常

Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to: navigation, search
常 U+5E38, 常
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5E38
← 帷
[U+5E37]		 CJK Unified Ideographs 帹 →
[U+5E39]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
11 strokes

Han character[edit]

常 (radical 50 巾+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 火月口中月 (FBRLB), four-corner 90227, composition ⿱尚巾 or ⿱龸吊)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 333, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8955
  • Dae Jaweon: page 639, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 744, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5E38

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 常
Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (尚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
當 *taːŋ, *taːŋs
襠 *taːŋ
鐺 *taːŋ, *sʰraːŋ
簹 *taːŋ
璫 *taːŋ
檔 *taːŋ, *taːŋs
儅 *taːŋ, *taːŋs
蟷 *taːŋ
擋 *taːŋʔ, *taːŋs
黨 *taːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋʔ
讜 *taːŋʔ
欓 *taːŋʔ
譡 *taːŋs
闣 *taːŋs
瓽 *taːŋs
鏜 *tʰaːŋ
闛 *tʰaːŋ, *daːŋ
鼞 *tʰaːŋ
曭 *tʰaːŋʔ
儻 *tʰaːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋs
戃 *tʰaːŋʔ
矘 *tʰaːŋʔ
爣 *tʰaːŋʔ
攩 *hl'aːŋʔ, *ɦʷlaːŋʔ, *ɦʷlaːŋs
淌 *tʰaːŋʔ
倘 *tʰaːŋʔ
躺 *tʰaːŋʔ
趟 *tʰaːŋs, *rtaːŋ, *rtaːŋs
堂 *daːŋ
坣 *daːŋ
棠 *daːŋ
糛 *daːŋ
螳 *daːŋ
隚 *daːŋ
橖 *daːŋ
掌 *tjaŋʔ
廠 *tʰjaŋʔ, *tʰjaŋs
敞 *tʰjaŋʔ
僘 *tʰjaŋʔ
氅 *tʰjaŋʔ
常 *djaŋ
嘗 *djaŋ
裳 *djaŋ
徜 *djaŋ
尚 *djaŋ, *djaŋs
甞 *djaŋ
鋿 *djaŋ
嫦 *djaŋ
償 *djaŋ, *djaŋs
賞 *hjaŋʔ
瞠 *rtʰaːŋ
撐 *rtʰaːŋ
樘 *rtʰaːŋ
橕 *rtʰaːŋ
牚 *rtʰaːŋs
埫 *tʰoŋʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *djaŋ): phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 巾.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • siông/siâng - literary;
  • siûⁿ/siôⁿ - vernacular;
  • chhiâng - vernacular (only in 常在).
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 常
Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
Harbin /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Tianjin /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
/t͡sʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /tʃʰaŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Xining /ʈ͡ʂʰɔ̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡sʰaŋ²¹³/
Chengdu /saŋ³¹/
Guiyang /saŋ²¹/
Kunming /ʈ͡ʂʰã̠³¹/
Nanjing /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Hefei /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot /t͡sʰɑ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /zɑ̃²³/
Suzhou /zã¹³/
Hangzhou /d͡zɑŋ²¹³/
Wenzhou /ji³¹/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰia⁴⁴/
Tunxi /t͡ɕiau⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ʂan¹³/
Xiangtan /ʂɔn¹²/
Gan Nanchang /sɔŋ⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /soŋ¹¹/
Taoyuan /ʃoŋ¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sœŋ²¹/
Nanning /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /sœŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /siɔŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /suoŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /iɔŋ²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /siaŋ⁵⁵/
/siõ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /tiaŋ³¹/
/saŋ³¹/ 平時
Rime
Character 常
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 常 (25)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 市羊切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /d͡ʑɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /d͡ʑiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /d͡ʑiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /d͡ʑɨaŋ/
Li
Rong		 /ʑiaŋ/
Wang
Li		 /ʑĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʑi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 cháng
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 常
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 cháng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ dzyang ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[d]aŋ/
English constant

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 常
Reading # 1/1
No. 11152
Phonetic
component		 尚
Rime
group		 陽
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 常
Old
Chinese		 /*djaŋ/

Definitions[edit]

常

  1. normal; general; common
  2. constant; invariable
  3. often; frequently
  4. A surname​.

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 常

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

常

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]
Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
Kanji in this term
常
じょう
Grade: 5
on’yomi

/d͡ʑau/ → /d͡ʑɔː/ → /d͡ʑoː/

From Middle Chinese 常 (dzyang, “constant”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Adverb[edit]

常 (hiragana じょう, rōmaji jō, historical hiragana じやう)

  1. (obsolete) always, constantly, consistently

Noun[edit]

常 (hiragana じょう, rōmaji jō, historical hiragana じやう)

  1. a traditional Japanese unit of length, equal to one 丈 (jō, roughly three meters) and three 尺 (shaku, roughly one foot or thirty centimeters)

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
常
きだ
Grade: 5
kun’yomi

Cognate with root kiza in 刻む (kizamu, “to mince; to slice; to cut a thing into pieces; to groove, to nick, to notch”).[1]

Also sometimes read as kita.

Pronunciation[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Noun[edit]

常 (hiragana きだ, rōmaji kida, alternative reading きた, rōmaji kita)

  1. (obsolete) a traditional Japanese unit of measure for the length of cut cloth
  2. (obsolete) a traditional Japanese unit of measure for the area of an agricultural field or paddy

Counter[edit]

常 (hiragana きだ, rōmaji -kida)

  1. counter for cuts or strips of something

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
常
つね
Grade: 5
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, compiled around 759 CE.[1] May be cognate with 綱 (tsuna, “thick rope; binding”), with underlying ideas of connection, continuance.

Pronunciation[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Adjective[edit]

常 (-na inflection, hiragana つね, rōmaji tsune)

  1. (obsolete) eternal, permanent, consistent
  2. (obsolete) normal, everyday, regular, usual, ordinary
Usage notes[edit]

This appears as an adjective in older texts with the classical attributive form tsune naru. When used attributively in modern Japanese, this term is used with the particle の (no) instead:

  • 常 (つね)の人 (ひと)
    tsune no hito
    everyday people, regular people

Modern Japanese does still use this term as an adverb, with particle に (ni):

  • このカメラは常 (つね)にオンになっている。
    Kono kamera wa tsune ni on ni natte iru.
    This camera is always on.
  • あの会社 (かいしゃ)はサービスが常 (つね)に悪 (わる)い。
    Ano kaisha wa sābisu ga tsune ni warui.
    That company has consistently bad service.
Synonyms[edit]

(normal, usual):

Noun[edit]

常 (hiragana つね, rōmaji tsune)

  1. constancy, continuance
  2. the ordinary, the everyday

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
常
とこ
Grade: 5
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Possibly cognate with 時 (toki, “time”).

The way the term is used in the historical record suggests that this was originally a noun. By the time of written Japanese, however, this term only appears in compounds, never on its own, and its usage is more as an adjective to modify other nouns.

Pronunciation[edit]

Prefix[edit]

常 (hiragana とこ, rōmaji toko-)

  1. eternal, forever, unchanging, everlasting
Usage notes[edit]

Only used in compounds. Attaches to nouns and other nominals, often (but not always) with the now-obsolete possessive particle つ (tsu).

  • 常 (とこ)つ御門 (みかど)、常 (とこ)夏 (なつ)、常 (とこ)とわ
    toko tsu mikado, tokonatsu, tokotowa
    the eternal palace, eternal summer, eternal permanence [→ eternity]
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 5[edit]

Kanji in this term
常
とことわ
Grade: 5
kun’yomi

/tokotoba/ → /tokotowa/

From Old Japanese. Read as tokotoba until the Heian period.[1][2]

Appears to be originally a compound of 常 (toko, “eternal”, see above) +‎ とわ (towa, “permanence, unchangingness”, from earlier とば toba).

This latter element is of unclear derivation. Some sources[1] indicate that towa as an independent term arose as a contraction of earlier tokotoba, suggesting the possibility that toba was initially a compound of particles と (to, adverbial particle) + は (wa, formerly ba, even earlier pa; topic particle). However, other sources[4] describe tokotowa as an intensified or emphatic form of towa.

Pronunciation[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Adjective[edit]

常 (-na inflection, hiragana とことわ, rōmaji tokotowa, historical hiragana とことは)

  1. (archaic, rare) permanent, eternal
  2. (archaic, rare) usual, ordinary
Usage notes[edit]

Listed in dictionaries[1][2][5] as a 形容動詞 (keiyō dōshi, “-na adjective”). However, actual usage suggests that this was only used with particle に (ni) as an adverb, and never with particle な (na) or classical なる (naru) as an adjective. When this appears attributively, it is followed by particle の (no),[4] the usual construction when using a noun to modify another noun.

Synonyms[edit]
  • (permanent, eternal): 常 (とこ)しえ (tokoshie)
  • (usual, ordinary): 常 tsune (see above)

Noun[edit]

常 (hiragana とことわ, rōmaji tokotowa, historical hiragana とことは)

  1. (archaic, rare) permanence, eternity
Synonyms[edit]

Etymology 6[edit]

Kanji in this term
常
とわ
Grade: 5
kun’yomi

/toba/ → /towa/

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Tales of Ise, likely dating to the early 900s CE. Pronounced as toba until the later Heian period.[1]

Ultimate derivation unknown. May be a contraction of earlier tokotoba (see above),[1] or may have been an independent term used to form tokotoba as a compound.[4]

Pronunciation[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Adjective[edit]

常 (-na inflection, hiragana とわ, rōmaji towa, historical hiragana とは)

  1. constant, permanent, everlasting
Usage notes[edit]

Listed in some dictionaries[1][2][5] as a 形容動詞 (keiyō dōshi, “-na adjective”); other sources[4] only list this as a 副詞 (fukushi, “adverb”). Historical usage suggests that this was only used with particle に (ni) as an adverb, and not with particle な (na) or classical なる (naru) as an adjective. When this appears attributively, it is followed by particle の (no),[2][5][4] the usual construction when using a noun to modify another noun.

Synonyms[edit]

Noun[edit]

常 (hiragana とわ, rōmaji towa, historical hiragana とは)

  1. constancy, permanence, everlastingness
Synonyms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13143-0
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, ISBN 4-09-501211-0

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

常 • (sang) (hangeul 상, revised sang, McCune-Reischauer sang)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

常 (thường, sàn)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=常&oldid=47228271"