
| Dongshi (Dabu) | 輒輒、長在、輒常、常常、時常、不時、時時 | |
| Zhuolan (Raoping) | 輒輒、常勻、輒常、長透、常常、時常、不時、時時 | |
| Yunlin (Zhao'an) | 輒輒、不時、輒、恬恬、長透、時時 | |
| Hong Kong | 長日 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 常常、時常 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 稠稠、稠、盡稠 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 定定、長長、四常、時常、常常 |
| Quanzhou | 定定、長長、四常、時常、常常 | |
| Zhangzhou | 定定、時常、常常 | |
| Chaozhou | 長時 | |
| Wu | Suzhou | 時常、常時、常樁 |
| Wenzhou | 清清 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 練常、打常、扯常 |
| Shuangfeng | 練常、常常 | |
Compounds[edit]
|
|
|
References[edit]
- “Query for 常”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan], Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
- Goon: じょう (jō, Jōyō)←じやう (zyau, historical)
- Kan’on: しょう (shō)←しやう (syau, historical)
- Kun: きだ (kida, 常); つね (tsune, 常, Jōyō); とこ (toko, 常); とことわ (tokotowa, 常); とわ (towa, 常)
- Nanori: のぶ (nobu); ひ (hi); ひた (hita); とき (toki)
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 常 |
| じょう Grade: 5 |
| on’yomi |
/d͡ʑau/ → /d͡ʑɔː/ → /d͡ʑoː/
From Middle Chinese 常 (dzyang, “constant”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Adverb[edit]
常 (hiragana じょう, rōmaji jō, historical hiragana じやう)
Noun[edit]
常 (hiragana じょう, rōmaji jō, historical hiragana じやう)
- a traditional Japanese unit of length, equal to one 丈 (jō, roughly three meters) and three 尺 (shaku, roughly one foot or thirty centimeters)
Etymology 2[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 常 |
| きだ Grade: 5 |
| kun’yomi |
Cognate with root kiza in 刻む (kizamu, “to mince; to slice; to cut a thing into pieces; to groove, to nick, to notch”).[1]
Also sometimes read as kita.
Pronunciation[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Noun[edit]
常 (hiragana きだ, rōmaji kida, alternative reading きた, rōmaji kita)
- (obsolete) a traditional Japanese unit of measure for the length of cut cloth
- (obsolete) a traditional Japanese unit of measure for the area of an agricultural field or paddy
Counter[edit]
- counter for cuts or strips of something
Etymology 3[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 常 |
| つね Grade: 5 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, compiled around 759 CE.[1] May be cognate with 綱 (tsuna, “thick rope; binding”), with underlying ideas of connection, continuance.
Pronunciation[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Adjective[edit]
常 (-na inflection, hiragana つね, rōmaji tsune)
Usage notes[edit]
This appears as an adjective in older texts with the classical attributive form tsune naru. When used attributively in modern Japanese, this term is used with the particle の (no) instead:
- 常の人
- tsune no hito
- everyday people, regular people
Modern Japanese does still use this term as an adverb, with particle に (ni):
- このカメラは常にオンになっている。
- Kono kamera wa tsune ni on ni natte iru.
- This camera is always on.
- あの会社はサービスが常に悪い。
- Ano kaisha wa sābisu ga tsune ni warui.
- That company has consistently bad service.
Synonyms[edit]
(normal, usual):
Noun[edit]
- constancy, continuance
- the ordinary, the everyday
Etymology 4[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 常 |
| とこ Grade: 5 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. Possibly cognate with 時 (toki, “time”).
The way the term is used in the historical record suggests that this was originally a noun. By the time of written Japanese, however, this term only appears in compounds, never on its own, and its usage is more as an adjective to modify other nouns.
Pronunciation[edit]
Prefix[edit]
Usage notes[edit]
Only used in compounds. Attaches to nouns and other nominals, often (but not always) with the now-obsolete possessive particle つ (tsu).
- 常つ御門、常夏、常とわ
- toko tsu mikado, tokonatsu, tokotowa
- the eternal palace, eternal summer, eternal permanence [→ eternity]
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 5[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 常 |
| とことわ Grade: 5 |
| kun’yomi |
/tokotoba/ → /tokotowa/
From Old Japanese. Read as tokotoba until the Heian period.[1][2]
Appears to be originally a compound of 常 (toko, “eternal”, see above) + とわ (towa, “permanence, unchangingness”, from earlier とば toba).
This latter element is of unclear derivation. Some sources[1] indicate that towa as an independent term arose as a contraction of earlier tokotoba, suggesting the possibility that toba was initially a compound of particles と (to, adverbial particle) + は (wa, formerly ba, even earlier pa; topic particle). However, other sources[4] describe tokotowa as an intensified or emphatic form of towa.
Pronunciation[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Adjective[edit]
常 (-na inflection, hiragana とことわ, rōmaji tokotowa, historical hiragana とことは)
Usage notes[edit]
Listed in dictionaries[1][2][5] as a 形容動詞 (keiyō dōshi, “-na adjective”). However, actual usage suggests that this was only used with particle に (ni) as an adverb, and never with particle な (na) or classical なる (naru) as an adjective. When this appears attributively, it is followed by particle の (no),[4] the usual construction when using a noun to modify another noun.
Synonyms[edit]
- (permanent, eternal): 常しえ (tokoshie)
- (usual, ordinary): 常 tsune (see above)
Noun[edit]
常 (hiragana とことわ, rōmaji tokotowa, historical hiragana とことは)
- (archaic, rare) permanence, eternity
Synonyms[edit]
- 常しえ (tokoshie)
Etymology 6[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 常 |
| とわ Grade: 5 |
| kun’yomi |
/toba/ → /towa/
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Tales of Ise, likely dating to the early 900s CE. Pronounced as toba until the later Heian period.[1]
Ultimate derivation unknown. May be a contraction of earlier tokotoba (see above),[1] or may have been an independent term used to form tokotoba as a compound.[4]
Pronunciation[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
- (rare) 永久
Adjective[edit]
常 (-na inflection, hiragana とわ, rōmaji towa, historical hiragana とは)
Usage notes[edit]
Listed in some dictionaries[1][2][5] as a 形容動詞 (keiyō dōshi, “-na adjective”); other sources[4] only list this as a 副詞 (fukushi, “adverb”). Historical usage suggests that this was only used with particle に (ni) as an adverb, and not with particle な (na) or classical なる (naru) as an adjective. When this appears attributively, it is followed by particle の (no),[2][5][4] the usual construction when using a noun to modify another noun.
Synonyms[edit]
- 常しえ (tokoshie)
Noun[edit]
常 (hiragana とわ, rōmaji towa, historical hiragana とは)
Synonyms[edit]
- 常しえ (tokoshie)
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
常 • (sang) (hangeul 상, revised sang, McCune–Reischauer sang)
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Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
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