食

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食 U+98DF, 食
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-98DF
← 飞
[U+98DE]		 CJK Unified Ideographs 飠 →
[U+98E0]
See also: 飠, 饣, and 良

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
9 strokes
Stroke order
食-order.gif

Alternative forms[edit]

  • (when used as a left Chinese radical) 𩙿／飠／饣

Han character[edit]

Commons-logo.svg
See images of
Radical 184 食

食 (radical 184 食+0, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人戈日女 (OIAV), four-corner 80732, composition ⿱𠆢良)

  1. Kangxi radical #184, ⾷ (“eat”).

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1415, character 29
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44014
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1939, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 7, page 4440, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+98DF

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 食
alt. forms 𠊊

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 食
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Large seal script Small seal script
食-oracle.svg 食-bronze.svg 食-bigseal.svg 食-seal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (食) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
飤 *ljɯɡs
食 *lɯɡs, *ɦljɯɡ
蝕 *ɦljɯɡ
飾 *hljɯɡ
飭 *l̥ʰɯɡ

Pictogram (象形): a mouth over a bowl of rice on a stand. While the current form is 人+良, the lower part (bowl of rice on a stand) is cognate to 皀, not to 良 or 艮. This is more visible in the form 𠊊.

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *lɯɡs, *ɦljɯɡ): phonetic 亼 (OC *zub) + semantic 皀; see 𠊊.

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s/g-ljak.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • siăh*siĕh - colloquial;
  • sĭk - literary.
Note:
  • chia̍h, chiā - vernacular;
  • si̍t - vernacular (Xiamen, Zhangzhou), literary (Quanzhou, Taiwan);
  • se̍k - literary.
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 食
Mandarin Beijing /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
Harbin /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Tianjin /ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Qingdao /ʃz̩⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Xi'an /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xining /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʂʐ̩¹³/
Lanzhou /ʂʐ̩⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
Wuhan /sz̩²¹³/
Chengdu /sz̩³¹/
Guiyang /sz̩²¹/
Kunming /ʂʐ̩³¹/
Nanjing /ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/
Hefei /ʂəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /səʔ⁵⁴/
Pingyao /ʂʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /səʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /zəʔ¹/
Suzhou /zəʔ³/
Hangzhou /zəʔ²/
Wenzhou /zei²¹³/
Hui Shexian /ɕi²²/
Tunxi /ɕi¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xiangtan /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /sɨʔ²/
Hakka Meixian /sət̚⁵/
Taoyuan /ʃït̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sek̚²/
Nanning /sek̚²²/
Hong Kong /sik̚²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /sik̚⁵/
/t͡siaʔ⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /siʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /si⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /t͡siaʔ⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /sek̚⁵/
/t͡sia³³/
Rime
Character 食
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 船 (27)
Final (韻) 職 (134)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 乗力切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʑɨk̚/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʑɨk̚/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ʑiek̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʑik̚/
Li
Rong		 /d͡ʑiək̚/
Wang
Li		 /d͡ʑĭək̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /d͡ʑʰi̯ək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 shí
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 食
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 shí
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ zyik ›
Old
Chinese		 /*mə-lək/
English eat

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 食
Reading # 2/2
No. 11477
Phonetic
component		 食
Rime
group		 職
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese		 /*ɦljɯɡ/

Definitions[edit]

食

  1. † (Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to eat; to have a meal; to take in
    你食咗飯未呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    你食咗饭未呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    Nei5 sik6 zo2 faan6 mei6 aa3? [Jyutping]
    Have you eaten yet?
  2. (Hakka, Min) to drink
    食茶 [Teochew]  ―  ziah8 tê5 [Peng'im]  ―  to drink tea
  3. (Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to smoke
    食煙 / 食烟 [Cantonese]  ―  sik6 jin1 [Jyutping]  ―  to smoke
  4. (Cantonese, chess, etc.) to capture
  5. † meal; food
  6. † edible
  7. † Alternative form of 蝕／蚀 (shí, “to eat away; to erode”).
  8. † Alternative form of 蝕／蚀 (shí, “eclipse (of the Sun or Moon)”).
Usage notes[edit]
  • Cantonese, Hakka, and Min regularly uses 食 to mean “to eat”, whereas Mandarin uses 吃 (chī).
  • Mandarin uses 吸 (xī) for “to smoke”.
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 吃 (“to eat”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 食
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 吃
Mandarin Beijing 吃
Taiwan 吃
Jinan 吃
Xi'an 吃
Wuhan 吃
Chengdu 吃
Yangzhou 吃
Hefei 吃
Cantonese Guangzhou 食
Hong Kong 食
Taishan 吃
Yangjiang 吃
Gan Nanchang 喫
Hakka Meixian 食
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 食
Liudui (S. Sixian) 食
Hsinchu (Hailu) 食
Dongshi (Dabu) 食
Zhuolan (Raoping) 食
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 食
Jin Taiyuan 吃
Min Bei Jian'ou 食
Min Dong Fuzhou 食
Min Nan Xiamen 食
Taipei 食
Chaozhou 食
Wu Shanghai 吃
Suzhou 吃
Wenzhou 吃
Xiang Changsha 吃
Shuangfeng 吃
Dialectal synonyms of 喝 (“to drink”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 飲
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 喝
Mandarin Beijing 喝
Taiwan 喝
Jinan 喝
Xi'an 喝
Wuhan 喝、呵、汩
Chengdu 吃、呵
Yangzhou 喝、吃
Hefei 喝
Cantonese Guangzhou 飲、呷
Hong Kong 飲、呷
Taishan 飲
Yangjiang 呷、吃
Gan Nanchang 喫
Hakka Meixian 食、啜
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 食、啉、飲
Liudui (S. Sixian) 食、啉、飲
Hsinchu (Hailu) 食、啉、飲
Dongshi (Dabu) 食、啉、飲
Zhuolan (Raoping) 食、啉、飲
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 啉、食
Jin Taiyuan 喝
Min Bei Jian'ou 啜、食
Min Dong Fuzhou 啜
Min Nan Xiamen 啉、食、哈
Quanzhou 啉、食、哈
Zhangzhou 啉、食
Taipei 啉
Kaohsiung 啉
Tainan 啉、呵、食、灌
Taichung 啉
Hsinchu 啉、哈
Lukang 啉
Sanxia 啉
Yilan 啉、呵、食
Kinmen 啉
Magong 食、啉
Penang 啉
Chaozhou 食、啉
Wu Suzhou 吃、呷、呼
Wenzhou 呷、吃
Xiang Changsha 吃
Shuangfeng 吃、呵

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 食

Etymology 2[edit]

The *s- causative of Etymology 1. See 飼 for more.

Pronunciation[edit]

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 食
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 sì
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ziH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*s-m-lək-s/
English feed (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions[edit]

食

  1. † Alternative form of 飼／饲 (sì, “to feed; to make ... eat or cause ... to eat”).

Etymology 3[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 食
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 以 (36)
Final (韻) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 羊吏切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /jɨH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /jɨH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ieH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /jɨH/
Li
Rong		 /iəH/
Wang
Li		 /jĭəH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /iH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 yì
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 食
Reading # 1/2
No. 11476
Phonetic
component		 食
Rime
group		 代
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 異
Old
Chinese		 /*lɯɡs/

Definitions[edit]

食

  1. † Only used in names.
    酈食其 / 郦食其  ―  Lì Yìjī  ―  Li Yiji (an advisor to Liu Bang)

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

食

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. to eat
  2. a meal

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Unbound apophonic form uke.

Noun[edit]

食 (hiragana うか, rōmaji uka)

  1. food
  2. grain

Etymology 2[edit]

uka + i → uke2 → uke. Bound apophonic form 食 (uka).

Noun[edit]

食 (hiragana うけ, rōmaji uke)

  1. food

Etymology 3[edit]

Cognate with 笥 (ke).

Noun[edit]

食 (hiragana け, rōmaji ke)

  1. food
    御 (み)食 (け)つ国 (くに)
    mi ke tsu kuni
    the land of foods

Noun[edit]

食 (hiragana し, rōmaji shi)

  1. food

Noun[edit]

食 (hiragana しょく, rōmaji shoku)

  1. a meal
  2. foodstuff
  3. an eclipse

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

食 • (sik)

  1. food

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

食 (thực, tự)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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