食
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Translingual[edit]
Stroke order | |||
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Alternative forms[edit]
Han character[edit]
食 (Kangxi radical 184, 食+0, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人戈日女 (OIAV), four-corner 80732, composition ⿱人良)
- Kangxi radical #184, ⾷.
Derived terms[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- KangXi: page 1415, character 29
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44014
- Dae Jaweon: page 1939, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4440, character 1
- Unihan data for U+98DF
Chinese[edit]
Glyph origin[edit]
Historical forms of the character 食 | |||||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | ||
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形): a mouth over a bowl of rice on a stand. While the current form is 人+良, the lower part (bowl of rice on a stand) is cognate to 皀, not to 良 or 艮. This is more visible in the form 𠊊.
Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *lɯɡs, *ɦljɯɡ): phonetic 亼 (OC *zub) + semantic 皀; see 𠊊.
Etymology 1[edit]
trad. | 食 | |
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simp. # | 食 | |
alternative forms | 𠊊 |
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s/g-ljak.
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
食
- (literary or Cantonese, Hakka) to eat; to have a meal; to take in
- 吾嘗終日不食,終夜不寢,以思,無益,不如學也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, circa 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Wú cháng zhōngrì bù shí, zhōngyè bù qǐn, yǐ sī, wú yì, bùrú xué yě. [Pinyin]
- I have been the whole day without eating, and the whole night without sleeping; occupied with thinking. It was of no use. The better plan is to learn.
吾尝终日不食,终夜不寝,以思,无益,不如学也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (dialectal Cantonese, Hakka) to drink
- 食酒愛食竹葉青。 [Sixian Hakka, trad.]
- From: 《食酒歌》
- Sṳ̍t-chiú oi sṳ̍t chuk-ya̍p-chhiâng. [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]
- If you drink wine, you have to drink Zhuyeqing (three-year-old Shaoxing wine).
食酒爱食竹叶青。 [Sixian Hakka, simp.]
- (Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to smoke
- (Cantonese, board games) to capture
- (Cantonese, mahjong) Short for 食糊 (“to win”).
- † meal; food
- † edible
- † Alternative form of 蝕/蚀 (shí, “to eat away; to erode”).
- † Alternative form of 蝕/蚀 (shí, “eclipse (of the Sun or Moon)”).
Usage notes[edit]
- Cantonese and Hakka regularly use 食 to mean “to eat”, whereas Mandarin uses 吃 (chī).
- When playing mahjong in Cantonese, a player may say this word as a call when winning from another player's discard.
Synonyms[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
trad. | 食 | |
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simp. # | 食 | |
alternative forms | 𠊊 |
The *s- causative of Etymology 1.
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
食
- † Original form of 飼/饲 (sì, “to feed; to make ... eat or cause ... to eat”).
- 故孝子不以食其親,忠臣不以食其君。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mozi, circa 4th century BCE
- Gù xiàozǐ bù yǐ sì qí qīn, zhōngchén bù yǐ sì qí jūn. [Pinyin]
- Thus a filial son will not feed it (the medicine) to his parent and a loyal minister will not feed it (the medicine) to his king.
故孝子不以食其亲,忠臣不以食其君。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
Etymology 3[edit]
trad. | 食 | |
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simp. # | 食 | |
alternative forms | 吃 呷 噍 |
Kwok (2018) reconstructs Proto-Southern Min *tsiaʔ⁸ and tentatively reconstructs Proto-Min *dziak (in Norman's system).
While often considered as the vernacular counterpart to etymology 1, it is unlikely to be related to etymology 1 (Norman, 1991; Klöter, 2005; Fuehrer and Yang, 2014). Schuessler (2007) suggests it derives from 嚼 (OC *zewɢ, “to chew”) (probably based on Norman's unpublished manuscripts).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
食
- (Coastal Min) to eat; to have a meal
- (Coastal Min) to drink
- (Coastal Min) to take in; to inhale
- 食薰 [Hokkien] ― chia̍h-hun [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to inhale smoke; to smoke
- (Malaysia and Singapore Hokkien) to embezzle (money)
- 食鐳 / 食镭 [Hokkien] ― chia̍h-lui [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to embezzle money
- (Hokkien, mahjong) to chow
- (Teochew; Penang Hokkien)[1] cuisine
Usage notes[edit]
- When playing mahjong in Hokkien, a player may say this word as a call when forming a chowing another player's discard
Synonyms[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Descendants[edit]
Etymology 4[edit]
trad. | 食 | |
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simp. # | 食 | |
alternative forms | 饁/馌 |
From Proto-Min *jiap or *jiat (“to eat”). While sometimes considered as the vernacular counterpart to etymology 1, it may be from 饁 (OC *ɢrab, “to carry food to workers in the field”) (Norman, 1991; Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
食
- (Inland Min) to eat
Etymology 5[edit]
trad. | 食 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 食 |
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
食
References[edit]
- “食”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[3], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- “Entry #5589”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese[edit]
食 | |
⻝ |
Kanji[edit]
(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form ⻝)
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: い (i); じ (ji); じき (jiki, Jōyō †)
- Kan-on: い (i); し (shi); しょく (shoku, Jōyō)
- Kun: くう (kuu, 食う, Jōyō); くらう (kurau, 食らう, Jōyō); たべる (taberu, 食べる, Jōyō); はむ (hamu, 食む); すく (suku, 食く); おし (oshi, 食し); おす (osu, 食す); たぐ (tagu, 食ぐ); たぶ (tabu, 食ぶ); うか (uka, 食); うけ (uke, 食); け (ke, 食); し (shi, 食)
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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食 |
うか Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
Unbound apophonic form 食 (uke).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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食 |
うけ Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
uka + i → uke2 → uke. Bound apophonic form 食 (uka).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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食 |
け Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
Cognate with 笥 (ke).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- food
- 御食つ国
- mi ke tsu kuni
- the land of foods
- 御食つ国
Etymology 4[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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食 |
しょく Grade: 2 |
on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 食 (MC ʑɨk̚).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 5[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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食 |
しょく Grade: 2 |
kan’on |
Alternative spelling |
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蝕 |
From Middle Chinese 蝕 (MC ʑɨk̚, “to eat away at, to erode; to eclipse”), originally the same word in Old Chinese as 食 (MC jɨH, ʑɨk̚, “to eat”).
First attested in the 延喜式 (Engishiki) of 927.[1]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- [from 927] 食, 蝕: (astronomy) eclipse (often, but not exclusively, of the sun or the moon)
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- レーマーが木星の衛星の1つであるイオの食の周期を測定したところ、一定ではなく、地球の公転に伴い変動することがわかりました。
- Rēmā ga Mokusei no eisei no hitotsu de aru Io no shoku no shūki o sokutei shita tokoro, ittei de wa naku, Chikyū no kōten ni tomonai hendō suru koto ga wakarimashita.
- When Rømer measured the period of the eclipses of Io, one of Jupiter's satellites, he discovered that it was not constant but fluctuated with the Earth's revolution.
- レーマーが木星の衛星の1つであるイオの食の周期を測定したところ、一定ではなく、地球の公転に伴い変動することがわかりました。
-
Verb[edit]
食する • (shoku suru) suru (stem 食し (shoku shi), past 食した (shoku shita))
Inflection[edit]
Stem forms | ||||
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Imperfective (未然形) | 食し | しょくし | shoku shi | |
Continuative (連用形) | 食し | しょくし | shoku shi | |
Terminal (終止形) | 食する | しょくする | shoku suru | |
Attributive (連体形) | 食する | しょくする | shoku suru | |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 食すれ | しょくすれ | shoku sure | |
Imperative (命令形) | 食せよ¹ 食しろ² |
しょくせよ¹ しょくしろ² |
shoku seyo¹ shoku shiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 食される | しょくされる | shoku sareru | |
Causative | 食させる 食さす |
しょくさせる しょくさす |
shoku saseru shoku sasu | |
Potential | 食できる | しょくできる | shoku dekiru | |
Volitional | 食しよう | しょくしよう | shoku shiyō | |
Negative | 食しない | しょくしない | shoku shinai | |
Negative continuative | 食せず | しょくせず | shoku sezu | |
Formal | 食します | しょくします | shoku shimasu | |
Perfective | 食した | しょくした | shoku shita | |
Conjunctive | 食して | しょくして | shoku shite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 食すれば | しょくすれば | shoku sureba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
References[edit]
Korean[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Middle Chinese 食 (MC ʑɨk̚).
Historical readings |
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Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɕʰik̚]
- Phonetic hangul: [식]
Hanja[edit]
食 (eumhun 밥 식 (bap sik))
食 (eumhun 먹을 식 (meogeul sik))
- Hanja form? of 식 (“meal; food”).
- (literary) Hanja form? of 식 (“to eat”).
- 1919, 기미 독립 선언서(己未獨立宣言書) (gimi dongnip seoneonseo) [Proclamation of Korean Independence]:
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
Related to Middle Chinese 飼 (MC zɨH).
Historical readings |
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Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [사]
Hanja[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
From Middle Chinese 食 (MC jɨH).
Historical readings |
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Hanja[edit]
食 (eumhun 사람 이름 이 (saram ireum i))
- Hanja form? of 이 (“used in personal names”).
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [4]
Kunigami[edit]
Kanji[edit]
食
Miyako[edit]
Kanji[edit]
食
Okinawan[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
食: Hán Việt readings: thực (
食: Nôm readings: thực[2][4][6], xực[1]
Compounds[edit]
References[edit]
Yaeyama[edit]
Kanji[edit]
食
Yonaguni[edit]
Kanji[edit]
食
- Han character radicals
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- zh:Board games
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- Grade 2 kanji
- Japanese kanji with kun reading く-う
- Japanese kanji with kun reading く-らう
- Japanese kanji with kun reading た-べる
- Japanese kanji with kun reading は-む
- Japanese kanji with kun reading す-く
- Japanese kanji with kun reading お-し
- Japanese kanji with kun reading お-す
- Japanese kanji with kun reading た-ぐ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading た-ぶ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading うか
- Japanese kanji with kun reading うけ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading け
- Japanese kanji with kun reading し
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading い
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading し
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading しょく
- Japanese kanji with goon reading い
- Japanese kanji with goon reading じ
- Japanese kanji with goon reading じき
- Japanese terms spelled with 食 read as うか
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- Japanese terms spelled with 食 read as うけ
- Japanese terms spelled with 食 read as け
- Japanese terms with usage examples
- Japanese terms spelled with 食 read as しょく
- Japanese terms read with on'yomi
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- ja:Astronomy
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