普通
Chinese
[edit]general; popular; everywhere general; popular; everywhere; universal |
go through; know well; to connect go through; know well; to connect; to communicate; open | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (普通) | 普 | 通 | |
| simp. #(普通) | 普 | 通 | |
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): pou2 tung1
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): pu2 huung1
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): pou2 tung1
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): puō-tŭng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): pou3 torng1
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien, POJ): phó͘-thong
- (Teochew, Peng'im): pou2 tong1
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5phu-thon
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: pǔtōng
- Zhuyin: ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: pǔtong
- Wade–Giles: pʻu3-tʻung1
- Yale: pǔ-tūng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: puutong
- Palladius: путун (putun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: pou2 tung1
- Yale: póu tūng
- Cantonese Pinyin: pou2 tung1
- Guangdong Romanization: pou2 tung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /pʰou̯³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: pu2 huung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /pʰu⁵⁵ hɵŋ³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phû-thûng
- Hakka Romanization System: puˊ tungˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: pu1 tung1
- Sinological IPA: /pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuŋ²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: puˋ tungˋ
- Sinological IPA: /pʰu⁵³ tʰuŋ⁵³/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: puō-tŭng
- Sinological IPA (key): /pʰuo³³⁻²¹ (tʰ-)luŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: pou3 torng1 [Phonetic: pou5 lorng1]
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: pô-to̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /pʰɔu⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ (tʰ-)lɒŋ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: pou3 torng1 [Phonetic: pou5 lorng1]
- Sinological IPA (key): /pʰɔu³³²⁻²¹ (tʰ-)lɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phó͘-thong
- Tâi-lô: phóo-thong
- Phofsit Daibuun: phoftofng
- Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
- Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰɔŋ³³/
- Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
- Sinological IPA (Taipei): /pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
- Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: pou2 tong1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phóu thong
- Sinological IPA (key): /pʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰoŋ³³/
- (Hokkien)
- Wu
Adjective
[edit]普通
- ordinary, plain, average, nothing special, general
- common; universal; widespread
- 普通話/普通话 ― pǔtōnghuà ― the common language (Standard Mandarin Chinese)
Synonyms
[edit]- (ordinary):
- (common):
Antonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- 普外 (pǔwài)
- 普工 (pǔgōng)
- 普普通通 (pǔpǔtōngtōng)
- 普通人 (pǔtōngrén)
- 普通利息
- 普通化 (pǔtōnghuà)
- 普通名詞 / 普通名词 (pǔtōng míngcí)
- 普通地圖 / 普通地图
- 普通外科 (pǔtōng wàikē)
- 普通感冒 (pǔtōng gǎnmào)
- 普通教育 (pǔtōng jiàoyù)
- 普通法 (pǔtōngfǎ)
- 普通病房
- 普通考試 / 普通考试
- 普通股
- 普通話 / 普通话 (pǔtōnghuà)
- 普通護照 / 普通护照
- 普通車 / 普通车
- 普通選舉 / 普通选举
- 普通郵票 / 普通邮票 (pǔtōng yóupiào)
- 普通醫師 / 普通医师 (pǔtōng yīshī)
Descendants
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “普通”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2026.
Japanese
[edit]| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 普 | 通 |
| ふ Grade: S |
つう Grade: 2 |
| goon | |
Etymology
[edit]/putuː/ → /fut͡suː/
From Middle Chinese compound 普通 (MC phuX thuwng, literally “ordinary + through”). Compare modern Hakka phû-thûng, Cantonese pou2 tung1, Mandarin pǔtōng.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]普通 • (futsū) -na (adnominal 普通な (futsū na), adverbial 普通に (futsū ni))
Usage notes
[edit]The form 普通の (futsū no) is replacing 普通な (futsū na) in modern Japanese. See the usage notes below.
Inflection
[edit]| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 普通だろ | ふつうだろ | futsū daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 普通で | ふつうで | futsū de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 普通だ | ふつうだ | futsū da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 普通な | ふつうな | futsū na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 普通なら | ふつうなら | futsū nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 普通であれ | ふつうであれ | futsū de are |
| Key constructions | |||
| Informal negative | 普通ではない 普通じゃない |
ふつうではない ふつうじゃない |
futsū de wa nai futsū ja nai |
| Informal past | 普通だった | ふつうだった | futsū datta |
| Informal negative past | 普通ではなかった 普通じゃなかった |
ふつうではなかった ふつうじゃなかった |
futsū de wa nakatta futsū ja nakatta |
| Formal | 普通です | ふつうです | futsū desu |
| Formal negative | 普通ではありません 普通じゃありません |
ふつうではありません ふつうじゃありません |
futsū de wa arimasen futsū ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 普通でした | ふつうでした | futsū deshita |
| Formal negative past | 普通ではありませんでした 普通じゃありませんでした |
ふつうではありませんでした ふつうじゃありませんでした |
futsū de wa arimasen deshita futsū ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 普通で | ふつうで | futsū de |
| Conditional | 普通なら(ば) | ふつうなら(ば) | futsū nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 普通だったら | ふつうだったら | futsū dattara |
| Volitional | 普通だろう | ふつうだろう | futsū darō |
| Adverbial | 普通に | ふつうに | futsū ni |
| Degree | 普通さ | ふつうさ | futsūsa |
Noun
[edit]- the common, the ordinary, nothing special
Usage notes
[edit]As a noun, it is usually used with the possessive particle の (no), which makes it function as an adjective.
普通 (futsū) is widely used for a variety of purposes. For example, to display modesty, one can use it respond to flattery (“oh, I’m nothing special”). Similarly, if a restaurant is okay, but not particularly noteworthy, it can be described as 普通 (futsū).
普通 (futsū) is also used in various conventional senses – a 普通列車 (futsū ressha) is a local train (as opposed to the 特急列車 (tokkyū ressha) or “special express train”), while an average student is a 普通の学生 (futsū no gakusei).
See also
[edit]- 凡才 (bonsai): mediocrity, ordinary ability
References
[edit]- “普通”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
- Ineko Kondō, Fumi Takano, Mary E. Althaus, et al. (2002), Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, third edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN
Korean
[edit]| Hanja in this term | |
|---|---|
| 普 | 通 |
Noun
[edit]Vietnamese
[edit]| chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
|---|---|
| 普 | 通 |
Adjective
[edit]普通
- Cantonese terms with audio pronunciation
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Taishanese lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Eastern Min lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Puxian Min lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Chinese adjectives
- Mandarin adjectives
- Cantonese adjectives
- Taishanese adjectives
- Hakka adjectives
- Eastern Min adjectives
- Hokkien adjectives
- Teochew adjectives
- Puxian Min adjectives
- Wu adjectives
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 普
- Chinese terms spelled with 通
- Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Elementary Mandarin
- Japanese terms spelled with 普 read as ふ
- Japanese terms spelled with 通 read as つう
- Japanese terms read with goon
- Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese terms with Heiban pitch accent (Tōkyō)
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent
- Japanese terms with homophones
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese adjectives
- Japanese な-na adjectives
- Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 2 kanji
- Japanese informal terms
- Japanese terms with usage examples
- Japanese nouns
- Korean lemmas
- Korean nouns
- Korean nouns in Han script
- Korean hanja forms
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese adjectives
- Vietnamese Chữ Hán