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係

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 系
係 U+4FC2, 係
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FC2
← 俁
[U+4FC1] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 促 →
[U+4FC3]

Translingual

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Japanese 係
Simplified 系
Traditional 係

Han character

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係 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, Cangjie input 人竹女火 (OHVF), four-corner 22293, composition ⿰亻系)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 104, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 663
  • Dae Jaweon: page 220, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 164, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+4FC2

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 係
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
s05880
Transcribed ancient scripts
L20298
L35898
L35899
L35900
L35901
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (系) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
係 *keːɡs
系 *ɡeːɡs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *keːɡs): semantic 人 + phonetic 系 (OC *ɡeːɡs).

The simplified form 系 also exists as a traditional character, and is also used to simplify 繫. In ancient times, 系, 係, and 繫 were usually interchangeable graphic variants, although in some compounds, only one form is acceptable (e.g. 世系 and 繋辭／繋辞).

This section or entry lacks references or sources. Please help verify this information by adding appropriate citations. You can also discuss it at the Tea Room.

The meaning “yes” in Cantonese and Hakka is likely an independently created sound symbolism, only associated with this character by folk etymology. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Etymology 1

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trad. 係
simp. 系*

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 係
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 齊 (39)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 古詣切
Baxter kejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/keiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/keiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kɛiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kɛjH/
Li
Rong 		/keiH/
Wang
Li 		/kieiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kieiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gai3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 係
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kejH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁek-s/
English tie (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 係
Reading # 1/1
No. 13426
Phonetic
component 		系
Rime
group 		賜
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		計
Old
Chinese 		/*keːɡs/

Definitions

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係

  1. to relate; to bear on
  2. to tie; to bind
  3. (formal or Cantonese, Hakka) to be (copula)
    其母係北京人。／其母系北京人。  ―  Qí mǔ xì Běijīngrén.  ―  His mother is a native of Beijing.
    烏龍茶係茶嘅一種。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
    乌龙茶系茶嘅一种。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]
    wu1 lung4-2 caa4 hai6 caa4 ge3 jat1 zung2. [Jyutping]
    Oolong tea is a type of tea.
  4. (Cantonese, Hakka) yes (as answer to a question)
Usage notes
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  • (Cantonese) Not to be confused with 喺 (hai2).
  • (Cantonese, Hakka) 係／系 is used in vernacular contexts, while 是 is used in literary or formal contexts.
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 是 (“to be (+ noun)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 惟, 為, 乃
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 是, 係
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 是
Taiwan 是
Malaysia 是
Singapore 是
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 是
Jinan 是
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 是
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 是
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 是
Wuhan 是
Guilin 是
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 是
Hefei 是
Cantonese Guangzhou 係
Hong Kong 係
Macau 係
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 係
Taishan 係
Yangjiang 係
Maoming (Xinpo) 係
Wuchuan (Wuyang) 是
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 係
Penang (Guangfu) 係
Singapore (Guangfu) 係
Gan Nanchang 是
Hakka Meixian 係
Xingning 係
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 係
Huidong (Daling) 係
Wuhua (Meilin) 係
Zijin 係
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 係
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 係
Changting 係
Wuping 係
Wuping (Pingyu) 係
Liancheng 係
Ninghua 係
Yudu 係
Ruijin 係
Shicheng 係
Shangyou (Shexi) 係
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 係
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 係
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 係
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 係
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 係
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 係
Hong Kong 係
Kuching (Hepo) 係
Singapore (Dabu) 係
Jin Taiyuan 是
Northern Min Jian'ou 是
Eastern Min Fuzhou 是
Singapore (Fuqing) 是
Southern Min Xiamen 是
Xiamen (Tong'an) 是
Quanzhou 是
Zhangzhou 是
Dongshan 是
Taipei 是
New Taipei (Sanxia) 是
Kaohsiung 是
Yilan 是
Changhua (Lukang) 是
Taichung 是
Tainan 是
Hsinchu 是
Kinmen 是
Penghu (Magong) 是
Penang (Hokkien) 是
Singapore (Hokkien) 是
Manila (Hokkien) 是
Datian 是
Chaozhou 是
Shantou 是
Shantou (Chaoyang) 是
Jieyang 是
Haifeng 是
Singapore (Teochew) 是
Leizhou 是
Wenchang 是
Qionghai 是
Singapore (Hainanese) 是
Puxian Min Putian 是
Xianyou 是, 正是
Wu Shanghai 是
Shanghai (Songjiang) 是
Shanghai (Zhoupu, Pudong) 是
Shanghai (Jiading) 是
Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan) 是
Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan) 是
Shanghai (Chongming) 是
Suzhou 是
Suzhou (Wujiang) 是
Wuxi 是
Changshu 是
Kunshan 是
Taicang 是
Qidong 是
Haimen (Sijia) 是
Jiaxing 是
Jiashan 是
Pinghu 是
Haining (Yanguan) 是
Tongxiang 是
Haiyan 是
Changzhou 是
Liyang 是
Changzhou (Jintan) 是
Yixing 是
Danyang 是
Jingjiang 是
Jiangyin 是
Nanjing (Gaochun) 是
Huzhou 是
Changxing 是
Anji 是
Hangzhou 是
Hangzhou (Yuhang) 是
Hangzhou (Lin'an) 是
Hangzhou (Fuyang) 是
Hangzhou (Xiaoshan) 是
Tonglu 是
Tonglu (Wusheng) 是
Shaoxing 是
Zhuji 是
Shengzhou 是
Xinchang 是
Ningbo 是
Ningbo (Zhenhai) 是
Ningbo (Fenghua) 是
Yuyao 是
Cixi 是
Xiangshan 是
Ninghai 是
Zhoushan 是
Tiantai 是
Xianju 是
Sanmen 是
Wenzhou 是
Yueqing 是
Lishui 是
Longquan 是
Jinhua 是
Yiwu 是
Xiang Changsha 是
Shuangfeng 是

Compounds

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Descendants

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  • →? Japanese: (in the sense “yes”) はい (hai) (disputed; easily a coincidence)
  • → Vietnamese: hễ

Etymology 2

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trad. 係
simp. 系*

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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係

  1. (Hokkien) alternative form of 是 (sī, sǐ, “to be”)

Japanese

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Kanji

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係

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Pronunciation 1

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Kanji in this term
係
かかり
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
掛かり

Noun

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係(かかり) • (kakari) 

  1. person in charge, person responsible

Pronunciation 2

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Kanji in this term
係
かかり > がかり
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
掛 (public office titles)

Suffix

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係(がかり) • (-gakari) 

  1. person in charge, person responsible
    カメラ係(がかり)
    kamera-gakari
    cameraman
    撮(さつ)影(えい)係(がかり)
    satsuei-gakari
    photographer
Descendants
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References

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Korean

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Hanja

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係 (eumhun 맬 계 (mael gye))

  1. hanja form? of 계 (“connection”)

Compounds

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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係: Hán Nôm readings: hệ, hể, hề, hễ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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