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常

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 堂
常 U+5E38, 常
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5E38
← 帷
[U+5E37] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 帹 →
[U+5E39]

Translingual

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Stroke order
11 strokes

Han character

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常 (Kangxi radical 50, 巾+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 火月口中月 (FBRLB), four-corner 90227, composition ⿱𫩠巾 or ⿱龸吊)

Derived characters

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Additional Derived Characters

Further reading

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 333, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8955
  • Dae Jaweon: page 639, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 744, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5E38

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 常
alternative forms 㦂
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 常
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (尚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
當 *taːŋ, *taːŋs
襠 *taːŋ
鐺 *taːŋ, *sʰraːŋ
簹 *taːŋ
璫 *taːŋ
檔 *taːŋ, *taːŋs
儅 *taːŋ, *taːŋs
蟷 *taːŋ
擋 *taːŋʔ, *taːŋs
黨 *taːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋʔ
讜 *taːŋʔ
欓 *taːŋʔ
譡 *taːŋs
闣 *taːŋs
瓽 *taːŋs
鏜 *tʰaːŋ
闛 *tʰaːŋ, *daːŋ
鼞 *tʰaːŋ
曭 *tʰaːŋʔ
儻 *tʰaːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋs
戃 *tʰaːŋʔ
矘 *tʰaːŋʔ
爣 *tʰaːŋʔ
攩 *hl'aːŋʔ, *ɦʷlaːŋʔ, *ɦʷlaːŋs
淌 *tʰaːŋʔ
倘 *tʰaːŋʔ
躺 *tʰaːŋʔ
趟 *tʰaːŋs, *rtaːŋ, *rtaːŋs
堂 *daːŋ
坣 *daːŋ
棠 *daːŋ
糛 *daːŋ
螳 *daːŋ
隚 *daːŋ
橖 *daːŋ
掌 *tjaŋʔ
廠 *tʰjaŋʔ, *tʰjaŋs
敞 *tʰjaŋʔ
僘 *tʰjaŋʔ
氅 *tʰjaŋʔ
常 *djaŋ
嘗 *djaŋ
裳 *djaŋ
徜 *djaŋ
尚 *djaŋ, *djaŋs
甞 *djaŋ
鋿 *djaŋ
嫦 *djaŋ
償 *djaŋ, *djaŋs
賞 *hjaŋʔ
瞠 *rtʰaːŋ
撐 *rtʰaːŋ
樘 *rtʰaːŋ
橕 *rtʰaːŋ
牚 *rtʰaːŋs
埫 *tʰoŋʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *djaŋ): phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 巾 (“cloth”).

The character originally referred to a "lower garment" similar to a skirt, before being phonetically borrowed to mean "long-lasting; frequently". The original sense is now represented by the character 裳 (OC *djaŋ, “lower garment”).

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; perhaps related to Tibetan ཡང (yang, “again, once more”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • siông/siâng - literary;
  • siûⁿ/siôⁿ - vernacular, limited (variant in 平常, 庸常, obsolete for surname).
Note:
  • sion5/siên5 - vernacular (siên5 - Chaozhou);
  • siang5 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 常
Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
Harbin /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Tianjin /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
/t͡sʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /tʃʰaŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Xining /ʈ͡ʂʰɔ̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡sʰaŋ²¹³/
Chengdu /saŋ³¹/
Guiyang /saŋ²¹/
Kunming /ʈ͡ʂʰã̠³¹/
Nanjing /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Hefei /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot /t͡sʰɑ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /zɑ̃²³/
Suzhou /zã¹³/
Hangzhou /d͡zɑŋ²¹³/
Wenzhou /ji³¹/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰia⁴⁴/
Tunxi /t͡ɕiau⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ʂan¹³/
Xiangtan /ʂɔn¹²/
Gan Nanchang /sɔŋ⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /soŋ¹¹/
Taoyuan /ʃoŋ¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sœŋ²¹/
Nanning /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /sœŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /siɔŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /suoŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /iɔŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /siaŋ⁵⁵/
/siõ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /tiaŋ³¹/
/saŋ³¹/ 平時
Rime
Character 常
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 常 (25)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 市羊切
Baxter dzyang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/d͡ʑɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/d͡ʑiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/d͡ʑiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/d͡ʑɨaŋ/
Li
Rong 		/ʑiaŋ/
Wang
Li 		/ʑĭaŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ʑi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		cháng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		soeng4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 常
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		cháng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ dzyang ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[d]aŋ/
English constant

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 常
Reading # 1/1
No. 11152
Phonetic
component 		尚
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		常
Old
Chinese 		/*djaŋ/

Definitions

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常

  1. normal; general; common
    常人  ―  chángrén  ―  common people
    人之常情  ―  rénzhīchángqíng  ―  human nature
    非常  ―  fēicháng  ―  extraordinary
    習以為常／习以为常  ―  xíyǐwéicháng  ―  to be accustomed to (something)
  2. constant; invariable
    常駐／常驻  ―  chángzhù  ―  to be stationed in
  3. often; frequently
    經常／经常  ―  jīngcháng  ―  often
  4. (literary) law and order
    三綱五常／三纲五常  ―  sāngāngwǔcháng  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  5. (literary) law; rule; regular pattern
  6. an ancient unit of length equivalent to two xuns (尋／寻)
  7. 51st tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "constancy" (𝌸)
  8. a surname
    常遇春  ―  Cháng Yùchūn  ―  Chang Yuchun (Ming dynasty general)

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 常常 (“often; frequently”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 經常, 時常, 常常, 時時, 往往, 每每
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 常
Taiwan 常常
Harbin 時不見兒, 時不當, 時不當兒, 時不常, 時不常兒, 時不時
Singapore 常常
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 常常, 常, 時常
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 常常, 常, 時常
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 時常, 常常, 隨時, 時不時
Wuhan 帶常, 時常
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 常
Hefei 常
Cantonese Guangzhou 時時, 時常, 長時, 周時, 遇時, 時不時
Hong Kong 成日, 經常, 時時, 好多時, 好多時候, 周時, 周不時
Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 經常
Yangjiang 周時
Gan Nanchang 千常, 時常
Hakka Meixian 輒常, 長時, 時常, 時不時
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 輒輒, 輒常, 長透, 常常, 時常, 不時, 時時, 長間, 經常
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 輒輒, 輒常, 長透, 登常, 常常, 時常, 不時, 時時, 長間, 經常
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 輒輒, 輒常, 長透, 常常, 時常, 不時, 時時, 長間, 經常
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 輒輒, 長在, 輒常, 常常, 時常, 不時, 時時, 經常
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 輒輒, 常勻, 輒常, 長透, 常常, 時常, 不時, 時時, 長間, 經常
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 輒輒, 不時, 輒, 恬恬, 長透, 時時
Hong Kong 長日
Huizhou Jixi 三不時, 時不時
Jin Taiyuan 常常, 時常, 時不時
Eastern Min Fuzhou 稠稠, 稠, 盡稠
Southern Min Xiamen 定定, 長長, 四常, 時常, 常常, 不時, 不期時
Quanzhou 定定, 長長, 四常, 時常, 常常, 不時
Zhangzhou 定定, 時常, 常常, 不時, 不期時
Tainan 定定, 時常, 常常, 不時, 捷捷, 沓沓, 常在, 往往
Manila (Hokkien) 定定, 常常, 四常, 不時
Chaozhou 長時, 惦惦
Shantou 經常, 時常, 時時, 惦惦
Bangkok (Teochew) 惦惦
Leizhou 長世, 長常
Wu Shanghai 常樁, 常常, 經常
Shanghai (Chongming) 千常
Suzhou 時常, 常時, 常樁
Ningbo 老老, 老長 rare, 長常 rare, 長時 rare
Wenzhou 清清, 常期
Xiang Changsha 練常, 打常, 扯常, 扯常子, 時不時
Shuangfeng 練常, 常常

Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (常):
  • → Japanese: 常(じょう) (jō)
  • → Korean: 상(常) (sang)
  • → Vietnamese: thường (常)

Compounds

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Pronunciation 2

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Definitions

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常

  1. (Southern Min) Only used in 常在.

Pronunciation 3

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simp. and trad.
 常
alternative forms 荍／荞

Definitions

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常

  1. (Southern Min) indolent; sloppy

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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常

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. eternal, unchanging
  2. ordinary, usual
  3. continuation
  4. Hitachi Province

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
Kanji in this term
常
じょう
Grade: 5
on'yomi

/d͡ʑau/ → /d͡ʑɔː/ → /d͡ʑoː/

From Middle Chinese 常 (MC dzyang).

Pronunciation

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Adverb

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常(じょう) • (jō) ←じやう (zyau)?

  1. (obsolete) always, constantly, consistently
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Noun

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常(じょう) • (jō) ←じやう (zyau)?

  1. a traditional Japanese unit of length, equal to one 丈 (jō, roughly three meters) and three 尺 (shaku, roughly one foot or thirty centimeters)

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
常
きだ
Grade: 5
kun'yomi

*⟨ki1da⟩ → */kʲida/ → /kida/

First attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).

Cognate with root kiza in 刻む (kizamu, “to mince; to slice; to cut a thing into pieces; to groove, to nick, to notch”).[1]

Also sometimes read as kita.

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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常(きだ) or 常(きた) • (kida or kita) 

  1. (obsolete) a traditional Japanese unit of measure for the length of cut cloth, equal to one 丈 (jō, roughly three meters) and three 尺 (shaku, roughly one foot or thirty centimeters)
  2. (obsolete) a traditional Japanese unit of measure for the area of an agricultural field or paddy, equal to either 360 歩 (bu, around 1190 square meters), later reduced to 300 歩 (bu)/坪 (tsubo, almost 992 square meters)
    Synonym: 段 (tan)

Counter

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常(きだ) • (-kida) 

  1. counter for cuts or strips of something

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
常
つね
Grade: 5
kun'yomi

/tune/ → /t͡sune/

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, compiled around 759 CE.[1] May be cognate with 綱 (tsuna, “thick rope; binding”), with underlying ideas of "connection, continuance".

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Adjective

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常(つね) • (tsune) -na (adnominal 常(つね)な (tsune na), adverbial 常(つね)に (tsune ni))

  1. (obsolete) eternal, permanent, consistent
  2. (obsolete) normal, everyday, regular, usual, ordinary
    Synonyms: 普段 (fudan), 普通 (futsū), 平素 (heiso)
Usage notes
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This appears as an adjective in older texts with the classical attributive form tsune naru. When used attributively in modern Japanese, this term is used with the particle の (no) instead:

  • 常(つね)の人(ひと)
    tsune no hito
    everyday people, regular people

Modern Japanese does still use this term as an adverb, with particle に (ni):

  • このカメラは常(つね)にオンになっている。
    Kono kamera wa tsune ni on ni natte iru.
    This camera is always on.
  • あの会社(かいしゃ)はサービスが常(つね)に悪(わる)い。
    Ano kaisha wa sābisu ga tsune ni warui.
    That company has consistently bad service.
Derived terms
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Noun

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常(つね) • (tsune) 

  1. constant, continuous, always
  2. usual, ordinary, everyday, normal
    恒(つね)の服(ふく)装(そう)で出(で)て行(い)った。
    Tsune no fukusō de dete itta.
    He went out in his usual / normal / everyday clothes.

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
常
とこ
Grade: 5
kun'yomi

⟨to2ko2⟩ → */təkə/ → /toko/

From Old Japanese. Possibly cognate with 時 (toki, “time”).

The way the term is used in the historical record suggests that this was originally a noun. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?) By the time of written Japanese, however, this term only appears in compounds, never on its own, and its usage is more as an adjective to modify other nouns.

Pronunciation

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Prefix

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常(とこ) • (toko-) 

  1. eternal, forever, unchanging, everlasting
Usage notes
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Only used in compounds. Attaches to nouns and other nominals, often (but not always) with the now-obsolete possessive particle つ (tsu).

Derived terms
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Derived terms

Etymology 5

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Kanji in this term
常
とことわ
Grade: 5
kun'yomi

/tokotoba/ → /tokotowa/

From Old Japanese. Read as tokotoba until the Heian period.[1][2]

Appears to be originally a compound of 常 (toko, “eternal”, see above) +‎ とわ (towa, “permanence, unchangingness”, from earlier とば toba).

This latter element is of unclear derivation. Some sources[1] indicate that towa as an independent term arose as a contraction of earlier tokotoba, suggesting the possibility that toba was initially a compound of particles と (to, adverbial particle) + は (wa, formerly ba, even earlier pa; topic particle). However, other sources[4] describe tokotowa as an intensified or emphatic form of towa.

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Adjective

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常(とことわ) • (tokotowa) ←とことは (tokotofa)?-na (adnominal 常(とことわ)な (tokotowa na), adverbial 常(とことわ)に (tokotowa ni))

  1. (archaic, rare) permanent, eternal
    Synonym: 常しえ (tokoshie)
  2. (archaic, rare) usual, ordinary
    Synonym: 常 (tsune)
Usage notes
[edit]

Listed in dictionaries[1][2][5] as a 形容動詞 (keiyō dōshi, “-na adjective”). However, actual usage suggests that this was only used with particle に (ni) as an adverb, and never with particle な (na) or classical なる (naru) as an adjective. When this appears attributively, it is followed by particle の (no),[4] the usual construction when using a noun to modify another noun.

Noun

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常(とことわ) • (tokotowa) ←とことは (tokotofa)?

  1. (archaic, rare) permanence, eternity
    Synonym: 常しえ (tokoshie)

Etymology 6

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Kanji in this term
常
とわ
Grade: 5
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 常 – see the following entry.
【とわ】
[adjective] constant, permanent, everlasting
[noun] eternity
[noun] constancy, permanence, everlastingness
Alternative spellings
永遠, 永久
(This term, 常, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 常 (MC dzyang).

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

常 (eumhun 떳떳할 상 (tteottteothal sang))
常 (eumhun 항상 상 (hangsang sang))

  1. hanja form? of 상 (“honorable; righteous; upright; dignified”)
  2. hanja form? of 상 (“eternal; everlasting”)
  3. hanja form? of 상 (“constant; frequent”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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常: Hán Việt readings: thường (辰(thần)羊(dương)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
常: Nôm readings: thường[1][2][3][4][6], sàn[7]

  1. chữ Hán form of thường (“frequent; usual”).
  2. chữ Hán form of thường (“ordinary; common; average”).

Compounds

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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
  5. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  6. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  7. ^ Hồ (1976).
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