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重

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 垂 and 車
重 U+91CD, 重
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-91CD
← 里
[U+91CC] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 野 →
[U+91CE]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character

[edit]

重 (Kangxi radical 166, 里+2, 9 strokes, Cangjie input 竹十田土 (HJWG), four-corner 20104, composition ⿱千里)

Derived characters

[edit]
Additional Derived Characters

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1291, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40132
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1791, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3680, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+91CD

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 重
alternative forms 𡍴 ancient
𡍺 ancient
𨤣
𧝎
𧸌

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 重
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (重) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
撞 *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs
幢 *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs
橦 *rdoːŋ, *doːŋ, *tjoŋ
噇 *rdoːŋ
𩪘 *rdoːŋ
艟 *rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ
憧 *rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ
畽 *tʰoːnʔ, *tʰuːnʔ
董 *toːŋʔ
蕫 *toːŋʔ, *doːŋ
箽 *toːŋʔ
懂 *toːŋʔ
湩 *toːŋs, *tuːŋʔ, *toŋs
曈 *tʰoːŋ, *tʰoːŋʔ, *doːŋ
童 *doːŋ
僮 *doːŋ
瞳 *doːŋ
罿 *doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ
犝 *doːŋ
潼 *doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ
穜 *doːŋ, *doŋ
動 *doːŋʔ
慟 *doːŋs
堹 *toŋs
諥 *toŋs
蹱 *tʰoŋ, *tʰoŋs, *tjoŋ
重 *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs
緟 *doŋ, *doŋs
蝩 *doŋ
褈 *doŋ, *tʰjoŋ
鐘 *tjoŋ, *tjoŋ
鍾 *tjoŋ
籦 *tjoŋ
種 *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs
腫 *tjoŋʔ
踵 *tjoŋʔ
歱 *tjoŋʔ
喠 *tjoŋʔ, *tʰjoŋʔ
偅 *tjoŋs
衝 *tʰjoŋ
揰 *tʰjoŋs
尰 *djoŋʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs) and ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): semantic 人 (“man”) + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ, “bag”) – a man carrying a bag. A glyph 土 (“earth”) was later added to show that the bag-carrying man is standing on the ground. From this composition (𡍺) is the current form. In the modern form, the man on top can be seen as 亻 (however, the upper part of the character is unrelated to 千).

See also 以, in which a person is carrying something, 央, in which a person is carrying a pole, and 年, in which a person is carrying the harvest.

Etymology

[edit]

Schuessler (2007) notes that the etymology is uncertain and compares the word to Burmese စုံ (cum, “to be sufficient; pair”), which STEDT puts under Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dzum ~ tsum (“pair”).

Pronunciation 3 is the exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1.

Pronunciation 1

[edit]
Note:
  • dâe̤ng - vernacular;
  • dê̤ṳng - literary.
Note:
  • dang5 - vernacular;
  • doeng5/dyoeng5/dieng5 - literary.
Note:
  • tāng/tǎng - vernacular;
  • tiōng/tiǒng - literary.
Note:
  • dang6 - vernacular;
  • dong6 - literary.
Rime
Character 重
Reading # 2/3
Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 直隴切
Baxter drjowngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɖɨoŋX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɖioŋX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȡioŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɖuawŋX/
Li
Rong 		/ȡioŋX/
Wang
Li 		/ȡĭwoŋX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ȡʱi̯woŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zhòng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zung6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 重
Reading # 2/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zhòng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ drjowngX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*N-t<r>oŋʔ/
English heavy

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 重
Reading # 2/3
No. 17462
Phonetic
component 		重
Rime
group 		東
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		重
Old
Chinese 		/*doŋʔ/
Notes 東轉註字，金文從禾東從土，
爲種（植）初文

Definitions

[edit]

重

  1. heavy
    Antonym: 輕 / 轻 (qīng)
    你個書包咁重嘅？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    你个书包咁重嘅？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    nei5 go3 syu1 baau1 gam3 cung5 ge2? [Jyutping]
    Why is your schoolbag so heavy?
  2. weight
    一個蘋果重約100克。 [MSC, trad.]
    一个苹果重约100克。 [MSC, simp.]
    Yī ge píngguǒ zhòng yuē 100 kè. [Pinyin]
    An apple weighs about 100 g on average.
  3. deep; grave; serious; severe; hard
    重罰／重罚  ―  zhòng fá  ―  to punish severely
    傷勢很重／伤势很重  ―  shāngshì hěn zhòng  ―  to be seriously wounded
    因重擊造成的瘀傷 [MSC, trad.]
    因重击造成的瘀伤 [MSC, simp.]
    yīn zhòngjī zàochéng de yūshāng [Pinyin]
    Bruises caused by a hard hit
  4. considerable (in amount)
Synonyms
[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 重 (“heavy”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 重
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 重
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 沉, 重
Taiwan 重
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 沉, 重
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 沉, 重
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 重
Wuhan 重
Guilin 重
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 重
Hefei 重
Cantonese Guangzhou 重
Hong Kong 重
Yangjiang 重
Gan Nanchang 重
Hakka Meixian 重
Jin Taiyuan 重, 沉
Northern Min Jian'ou 重
Eastern Min Fuzhou 重
Southern Min Xiamen 重
Quanzhou 重
Zhangzhou 重
Chaozhou 重
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 重
Wu Suzhou 重
Wenzhou 重
Xiang Changsha 重
Shuangfeng 重

Compounds

[edit]
also includes Pronunciation 2

Descendants

[edit]
Sino-Xenic (重):
  • → Japanese: 重(じゅう) (jū); 重(ちょう) (chō)
  • → Korean: 중(重) (jung)
  • → Vietnamese: trọng (重)

Others:

Pronunciation 2

[edit]
Note:
  • dâe̤ng - vernacular;
  • dê̤ṳng - literary.
Note:
  • dang5 - vernacular;
  • doeng5/dyoeng5 - literary.
Note:
  • tāng/tǎng - vernacular;
  • tiōng/tiǒng - literary.
Note:
  • dang6 - vernacular;
  • dong6 - literary.
Rime
Character 重
Reading # 3/3
Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 柱用切
Baxter drjowngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɖɨoŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɖioŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȡioŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɖuawŋH/
Li
Rong 		/ȡioŋH/
Wang
Li 		/ȡĭwoŋH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ȡʱi̯woŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zhòng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zung6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 重
Reading # 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zhòng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ drjowngH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*N-t<r>oŋʔ-s/
English weight (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 重
Reading # 3/3
No. 17463
Phonetic
component 		重
Rime
group 		東
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		重
Old
Chinese 		/*doŋs/

Definitions

[edit]

重

  1. weight
  2. weighty; important
    重任  ―  zhòngrèn  ―  important task
  3. grave; serious
  4. solemn
    隆重  ―  lóngzhòng  ―  grand; solemn
    莊重／庄重  ―  zhuāngzhòng  ―  solemn; serious
  5. prudent
  6. to respect; to attach importance to
    重義輕利／重义轻利  ―  zhòngyìqīnglì  ―  to value righteousness and care little for material gain
  7. (Cantonese) still
    Alternative form: 仲
    遲到啦，重喺度食早餐？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    迟到啦，重喺度食早餐？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    ci4 dou3 laa3, zung6 hai2 dou6 sik6 zou2 caan1? [Jyutping]
    You're running late and still eating breakfast?
  8. (Cantonese) even more
    Alternative form: 仲
Synonyms
[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 還 (“still; yet”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 猶, 尚
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 還, 仍, 尚
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 還
Taiwan 還
Malaysia 還
Singapore 還
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 還
Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 還
Xi'an 還
Lanyin Mandarin Lanzhou 還
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 還
Wuhan 還
Guilin 還
Liuzhou 還
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 還
Yangzhou 還
Nantong 還
Hefei 還
Cantonese Guangzhou 重
Hong Kong 重
Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 重
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 重
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 重
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 還
Macau 重
Guangzhou (Panyu) 重
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 重
Guangzhou (Conghua) 重
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 重
Foshan 重
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 重
Foshan (Shunde) 重
Foshan (Sanshui) 重
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 重
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 還
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 重
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 重
Zhuhai (Doumen) 還
Jiangmen (Baisha) 還
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 還
Taishan 還
Kaiping (Chikan) 還
Enping (Niujiang) 還
Heshan (Yayao) 重
Dongguan 重
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 重
Shenzhen (Dapeng) 重, 還
Qingyuan 重
Fogang 重
Yingde (Hanguang) 閒
Yangshan 重
Lianshan (Butian) 成
Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui) 重
Shaoguan 重
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 重
Renhua 重
Lechang 重
Sihui 重
Deqing 淨, 重
Huaiji 重
Yunfu 鄭
Xinxing 重
Luoding 重
Yunan (Pingtai) 鄭
Yangjiang 還
Xinyi 重
Nanning 重
Wuzhou 重
Yulin 重
Hepu (Lianzhou) 重
Mengshan (Xihe) 重
Beiliu (Tangliao) 重
Bobai 重
Qinzhou 重
Beihai 重
Ningming 重
Hengzhou 淨
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 重
Singapore (Guangfu) 重
Gan Nanchang 還
Pingxiang 還
Hakka Meixian 還
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 重
Dongguan (Qingxi) 還
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 還
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 還
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 還
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 還
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 還
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 還
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 還
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 還
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 猶
Hong Kong 還
Luchuan (Daqiao) 還
Kuching (Hepo) 還
Huizhou Jixi 還
Jin Taiyuan 還
Northern Min Jian'ou 固, 唵
Eastern Min Fuzhou 固
Matsu 固
Southern Min Xiamen 猶, 猶閣
Quanzhou 猶, 猶閣
Zhangzhou 猶, 猶閣
Zhao'an 還
Tainan 猶, 猶閣
Penang (Hokkien) 閣
Singapore (Hokkien) 猶, 猶閣, 閣
Manila (Hokkien) 猶, 猶閣
Chaozhou 還
Shantou 還
Jieyang 還
Haifeng 還
Singapore (Teochew) 還
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 仲
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 重
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 還
Wu Shanghai 還
Suzhou 還
Danyang 還
Wenzhou 還
Jinhua 還
Xiang Changsha 還
Loudi 還
Shuangfeng 還
Quanzhou 還

Pronunciation 3

[edit]
Note:
  • tṳ̀ng - vernacular;
  • dṳ̀ng - literary.
Note:
  • têng, tâⁿ - vernacular;
  • tiông - literary.
Note: cong5 - used in 重慶 / 重庆.
Rime
Character 重
Reading # 1/3
Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 直容切
Baxter drjowng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɖɨoŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɖioŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȡioŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɖuawŋ/
Li
Rong 		/ȡioŋ/
Wang
Li 		/ȡĭwoŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ȡʱi̯woŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		chóng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		cung4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 重
Reading # 1/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		chóng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ drjowng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[m]-troŋ/
English repeat; double

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 重
Reading # 1/3
No. 17457
Phonetic
component 		重
Rime
group 		東
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		重
Old
Chinese 		/*doŋ/

Definitions

[edit]

重

  1. to repeat; to duplicate
  2. to stack up; to pile up; to overlay
  3. again; once more; re-
    重逢  ―  chóngféng  ―  to meet again
    重做 [Cantonese]  ―  cung4 zou6 [Jyutping]  ―  to redo; to do again
    重建家園／重建家园  ―  chóngjiàn jiāyuán  ―  to rebuild one's home
  4. Classifier for layers.
    Alternative forms: (Hokkien) 層 / 层 (têng), (Hokkien) 廷 (têng), (Hokkien) 庭 (têng)
    多重人格障礙／多重人格障碍  ―  duōchóngréngézhàng'ài  ―  multiple personality disorder

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]

Kanji

[edit]
重

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 重 (MC drjowngX); compare Mandarin 重 (zhòng):

  • Go-on: じゅう (jū, Jōyō)←ぢゆう (dyuu, historical)
  • Kan-on: ちょう (chō, Jōyō)

From Middle Chinese 重 (MC drjowng); compare Mandarin 重 (chóng):

From native Japanese roots:

Compounds

[edit]
compounds containing "重"
Idioms containing "重"

Etymology 1

[edit]
Kanji in this term
重
へ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

/pe/ → /ɸe/ → /he/. Presumably related with Goguryeo 別 (*peT).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

重(へ) • (he) 

  1. a division
  2. something that divides two objects
Derived terms
[edit]
See also
[edit]
  • 重(え) (e)

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
重
え
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

/-pe/ → /-ɸe/ → /-we/ → /-e/. Cognate with 重 (he, “division”). The divergent phonological development is due to the non-null environment caused by being suffixed to the previous morpheme.

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • IPA(key): [e̞]
  • Audio:(file)
  • (Tokyo) え [è] (Heiban – [0])

Suffix

[edit]

重(え) • (-e) ←へ (-fe)?

  1. the number of overlaps; fold, layer
Derived terms
[edit]

Etymology 3

[edit]
Kanji in this term
重
おも
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 重 – see the following entry.
【おも】
[adjective] chief, main, principal, foremost, important
Alternative spelling
主
(This term, 重, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4

[edit]
Kanji in this term
重
じゅう
Grade: 3
goon

From Middle Chinese 重 (MC drjowng|drjowngX|drjowngH).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Prefix

[edit]

重(じゅう) • (jū-) 

  1. heavy, weighty
  2. involving large-scale manufacture, heavy
  3. great in degree, heavy, serious, severe, hard, difficult

References

[edit]

Korean

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 重 (MC drjowngX).

Historical readings

Hanja

[edit]

重 (eumhun 무거울 중 (mugeoul jung))

  1. hanja form? of 중 (“heavy”)

Etymology 2

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]

重 (eumhun 아이 동 (ai dong))

  1. (obsolete) alternative form of 童 (“hanja form? of 동 (“child”)”)
  2. (obsolete) alternative form of 僮 (“hanja form? of 동 (“child”)”)

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

重: Hán Việt readings: trọng[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9], trùng[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
重: Nôm readings: chồng[1][2][3][4][5][7][8][9], chuộng[1][2][3][4][5][7][8][9], chùng[1][2][4][7][8][9], trụng[3][4][5][7][8], trộng[3][5][7][9], chòng[1], chuồng[1], giọng[1], thụng[1], chõng[3], trọng[3], trửng[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of trọng (“(literary) to hold in high regard; to value”)
  2. chữ Hán form of trùng
    1. to coincide
    2. (in compounds) to repeat; to stack up
  3. chữ Nôm form of chòng (“to tease; to bother”)
  4. chữ Nôm form of chồng
    1. husband
    2. to stack up
  5. chữ Nôm form of chùng
    1. baggy; slack; relaxed; loose
    2. used in chập chùng (“alternative form of trập trùng”)
  6. chữ Nôm form of chuồng (“enclosure for confining animals, especially domestic, livestock or zoo animals”)
  7. chữ Nôm form of chuộng (“to prefer, to like”)
  8. chữ Nôm form of giọng (“voice”)

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Takeuchi (1988).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Hồ (1976).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Thiều Chửu (1942).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Bonet (1899).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Génibrel (1898).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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