種

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See also: 种
種 U+7A2E, 種
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A2E
← 稭
[U+7A2D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 稯 →
[U+7A2F]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

種 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+9, 14 strokes, cangjie input 竹木竹十土 (HDHJG), four-corner 22914, composition ⿰禾重)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 856, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25174
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1281, character 33
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2617, character 17
  • Unihan data for U+7A2E

Chinese[edit]

trad. 種
simp. 种*
alternative forms
 
穜
𥡰
𥢖
𥻝
𦔉
穜
𥡰
𥢖
𥻝
𦔉
𥠭

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 種
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (重) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
撞 *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs
幢 *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs
橦 *rdoːŋ, *doːŋ, *tjoŋ
噇 *rdoːŋ
𩪘 *rdoːŋ
艟 *rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ
憧 *rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ
畽 *tʰoːnʔ, *tʰuːnʔ
董 *toːŋʔ
蕫 *toːŋʔ, *doːŋ
箽 *toːŋʔ
懂 *toːŋʔ
湩 *toːŋs, *tuːŋʔ, *toŋs
曈 *tʰoːŋ, *tʰoːŋʔ, *doːŋ
童 *doːŋ
僮 *doːŋ
瞳 *doːŋ
罿 *doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ
犝 *doːŋ
潼 *doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ
穜 *doːŋ, *doŋ
動 *doːŋʔ
慟 *doːŋs
堹 *toŋs
諥 *toŋs
蹱 *tʰoŋ, *tʰoŋs, *tjoŋ
重 *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs
緟 *doŋ, *doŋs
蝩 *doŋ
褈 *doŋ, *tʰjoŋ
鐘 *tjoŋ, *tjoŋ
鍾 *tjoŋ
籦 *tjoŋ
種 *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs
腫 *tjoŋʔ
踵 *tjoŋʔ
歱 *tjoŋʔ
喠 *tjoŋʔ, *tʰjoŋʔ
偅 *tjoŋs
衝 *tʰjoŋ
揰 *tʰjoŋs
尰 *djoŋʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs): semantic 禾 + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs).

Etymology[edit]

Perhaps Sino-Tibetan: Chepang [script needed] (tuŋʔ-, “to plant”), दुङ्‌ (duŋ, “shoot; sprout”), दुङ्‌सा (duŋ-, “to sprout; to grow”). Compare 腫 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “to swell”) and 踵 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “heel”).

Related to Proto-Vietic *k-coːŋʔ (“seed”) (Vietnamese giống (“seed”)), which is likely a loanword from Chinese (Wang, 1948).

Pronunciation 2 (“to sow; to plant”) is the exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1 (“seed”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • chéng - vernacular;
  • chióng - literary.
Note:
  • zêng2 - vernacular;
  • zong2 - literary.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 種
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 章 (23)
    Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 之隴切
    Baxter tsyowngX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/t͡ɕɨoŋX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/t͡ɕioŋX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/t͡ɕioŋX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/cuawŋX/
    Li
    Rong         		/t͡ɕioŋX/
    Wang
    Li         		/t͡ɕĭwoŋX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/t͡ɕi̯woŋX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		zhǒng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		zung2
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 種
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zhǒng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tsyowngX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*k.toŋʔ/
    English seed

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 種
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 17471
    Phonetic
    component         		重
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		腫
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tjoŋʔ/

    Definitions[edit]

    種

    1. seed; kernel; cereal
      菜種／菜种  ―  càizhǒng  ―  seed of vegetable
    2. clan; ethnic group; ethnicity; race
      人種／人种  ―  rénzhǒng  ―  race
      種族／种族  ―  zhǒngzú  ―  ethnicity
    3. (taxonomy) species; breed
    4. kind; sort; type
    5. Classifier for varieties: kind; sort; type ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
      各種／各种  ―  gèzhǒng  ―  every kind
    6. (colloquial) guts; grit
    7. a surname: Zhong
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (kind):
    Dialectal synonyms of 種 (“kind (classifier for varieties)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 種, 類
    Mandarin Taiwan 種
    Malaysia 種
    Singapore 種
    Cantonese Guangzhou 種, 隻
    Hong Kong 種, 隻
    Min Nan Tainan 種, 款
    Penang (Hokkien) 種
    Singapore (Hokkien) 種, 款
    Manila (Hokkien) 款
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 種, 隻
    • (guts):

    Compounds[edit]

    See also[edit]

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Note:
    • chèng - vernacular;
    • chiòng - literary.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 種
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 章 (23)
    Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 之用切
    Baxter tsyowngH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/t͡ɕɨoŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/t͡ɕioŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/t͡ɕioŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/cuawŋH/
    Li
    Rong         		/t͡ɕioŋH/
    Wang
    Li         		/t͡ɕĭwoŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/t͡ɕi̯woŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		zhòng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		zung3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 種
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zhòng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tsyowngH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*(mə-)toŋʔ-s/
    English sow (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 種
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 17476
    Phonetic
    component         		重
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		種
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tjoŋs/
    Notes 重轉註字

    Definitions[edit]

    種

    1. † to sow; to strew
    2. to grow; to plant; to cultivate
      種樹／种树  ―  zhòng shù  ―  to plant a tree
    3. † to breed; to bring up
    4. † to foster; to train
    5. to transplant; to inoculate
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (to cultivate):

    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 3[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    種

    1. † cereal that is to plant early and to harvest lately
    2. A surname

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja

    Kanji[edit]

    種

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. seed
    2. plant, sow
    3. class, kind, variety
    4. (taxonomy) species

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Related terms[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
    Kanji in this term
    種
    たね
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *tanay.

    Alternative forms[edit]

    • (bloodline, lineage): 胤

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    種(たね) • (tane) 

    1. a seed
      Synonym: 種子 (shushi)
    2. a pit or stone in a fruit
      Synonym: [[{{{2}}}#Japanese|{{{2}}}]] (sane)
    3. a gamete (reproductive cell such as a spermatozoan or egg)
    4. a lineage, bloodline
      Synonyms: 血統 (kettō), 血筋 (chisuji)
    5. an origin, cause
      Synonyms: 根源 (kongen), 原因 (gen'in)
    6. the materials or ingredients from which something is made
      Synonyms: 原料 (genryō), 材料 (zairyō)
    7. capital, funds, seed money
      Synonyms: 元金 (gankin, motokin), 元手 (motode)
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms
    Idioms[edit]
    Proverbs[edit]
    Proverbs
    See also[edit]

    Proper noun[edit]

    種(たね) • (Tane) 

    1. a female given name
    2. a surname

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    種
    くさ
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese.

    Possibly derived from or cognate with 草 (kusa, “grass”), from the way grass grows from its base, hence origin.

    Alternative forms[edit]

    • (cause of something): 草

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • Pitch accent for counter unknown.

    Noun[edit]

    種(くさ) • (kusa) 

    1. an origin, cause
    2. a type, class
      Synonyms: 種類 (shurui), 類い (tagui)
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Counter[edit]

    種(くさ) • (-kusa) 

    1. counter for number of kinds or types
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    種
    くさわい
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi

    ⟨kusa papi1⟩ → * /kusapapʲi/ → /kusafafi/ → /kusawawʲi/ → /kusawai/

    Compound of 種 (kusa, “origin; type”) + 這い (hai, “widely spread out”), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) 這う (hau, “to spread out widely”).

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    種(くさわい) • (kusawai) ←くさはひ (kusafafi)?

    1. an origin, cause
      Synonym: 原因 (gen'in)
    2. a type, class
      Synonyms: 種類 (shurui), 類い (tagui)
    3. an interest, appeal
      Synonyms: 趣 (omomuki), 面白み (omoshiromi)

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
    Kanji in this term
    種
    しゅ
    Grade: 4
    on’yomi

    /t͡ɕɨu/ → /ɕʲu/ → /ɕu/

    From Middle Chinese 種 (MC tsyowngX).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    種(しゅ) • (shu) 

    1. a seed
      Synonym: 種子 (shushi)
    2. a kind, type, sort, class, or category
      Synonyms: 種類 (shurui), 類い (tagui)
    3. (taxonomy) a species
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 種 (MC tsyowngX, “seed”).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 죠ᇰ〯 (Yale: cyǒng)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] ᄡᅵ〮 (Yale: psí) 죠ᇰ〯 (Yale: cyǒng)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (seed; kernel):
    • (kind; sort; etc.):
      • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕo̞(ː)ŋ]
      • Phonetic hangul: [종(ː)]
        • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    種 (eumhun 씨 종 (ssi jong))

    1. Hanja form? of 종 (“seed; kernel”).
    2. Hanja form? of 종 (“kind; sort; type”).
    3. Hanja form? of 종 (“(taxonomy) species”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 2[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 種 (MC tsyowngH, “sow”).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 죠ᇰ〮 (Yale: cyóng)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] 시믈 (Yale: sìmùl) 죠ᇰ〮 (Yale: cyóng)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    種 (eumhun 심을 종 (simeul jong))

    1. Hanja form? of 종 (“to plant; to cultivate”).
    2. Hanja form? of 종 (“to transplant; to inoculate”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    種: Hán Việt readings: chủng (主(chủ)勇(dũng)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4], chũng[5]
    種: Nôm readings: giống[1][2][3][6][5][4][7], chỏng[3][6][5][4][7], chõng[1][5][4][7], chủng[2][3][6][7], trồng[1][2][3], chổng[6][7], truồng[1], giuống[7]

    1. chữ Hán form of chủng (“species; race; type; kind”).
    2. Nôm form of giống (“kind; race; breed”).
    3. Nôm form of trồng (“to plant”).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Génibrel (1898).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Bonet (1899).
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Hồ (1976).
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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