通

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通 U+901A, 通
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901A
← 這
[U+9019] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 逛 →
[U+901B]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
10 strokes

Han character[edit]

通 (Kangxi radical 162, 辵+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 卜弓戈月 (YNIB), four-corner 37302, composition ⿺辶甬)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1258, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38892
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1743, character 18
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3845, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+901A

Chinese[edit]

trad. 通
simp. # 通
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Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (用) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
通 *l̥ʰoːŋ
俑 *l̥ʰoːŋ, *loŋʔ
蓪 *l̥ʰoːŋ
桶 *l̥ʰoːŋʔ, *l'oːŋʔ
捅 *l̥ʰoːŋʔ
痛 *l̥ʰoːŋs
筩 *l'oːŋ
誦 *ljoŋs
傭 *l̥ʰoŋ, *loŋ
慵 *ɦljoŋ
鱅 *ɦljoŋ, *loŋ
滽 *loŋ
墉 *loŋ
鏞 *loŋ
鄘 *loŋ
槦 *loŋ
銿 *loŋ
甬 *loŋʔ
勇 *loŋʔ
涌 *loŋʔ
踊 *loŋʔ
蛹 *loŋʔ
恿 *loŋʔ
慂 *loŋʔ
悀 *loŋʔ
埇 *loŋʔ
踴 *loŋʔ
庸 *loŋ
用 *loŋs
佣 *loŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰoːŋ): semantic 辶 + phonetic 甬 (OC *loŋʔ).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • tòng and tòngr - Mainland standard for classifier for actions;
  • tōng - other senses.
  • Cantonese
  • Hakka
  • Jin
  • Min Bei
  • Min Dong
    • Note:
    • tĕ̤ng - vernacular;
    • tŭng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • thang - vernacular;
    • thong - literary.
    Note:
    • tang1 - vernacular;
    • tong1 - literary.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 通
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 透 (6)
    Final (韻) 東 (1)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 他紅切
    Baxter thuwng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/tʰuŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/tʰuŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/tʰuŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/tʰəwŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/tʰuŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/tʰuŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/tʰuŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		tōng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		tung1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 通
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		tōng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ thuwng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*l̥ˁoŋ/
    English penetrate

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 通
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 15428
    Phonetic
    component         		用
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		通
    Old
    Chinese         		/*l̥ʰoːŋ/

    Definitions[edit]

    通

    1. to pass through; to travel through; to go through; or, to allow passage
      通心粉  ―  tōngxīnfěn  ―  macaroni (lit. "pass-through heart pasta")
      通道  ―  tōngdào  ―  passageway; thoroughfare
      講唔通／讲唔通 [Cantonese]  ―  gong2 m4 tung1 [Jyutping]  ―  unable to have someone understand what one is talking about (lit. "unable to talk through")
    2. pipe-shaped object
      鐵通／铁通 [Cantonese]  ―  tit3 tung1 [Jyutping]  ―  iron pipe
    3. (telephony) to get through
      我打咗幾次都打唔通。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      我打咗几次都打唔通。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      ngo5 daa2 zo2 gei2 ci3 dou1 daa2 m4 tung1. [Jyutping]
      I tried to call several times but couldn't get through.
    4. Classifier for phone calls, talks, criticisms, etc.
    5. Classifier for actions.
    6. to make sense; logical
    7. expert
      中國通／中国通  ―  zhōngguótōng  ―  one who knows China very much
    8. (of Chinese characters) to be etymologically related to and carry a similar meaning to
      ……通「國」／……通“国”  ―  ...... tōng “guó”  ―  … is the same as "國／国 (guó)"
    9. (Min Nan) can; may
      alt. forms: 可, 倘
      這通食無？／这通食无？ [Hokkien]  ―  Che thang chia̍h--bô? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  Can this be eaten?
    10. (Cantonese) Short for 通心粉 (“macaroni”).
      腿通 [Cantonese]  ―  teoi2 tung1 [Jyutping]  ―  macaroni with ham

    Synonyms[edit]

    • (telephony: to get through): 入 (rù)
    • (macaroni):
    Dialectal synonyms of 通心粉 (“macaroni”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 通心粉, 通心麵
    Mandarin Taiwan 通心麵
    Cantonese Guangzhou 通心粉
    Hong Kong 通心粉, 通粉, 通 short form only in compounds
    Wu Shanghai 通心粉, 意心粉, 意粉

    Compounds[edit]

    Further reading[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Shinjitai 通
    Kyūjitai
    [1]
    通󠄁
    通+&#xE0101;?
    (Adobe-Japan1)
    通󠄃
    通+&#xE0103;?
    (Hanyo-Denshi)
    (Moji_Joho)
    The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
    See here for details.

    Kanji[edit]

    通

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. pass through

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Counter[edit]

    通(つう) • (-tsū) 

    1. documents
      証(しょう)書(しょ)一(いっ)通(つう)
      shōsho ittsū
      one certificate

    Noun[edit]

    通(つう) • (tsū) 

    1. authority, expert, connoisseur
      支(し)那(な)通(つう)
      shinatsū
      China hand

    Proper noun[edit]

    通(とおる) • (Tōru) 

    1. a male given name

    References[edit]

    1. ^ “通”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎[1] (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2023

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    通 (eumhun 통할 통 (tonghal tong))

    1. Hanja form? of 통 (“pass through”).

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    通: Hán Việt readings: thông (他(tha)東(đông)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
    通: Nôm readings: thong[1][2][3][6][4][5][7], thông[1][2][4][7], thồng[5], thỗng[5]

    1. chữ Hán form of thông (“to go through; to pass through”).
    2. chữ Hán form of thông (“to clear off; to unchoke; to unclog”).
    3. chữ Hán form of thông (“to be familiar with; to master; to be fluent or conversant”).
    4. Nôm form of thong (“clear; open; having a passage through”).
    5. Nôm form of thong (“to communicate”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bonet (1899).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Génibrel (1898).
    6. ^ Hồ (1976).
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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