食

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See also: 飠, 饣, and 良

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
食-bw.png
Stroke order
食-order.gif

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Historical forms of the character 食
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Large seal script Small seal script
食-oracle.svg 食-bronze.svg 食-bigseal.svg 食-seal.svg

Shuowen Jiezi: Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *lɯɡs, *ɦljɯɡ): phonetic 亼 ‎(OC *zub) + semantic 皀; see 𠊊.

Pictogram (象形): a mouth over a bowl of rice on a stand. While the current form is 人+良, the lower part (bowl of rice on a stand) is cognate to 皀, not to 良 or 艮. This is more visible in the form 𠊊.

Han character[edit]

Commons-logo.svg
See images of
Radical 184 食

食 (radical 184 食+0, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人戈日女 (OIAV), four-corner 80732, composition ⿱亽艮)

  1. Kangxi radical #184, ⾷ ‎(“eat”).

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1415, character 29
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44014
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1939, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 7, page 4440, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+98DF

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 食

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s/g-ljak.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 食
Mandarin Beijing /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
Harbin /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Tianjin /ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Qingdao /ʃz̩⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Xi'an /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xining /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʂʐ̩¹³/
Lanzhou /ʂʐ̩⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
Wuhan /sz̩²¹³/
Chengdu /sz̩³¹/
Guiyang /sz̩²¹/
Kunming /ʂʐ̩³¹/
Nanjing /ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/
Hefei /ʂəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /səʔ⁵⁴/
Pingyao /ʂʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /səʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /zəʔ¹/
Suzhou /zəʔ³/
Hangzhou /zəʔ²/
Wenzhou /zei²¹³/
Hui Shexian /ɕi²²/
Tunxi /ɕi¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xiangtan /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /sɨʔ²/
Hakka Meixian /sət̚⁵/
Taoyuan /ʃït̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sek̚²/
Nanning /sek̚²²/
Hong Kong /sik̚²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /sik̚⁵/
/t͡siaʔ⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /siʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /si⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /t͡siaʔ⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /sek̚⁵/
/t͡sia³³/
Rime
Character 食
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 船 (27)
Final (韻) 職 (134)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 乗力切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʑɨk̚/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʑɨk̚/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ʑiek̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʑik̚/
Li
Rong		 /d͡ʑiək̚/
Wang
Li		 /d͡ʑĭək̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /d͡ʑʰi̯ək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 shí
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 食
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 shí
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ zyik ›
Old
Chinese		 /*mə-lək/
English eat

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 食
Reading # 2/2
No. 11477
Phonetic
component		 食
Rime
group		 職
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese		 /*ɦljɯɡ/

Definitions[edit]

食

  1. † (Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to eat; to have a meal; to take in
    中國人係揸筷子食飯嘅。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    中国人系揸筷子食饭嘅。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    Zung1 gwok3 jan4 hai6 zaa1 faai3 zi2 sik6 faan6 ge3. [Jyutping]
    Chinese people use chopsticks to eat with.
    上星期日我同啲朋友一齊食晚飯。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    上星期日我同啲朋友一齐食晚饭。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    Soeng6 sing1 kei4 jat6 ngo5 tung4 di1 pang4 jau5 jat1 cai4 sik6 maan5 faan6. [Jyutping]
    Last Sunday, I ate dinner together with my friends.
    你食咗飯未呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    你食咗饭未呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    Nei5 sik6 zo2 faan6 mei6 aa3? [Jyutping]
    Have you eaten yet?
  2. (Hakka, Min) to drink
    食茶 [Teochew]  ―  ziah8 tê5 [Peng'im]  ―  to drink tea
    食燒酒 / 食烧酒 [Min Nan]  ―  chia̍h sio-chiú [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to drink rice wine
    食酒愛食竹葉青。 [Hakka, trad.]
    食酒爱食竹叶青。 [Hakka, simp.]
    From: 食酒歌
    Sṳ̍t-chiú oi sṳ̍t chuk-ya̍p-chhiâng. [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]
    If you're drink wine, you have to drink Zhuyeqing (three-year-old Shaoxing wine).
  3. (Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to smoke
    食煙 / 食烟 [Cantonese]  ―  sik6 jin1 [Jyutping]  ―  to smoke
  4. (Cantonese, chess, etc.) to capture
  5. † meal; food
  6. † edible
  7. † (蝕／蚀 (shí))
    1. to eat away; to erode
    2. eclipse (of the Sun or Moon)
Usage notes[edit]
  • Cantonese, Hakka, and Min regularly uses 食 to mean "to eat", whereas Mandarin uses 吃 (chī).
  • Mandarin uses 吸 (xī) for "to smoke".
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 吃 (“to eat”)
Variety Location Words
Classical Classical 食
Mandarin Beijing 吃
Jinan 吃
Xi'an 吃
Wuhan 吃
Chengdu 吃
Yangzhou 吃
Hefei 吃
Cantonese Guangzhou 食
Hong Kong 食
Taishan 吃
Yangjiang 吃
Gan Nanchang 喫
Hakka Meixian 食
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 食
Liudui (S. Sixian) 食
Hsinchu (Hailu) 食
Dongshi (Dabu) 食
Taiwanese Raoping 食
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 食
Jin Taiyuan 吃
Min Bei Jian'ou 食
Min Dong Fuzhou 食
Min Nan Xiamen 食
Taipei 食
Chaozhou 食
Wu Suzhou 吃
Wenzhou 吃
Xiang Changsha 吃
Shuangfeng 吃
Dialectal synonyms of 喝 (“to drink”)
Variety Location Words
Classical Classical 飲
Mandarin Beijing 喝
Taiwan 喝
Jinan 喝
Xi'an 喝
Wuhan 喝、呵、汩
Chengdu 吃、呵
Yangzhou 喝、吃
Hefei 喝
Cantonese Guangzhou 飲、呷
Hong Kong 飲、呷
Taishan 飲
Yangjiang 呷、吃
Gan Nanchang 喫
Hakka Meixian 食、啜
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 食、啉、飲
Liudui (S. Sixian) 食、啉、飲
Hsinchu (Hailu) 食、啉、飲
Dongshi (Dabu) 食、啉、飲
Taiwanese Raoping 食、啉、飲
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 啉、食
Jin Taiyuan 喝
Min Bei Jian'ou 啜、食
Min Dong Fuzhou 啜
Min Nan Quanzhou 啉、食、哈
Xiamen 啉、食、哈
Zhangzhou 啉、食
Taipei 啉
Kaohsiung 啉
Tainan 啉、呵、食、灌
Taichung 啉
Yilan 啉、呵、食
Lukang 啉
Sanxia 啉
Kinmen 啉
Magong 食、啉
Hsinchu 啉、哈
Malaysia 啉
Chaozhou 食、啉
Wu Suzhou 吃、呷、呼
Wenzhou 呷、吃
Xiang Changsha 吃
Shuangfeng 吃、呵

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

The *s- causative of Etymology 1. See 飼 for more.

Pronunciation[edit]

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 食
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 sì
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ziH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*s-m-lək-s/
English feed (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions[edit]

食

  1. † (飼／饲 (sì)) to feed; to make ... eat or cause ... to eat

Etymology 3[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 食
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 以 (36)
Final (韻) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 羊吏切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /jɨH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /jɨH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ieH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /jɨH/
Li
Rong		 /iəH/
Wang
Li		 /jĭəH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /iH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 yì
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 食
Reading # 1/2
No. 11476
Phonetic
component		 食
Rime
group		 代
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 異
Old
Chinese		 /*lɯɡs/

Definitions[edit]

食

  1. † Only used in names.
    酈食其 / 郦食其  ―  Lì Yìjī  ―  Li Yiji (an advisor to Liu Bang)

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

See also:
食

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. to eat
  2. a meal

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds
Usage notes[edit]

This character has a simplified form of 飠 when used to compose larger characters, as seen in 飲. This character is not simplified when used as itself. It can also appear in an alternative form as in 餡.

Etymology 1[edit]

Unbound apophonic form uke.

Noun[edit]

食 ‎(hiragana うか, romaji uka)

  1. food
  2. grain

Etymology 2[edit]

uka + i → uke2 → uke. Bound apophonic form 食 ‎(uka).

Noun[edit]

食 ‎(hiragana うけ, romaji uke)

  1. food

Etymology 3[edit]

Cognate with 笥 ‎(ke).

Noun[edit]

食 ‎(hiragana け, romaji ke)

  1. food

Noun[edit]

食 ‎(hiragana し, romaji shi)

  1. food

Noun[edit]

食 ‎(hiragana しょく, romaji shoku)

  1. a meal
  2. foodstuff
  3. an eclipse

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

食 • ‎(sik)
Eumhun:

  • Sound (hangeul): 식 (revised: sik, McCune-Reischauer: sik, Yale: sik)
  • Name (hangeul): 식()
  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

食 (thực, tự)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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