母
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Translingual[edit]
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Han character[edit]
母 (Kangxi radical 80, 毋+1, 5 strokes, cangjie input 田卜戈 (WYI), four-corner 77500, composition ⿻⿻𠃋𠃌⿻⺀一)
Derived characters[edit]
- Appendix:Chinese radical/毋
- 㑄, 呣, 坶, 姆, 𡥓, 㟂, 𢘃, 拇, 𣳠, 𤝕, 乸, 栂, 𣭇, 牳, 𭹃, 胟, 𤵝, 𥎳, 砪, 䍭, 𧉯, 𧰷, 𧿹, 𨈶, 𨱱, 鉧(𬭁), 𩶋
- 㝀, 𨾥, 䳇, 𠰔, 𡥘, 𢘓, 袰, 𧦥, 貫, 𡴋, 苺, 𣳗, 𤯟, 𦊏, 𭑐, 𥬦, 𬙰, 𫕢, 𣚺, 㺙
Related characters[edit]
- 毋 (See glyph origin)
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 588, character 25
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16723
- Dae Jaweon: page 980, character 32
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2380, character 3
- Unihan data for U+6BCD
Further reading[edit]
Chinese[edit]
| simp. and trad. |
母 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin[edit]
| Historical forms of the character 母 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 脢 | *mɯːs, *mɯː, *mɯːs |
| 挴 | *mlɯːʔ, *mɯːʔ |
| 海 | *hmlɯːʔ |
| 毐 | *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ |
| 呣 | *mɯ |
| 拇 | *mɯʔ |
| 母 | *mɯʔ |
| 胟 | *mɯʔ |
| 姆 | *mɯʔ, *mɯs, *maːʔ |
| 畮 | *mɯʔ |
| 踇 | *mɯʔ |
| 苺 | *mɯs, *mɯːʔ, *mɯːs |
| 莓 | *mɯs, *mɯː, *mɯːs |
| 敏 | *mrɯʔ, *mrɯŋʔ |
| 鰵 | *mrɯŋʔ |
| 慜 | *mrɯŋʔ |
| 毋 | *ma |
| 梅 | *mɯː |
| 酶 | *mɯː |
| 鋂 | *mɯː |
| 每 | *mɯːʔ |
| 毎 | *mɯːs |
| 痗 | *mɯːs, *hmɯːs |
| 晦 | *hmɯːs |
| 誨 | *hmɯːs |
| 悔 | *hmɯːʔ, *hmɯːs |
| 霉 | *mrɯl |
Pictogram (象形): a woman with breasts with nipples kneeling or standing. In modern form turned on left side. Compare 女 (OC *naʔ, *nas, “woman”), which has developed similarly, but does not include dots for nipples and has lost one breast in the modern form.
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mow (“woman, female”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
母
- mother
- Used to address a female elder member of a family.
- (of animal) female
- pertaining to origin
- 母校 ― mǔxiào ― alma mater
- a surname
Synonyms[edit]
Compounds[edit]
- 丁母憂／丁母忧 (dīngmǔyōu)
- 丈母 (zhàngmǔ)
- 丈母娘
- 世母
- 主母
- 九子母
- 乳母 (rǔmǔ)
- 亡母 (wángmǔ)
- 介母
- 令母
- 代母 (dàimǔ)
- 伯母 (bómǔ)
- 佛母 (fómǔ)
- 伯祖母 (bózǔmǔ)
- 保母 (bǎomǔ)
- 修母畫荻／修母画荻 (xiū mǔ huàdí)
- 傅母
- 先母 (xiānmǔ)
- 兒母／儿母
- 公分母
- 公母倆／公母俩 (gōngmuliǎ)
- 公筷母匙 (gōngkuàimǔchí)
- 再生父母 (zàishēngfùmǔ)
- 分母 (fēnmǔ)
- 前母
- 升堂拜母
- 半母音 (bànmǔyīn)
- 叔母 (shūmǔ)
- 叔祖母 (shūzǔmǔ)
- 召父杜母
- 同母
- 單韻母／单韵母 (dānyùnmǔ)
- 嗣父母
- 四郎探母
- 國母／国母 (guómǔ)
- 國音字母／国音字母
- 壽母／寿母
- 外母 (wàimǔ)
- 外祖母 (wàizǔmǔ)
- 大母
- 天上聖母／天上圣母 (Tiānshàng Shèngmǔ)
- 天仙聖母／天仙圣母
- 太師母／太师母
- 太母
- 奶母 (nǎimǔ)
- 妗母 (jìnmǔ)
- 姏母
- 姑母 (gūmǔ)
- 姻母
- 姨母 (yímǔ)
- 娘母子
- 嫡母 (dímǔ)
- 嫫母 (mómǔ)
- 嬸母／婶母 (shěnmǔ)
- 孀母
- 子母印
- 子母扣兒／子母扣儿 (zǐmǔkòur)
- 子母相權／子母相权
- 子母船
- 字母 (zìmǔ)
- 季母
- 孟母 (Mèngmǔ)
- 孟母三遷／孟母三迁 (mèngmǔsānqiān)
- 孟母擇鄰／孟母择邻
- 孟母斷織／孟母断织
- 學而名母／学而名母
- 宜母子 (yímǔzǐ)
- 官話字母／官话字母
- 家母 (jiāmǔ)
- 家祖母
- 寄母 (jìmǔ)
- 寡母
- 岳母 (yuèmǔ)
- 工作母機／工作母机 (gōngzuò mǔjī)
- 希臘字母／希腊字母
- 師母／师母 (shīmǔ)
- 床母
- 庶母 (shùmǔ)
- 後母／后母 (hòumǔ)
- 徐母罵曹／徐母骂曹
- 從母／从母 (cóngmǔ)
- 恩同父母
- 慈母 (címǔ)
- 戀母情結／恋母情结 (liànmǔ qíngjié)
- 手指字母
- 拉丁字母 (lādīng zìmǔ)
- 拜母
- 拼音字母 (pīnyīn zìmǔ)
- 捲舌韻母／卷舌韵母
- 文母
- 智母
- 曾母投杼
- 曾母暗沙 (Zēngmǔ Ànshā)
- 曾祖母 (zēngzǔmǔ)
- 木母
- 歐母畫荻／欧母画荻 (ōu mǔ huàdí)
- 母主
- 母以子貴／母以子贵 (mǔyǐzǐguì)
- 母儀／母仪 (mǔyí)
- 母儀天下／母仪天下
- 母儀足式／母仪足式
- 母兄 (mǔxiōng)
- 母兒／母儿
- 母匙
- 母后 (mǔhòu)
- 母哈赤
- 母喪／母丧
- 母國／母国 (mǔguó)
- 母夜叉 (mǔyèchā)
- 母大蟲／母大虫
- 母女 (mǔnǚ)
- 母姊會／母姊会
- 母子 (mǔzǐ)
- 母屋
- 母帶／母带 (mǔdài)
- 母弟 (mǔdì)
- 母性 (mǔxìng)
- 母性愛／母性爱
- 母愛／母爱 (mǔ'ài)
- 母慈子孝
- 母教
- 母斑
- 母本 (mǔběn)
- 母校 (mǔxiào)
- 母機／母机 (mǔjī)
- 母權／母权 (mǔquán)
- 母法
- 母獅子／母狮子
- 母範／母范 (mǔfàn)
- 母系 (mǔxì)
- 母系制度
- 母老子幼
- 母老虎 (mǔlǎohǔ)
- 母舅 (mǔjiù)
- 母艦／母舰 (mǔjiàn)
- 母親／母亲 (mǔqīn)
- 母親節／母亲节 (mǔqīnjié)
- 母語／母语 (mǔyǔ)
- 母語人士／母语人士 (mǔyǔ rénshì)
- 母財／母财
- 母錢／母钱
- 母雞／母鸡 (mǔjī)
- 母難日／母难日
- 母音 (mǔyīn)
- 母體／母体 (mǔtǐ)
- 母黨／母党
- 氣母／气母
- 水母 (shuǐmǔ)
- 水母目蝦／水母目虾
- 海月水母
- 海蛇水母
- 漂母
- 漂母進食／漂母进食
- 漂母進飯／漂母进饭
- 濁母／浊母
- 濁聲母／浊声母
- 父天母地
- 父母 (fùmǔ)
- 父母之命
- 父母之邦
- 父母國／父母国
- 父母子女
- 父母官 (fùmǔguān)
- 父母恩勤
- 父母雙亡／父母双亡
- 父母骨肉
- 父精母血
- 爸母
- 王母 (wángmǔ)
- 王母娘娘 (Wángmǔ Niángniang)
- 王母蟠桃
- 珍珠母 (zhēnzhūmǔ)
- 珠母
- 瑤池金母／瑶池金母
- 生母 (shēngmǔ)
- 異母／异母 (yìmǔ)
- 異母兄弟／异母兄弟 (yìmǔ xiōngdì)
- 病母
- 白雲母／白云母 (báiyúnmǔ)
- 益母草 (yìmǔcǎo)
- 目蓮救母／目莲救母
- 祖母 (zǔmǔ)
- 祖母綠／祖母绿 (zǔmǔlǜ)
- 禍母／祸母
- 結合韻母／结合韵母
- 繼母／继母 (jìmǔ)
- 續母／续母
- 羅馬字母／罗马字母 (luómǎ zìmǔ)
- 義母／义母 (yìmǔ)
- 老母 (lǎomǔ)
- 老母雞／老母鸡
- 聖母／圣母 (shèngmǔ)
- 聖母像／圣母像
- 聖母峰／圣母峰 (Shèngmǔ Fēng)
- 聲母／声母 (shēngmǔ)
- 胡母敬
- 舅母 (jiùmǔ)
- 航空母艦／航空母舰 (hángkōng mǔjiàn)
- 蓐母
- 薄母
- 薑母鴨／姜母鸭 (jiāngmǔyā)
- 螺母 (luómǔ)
- 螺絲母／螺丝母 (luósīmǔ)
- 衣食父母 (yīshífùmǔ)
- 複合韻母／复合韵母
- 褓母 (bǎomǔ)
- 複韻母／复韵母
- 西王母 (Xīwángmǔ)
- 親家母／亲家母 (qìngjiamǔ)
- 親母／亲母 (qīnmǔ)
- 親生父母／亲生父母
- 誼母／谊母
- 貝母／贝母 (bèimǔ)
- 賢妻良母／贤妻良母 (xiánqīliángmǔ)
- 酒母 (jiǔmǔ)
- 酵母 (jiàomǔ)
- 酵母菌
- 重生父母
- 金母
- 金雲母／金云母
- 阿母 (āmǔ)
- 雞母珠／鸡母珠
- 離母／离母
- 雲母／云母 (yúnmǔ)
- 電母／电母 (Diànmǔ)
- 零聲母／零声母 (língshēngmǔ)
- 非母語人士／非母语人士 (fēi-mǔyǔ rénshì)
- 革命之母
- 韻母／韵母 (yùnmǔ)
- 颶母／飓母
- 食母
- 養母／养母 (yǎngmǔ)
- 養身父母／养身父母
- 驪山老母／骊山老母
- 高祖母 (gāozǔmǔ)
- 鬼母
- 鴇母／鸨母 (bǎomǔ)
- 鴨母／鸭母
- 鴾母／𱉲母
- 黑雲母／黑云母
- 鼻韻母／鼻韵母 (bíyùnmǔ)
Descendants[edit]
References[edit]
- “母”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02098
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
母
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: む (mu); も (mo)
- Kan-on: ぼう (bō)
- Kan’yō-on: ぼ (bo, Jōyō)
- Kun: はは (haha, 母, Jōyō)←はは (fafa, 母, historical); はわ (hawa, 母)←はは (fafa, 母, historical); は (ha, 母); あも (amo, 母); おも (omo, 母); かか (kaka, 母); かあ (kā, 母)
Compounds[edit]
Compounds
Usage notes[edit]
In isolation, the character 母 has 5 strokes in modern Japanese – it is not simplified. In shinjitai compound characters, such as 毎 or 海, it is simplified to 4 strokes, as 毋. In hyōgaiji characters such as 姆, however, the component is not simplified.
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 母 |
| はは Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *papa. /haha/: */papa/ → /fafa/ → /fawa/ → /fafa/ → /haha/.
Medial /f/ [ɸ] regularly changes to /w/ [ɰᵝ], resulting in /fawa/ → /hawa/, the expected final form; see hawa below. This form first appears in the Heian period. However, likely due to spelling influence or reduplication associations, the earlier /fafa/ resurfaced in the late 16th century towards the end of the Muromachi period, with both forms seen until recent times, when hawa falls into disuse.[1] Initial /f-/ [ɸ] regularly becomes [h], resulting in modern [ha̠ha̠].
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- mother
- 織田信長の母は謎が多い。
- Oda Nobunaga no haha wa nazo ga ōi.
- Oda Nobunaga's mother was a mysterious woman.
- 931–938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō (book 1, page 116)
- 母 尔雅云、母爲妣、卑履反、去聲之重、和名波々、日本紀私記云、以路波
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho (page 196)
- Fafa. l, faua. ハハ. または、ハワ(母) 母.
- 織田信長の母は謎が多い。
Usage notes[edit]
- This term conveys neither positive nor negative connotations. However, using it to describe someone the speaker knows personally is often considered lacking respect, where more polite forms like お母さん (okāsan) are preferred.
- This term is sometimes used in objective narrations, but for this purpose, 母親 (hahaoya) is more common.
Antonyms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
- 母上 (hahaue)
- 母親 (hahaoya, “mother”)
- 母方 (hahakata, “a relative on one's mother's side”)
- ⦃⦃ja-r¦母%君¦はは%ぎみ¦mother (when addressing one's own mother; more honorific than 母上 (hahaue))⦄⦄
- 母子 (hahako, “mother and child”)
- 母御 (hahago)
- 母御前 (hahagozen)
- 母島 (Hahajima, “the main island of the Ogasawara Islands”)
- 母者 (hahaja, “a person who is a mother: a term of endearment”)
- 母者人 (hahaja hito, “a person who is a mother: a term of endearment”)
- 母刀自 (hahatoji)
- 母の日 (Haha no Hi, “Mother's Day”)
- 母御息所 (haha miyasudokoro, “an imperial concubine or other female member of the imperial household who is also a mother”)
- 母物 (hahamono, “a book, play, or other entertainment in which motherly love is a central theme”)
- 生みの母 (umi no haha), 産みの母 (umi no haha, “birth mother”)
- 国の母 (kuni no haha)
- 代理母 (dairi haha, “foster mother”)
- 父母 (chichi haha, “one's own parents”)
- 父母 (tete haha)
- ⦃⦃ja-r¦法%師 が 母¦^ほう%し が ^はは¦the title of a 狂言 (kyōgen), a short farcical performance played as an intermission in a noh play⦄⦄
- 瞼の母 (mabuta no haha, “the image of one's mother in dreams or memory, such as when one's mother is far away or has passed away”)
- 継母 (mamahaha, “stepmother, foster mother”)
Etymology 2[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 母 |
| はわ Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese, the phonologically expected development. See etymology for haha above for details.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- (humble) mother
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho (page 213)
- Faua. ハワ (母) 母親.
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho (page 196)
- Fafa. l, faua. ハハ. または、ハワ(母) 母.
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho (page 71)
- Caca. カカ (かか) Faua (母)に同じ. 母. これは子供の言葉である. また、尊敬すべき婦人、あるいは、年長で一家の主婦のような婦人の意に取られる.
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho (page 60)
- Bogui. ボギ (母儀) Faua (母)に同じ. 母.
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho (page 213)
Usage notes[edit]
Obsolete in mainstream Japanese. May persist in dialects.
Etymology 3[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 母 |
| は Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. Possibly an abbreviation of haha, or possibly the original form.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- (obsolete) mother
- 931–938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō (book 1, page 116)
- 母 尔雅云、母爲妣、卑履反、去聲之重、和名波々、日本紀私記云、以路波
- 931–938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō (book 1, page 116)
Usage notes[edit]
Not found in isolation, only found in compounds. Obsolete and unused in modern Japanese.
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 4[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 母 |
| あも Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. Obsolete and unused in modern Japanese. Already falling into disuse by the writing of the Man'yōshū in 759, where it is only found in pieces written in eastern dialects.[1] Possibly cognate with Korean 엄마 (eomma, “mother”), 어머니 (eomeoni, “mother”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 5[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 母 |
| おも Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. Obsolete and unused in modern Japanese. Appears to be an alteration from amo above.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Synonyms[edit]
- (wet nurse): 乳母 (uba)
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
- 母父 (omochichi, “one's parents”)
- 母調子 (omo chōshi)
- 母刀自 (omotoji)
- 母同胞 (omoharakara, “a sibling from the same mother”)
- 母屋 (omoya), 母家 (omoya, “main residence in a manor; main or central building in a palace; main household in an extended family; main store in a chain”)
- 母良 (omora, “in ancient times, a woman serving at the Ise Grand Shrine”)
Etymology 6[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 母 |
| かか Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
Unknown. One theory holds that this is a corrupted and abbreviated form of 御方様 (okatasama), a term to refer to or address someone else's wife (now extremely formal, but much more everyday in the Edo period), possibly influenced by children's speech:
/okatasama/ → /katasama/ → /kakasama/ → /kaka/
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- (childish) mommy, mummy
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho (page 71)
- Caca. カカ (かか) Faua (母)に同じ. 母. これは子供の言葉である. また、尊敬すべき婦人、あるいは、年長で一家の主婦のような婦人の意に取られる.
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho (page 71)
- (obsolete) wife
- Seen in the Edo period among the lower socioeconomic classes. Used to refer both to one's own wife when talking to others, and to refer to someone else's wife.[1]
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
Etymology 7[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 母 |
| かあ Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
Alteration of kaka[1]: /kaka/ → /-kka/ → /kaː/
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Usage notes[edit]
Almost never seen in isolation. Most commonly seen with honorific prefix o- and honorific suffix -san, as お母さん (okāsan).
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
- 母さん (kāsan) (informal form of address; would only be used when addressing one's own mother)
- 母ちゃん (kāchan) (childish, informal form of address; used when addressing one's own mother)
- お母 (okā) (informal form of address; would only be used when addressing one's own mother)
- お母さん (okāsan) (most common term; could be used to address or refer to one's own mother, or to refer to someone else's mother)
References[edit]
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 母 (MC muwX).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 무ᇢ〯 (Yale: mwǔw) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] | 어〮미〮 (Yale: émí) | 모〯 (Yale: mwǒ) |
Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [mo̞(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [모(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Compounds
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]
Old Japanese[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 母 (MC muwX).
Phonogram[edit]
母 (mo2)
- Denotes phonographic syllable mo2.
Further reading[edit]
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
母: Hán Việt readings: mẫu[1][2]
母: Nôm readings: mẫu[1][2][3][4], mẹ[5]
References[edit]
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- ja:Family
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