土
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Translingual
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Han character
[edit]土 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 土 (G), four-corner 40100, composition ⿱十一)
- Kangxi radical #32, ⼟.
Derived characters
[edit]- Appendix:Chinese radical/土
- 𫡢, 吐, 𡚳, 𢎳, 𢓂, 𪫞, 扗, 汢, 肚, 杜, 𣧅, 灶, 牡, 𤣰, 社, 𨑒, 𥃾, 𥝟, 𬡃, 𫊥, 䝅, 𧺔, 𮛄, 𨑡, 𪶇, 釷 (钍), 靯, 𩡶, 𩵚 (𬶂), 𪐢, 𡉗, 𨙭, 𤬪, 壻, 䲧, 䵺
- 凷, 𫧀, 𫲵, 尘, 圧, 庄, 𢨫, 芏, 𬻁, 至, 𣂓, 𭎊, 𦉷, 𥤧, 𭯼, 㽵, 茔, 里, 𥫦, 𮓛, 𦯀, 䦌 (𮤬), 𫕞, 𭎭, 𣵹, 𤥷, 𡴠, 𩫽, 烾, 𤍢, 𪔋, 墨, 皨, 䜃, 𰀔, 㦱, 𧗥, 㐋, 去, 𠮷, 𡕟, 寺, 𢖽, 𭟯, 𣏅, 灻, 𣏄, 赤, 走, 赱, 幸, 𥸮, 𫅢, 𮤇, 𪔄, 𪔌
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 223, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4867
- Dae Jaweon: page 453, character 23
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 415, character 1
- Unihan data for U+571F
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
土 | |
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alternative forms | 士 圡 𡈽 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 土 | ||||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形) : a lump of clay on a potter’s wheel.
Etymology 1
[edit]There is no obvious cognate and etymology, unless it may be related to Proto-Austroasiatic *tiʔ (Proto-Monic *tiiʔ (“soil; ground consisting of earth”), Semnam tɛʔ (“soil; earth”)). However, this would require the assumption of a shift from front vowel to Old Chinese *a (Schuessler, 2007).
Probably related to 社 (OC *ɦljaːʔ, “god of soil; altar to god of soil”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): tu3
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): тў (tw, II)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): tu3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): tu2
- Northern Min (KCR): tǔ
- Eastern Min (BUC): tù
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5thu
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): tou3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: tǔ
- Wade–Giles: tʻu3
- Yale: tǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuu
- Palladius: ту (tu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: tu3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tu
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu⁵³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: тў (tw, II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: tou2
- Yale: tóu
- Cantonese Pinyin: tou2
- Guangdong Romanization: tou2
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰou̯³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: hu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /hu⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: tu3
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thú
- Hakka Romanization System: tuˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: tu3
- Sinological IPA: /tʰu³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: tu2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰu⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tǔ
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: tù
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 土 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /tʰu²¹⁴/ |
Harbin | /tʰu²¹³/ | |
Tianjin | /tʰu¹³/ | |
Jinan | /tʰu⁵⁵/ | |
Qingdao | /tʰu⁵⁵/ | |
Zhengzhou | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
Xi'an | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
Xining | /tʰv̩⁵³/ | |
Yinchuan | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /tʰu⁴⁴²/ | |
Ürümqi | /tʰu⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /tʰəu⁴²/ | |
Chengdu | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
Guiyang | /tʰu⁴²/ | |
Kunming | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
Nanjing | /tʰu²¹²/ | |
Hefei | /tʰu²⁴/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /tʰu⁵³/ |
Pingyao | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /tʰu³⁵/ |
Suzhou | /tʰəu⁵¹/ | |
Hangzhou | /tʰu⁵³/ | |
Wenzhou | /tʰøy³⁵/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /tʰu³⁵/ |
Tunxi | /tʰəu³¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /tʰəu⁴¹/ |
Xiangtan | /tʰəɯ⁴²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /tʰu²¹³/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /tʰu³¹/ |
Taoyuan | /tʰu³¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /tʰou³⁵/ |
Nanning | /tʰu³⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /tʰou³⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /tʰɔ⁵³/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /tʰu³²/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /tʰu²¹/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /tʰou⁵³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /hɔu³¹/ 訓途 /hɔu²¹³/ ~產 |
- Middle Chinese: thuX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰˤaʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰaːʔ/
Definitions
[edit]土
- earth; soil
- (dialectal) dust
- land
- 溥天之下,莫非王土。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Pǔtiān zhī xià, mòfēi wángtǔ. [Pinyin]
- Under the wide heaven,
All is the king's land.
- crude opium
- hometown; native place
- 故土 ― gùtǔ ― native land; native place
- local; native; indigenous
- rustic; unsophisticated; uncouth; vulgar; tasteless; uncultured
- indigenous; traditional and used by the common people
- (~族) the Tu ethnic group; Monguor people; White Mongol
- Short for 土耳其 (Tǔ'ěrqí, “Turkey”).
- a surname
Synonyms
[edit]- (earth):
- (dust):
- (land): 土地 (tǔdì)
- (hometown):
Antonyms
[edit]- (antonym(s) of “indigenous”): 洋 (yáng)
Compounds
[edit]- 三合土 (sānhétǔ)
- 三和土
- 五峰土家族自治縣/五峰土家族自治县 (Wǔfēng Tǔjiāzú Zìzhìxiàn)
- 冥土
- 北美土撥鼠/北美土拨鼠 (Běiměi tǔbōshǔ)
- 后土 (hòutǔ)
- 土人 (tǔrén)
- 土俗
- 土偶 (tǔ'ǒu)
- 土包子 (tǔbāozi)
- 土匪 (tǔfěi)
- 土名
- 土嗨 (tǔhāi)
- 土器 (tǔqì)
- 土國/土国
- 土地
- 土地廟/土地庙 (tǔdìmiào)
- 土地改革 (tǔdì gǎigé)
- 土坎 (tǔkǎn)
- 土坎兒/土坎儿
- 土坯 (tǔpī)
- 土坡
- 土坡兒/土坡儿
- 土城 (tǔchéng)
- 土城垸 (Tǔchéngyuàn)
- 土埂 (tǔgěng)
- 土塊/土块
- 土壘/土垒
- 土壤 (tǔrǎng)
- 土壩/土坝
- 土家族 (Tǔjiāzú)
- 土專家/土专家 (tǔzhuānjiā)
- 土屄 (tǔbī)
- 土崗/土岗 (tǔgǎng)
- 土崩瓦解 (tǔbēngwǎjiě)
- 土巴佬
- 土布 (tǔbù)
- 土庫曼/土库曼 (Tǔkùmàn)
- 土庫曼斯坦/土库曼斯坦 (Tǔkùmànsītǎn)
- 土建
- 土得掉渣
- 土性
- 土房 (tǔfáng)
- 土撥鼠/土拨鼠 (tǔbōshǔ)
- 土撥鼠日/土拨鼠日 (Tǔbōshǔ Rì)
- 土改 (tǔgǎi)
- 土政策
- 土方 (tǔfāng)
- 土方兒/土方儿
- 土族 (Tǔzú)
- 土星 (Tǔxīng)
- 土木 (tǔmù)
- 土木之變/土木之变
- 土木堡
- 土木工程 (tǔmù gōngchéng)
- 土木形骸
- 土模
- 土氣/土气 (tǔqì)
- 土法 (tǔfǎ)
- 土洋結合/土洋结合
- 土溫/土温 (tǔwēn)
- 土澳 (Tǔ'ào)
- 土炮 (tǔpào)
- 土牆/土墙 (tǔqiáng)
- 土牛木馬/土牛木马
- 土牢
- 土物 (tǔwù)
- 土特產/土特产 (tǔtèchǎn)
- 土生土長/土生土长 (tǔshēngtǔzhǎng)
- 土產/土产 (tǔchǎn)
- 土疙瘩
- 土皇帝 (tǔhuángdì)
- 土石方
- 土笛
- 土糞/土粪
- 土紙/土纸
- 土老帽
- 土老帽兒/土老帽儿
- 土老財/土老财
- 土耳其 (Tǔ'ěrqí)
- 土耳其人 (Tǔ'ěrqírén)
- 土耳其文 (tǔ'ěrqíwén)
- 土耳其語/土耳其语 (tǔ'ěrqíyǔ)
- 土肥 (tǔféi)
- 土腥氣/土腥气 (tǔxīngqì)
- 土色
- 土著
- 土葬 (tǔzàng)
- 土裡土氣/土里土气 (tǔlitǔqì)
- 土話/土话 (tǔhuà)
- 土語/土语 (tǔyǔ)
- 土豆 (tǔdòu)
- 土豆兒/土豆儿 (tǔdòur)
- 土豆泥 (tǔdòuní)
- 土豪 (tǔháo)
- 土財主/土财主
- 土貨/土货 (tǔhuò)
- 土質/土质 (tǔzhì)
- 土造 (tǔzào)
- 土道
- 土門/土门
- 土關埡/土关垭 (Tǔguānyà)
- 土階茅茨/土阶茅茨
- 土雞/土鸡 (tǔjī)
- 土雞國/土鸡国
- 土雞蛋/土鸡蛋
- 土霸王
- 土音 (tǔyīn)
- 土頭土腦/土头土脑 (tǔtóutǔnǎo)
- 土鱉/土鳖 (tǔbiē)
- 土黃/土黄 (tǔhuáng)
- 塵土/尘土 (chéntǔ)
- 塵歸塵,土歸土/尘归尘,土归土 (chénguīchén, tǔguītǔ)
- 恩施土家族苗族自治州 (Ēnshī Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu)
- 挖土機/挖土机 (wātǔjī)
- 掘土機/掘土机 (juétǔjī)
- 推土機/推土机 (tuītǔjī)
- 故土 (gùtǔ)
- 故土難離/故土难离 (gùtǔnánlí)
- 日土 (Rìtǔ)
- 有土栽培
- 本土 (běntǔ)
- 樂土/乐土 (lètǔ)
- 水土 (shuǐtǔ)
- 水土不伏
- 水土不服 (shuǐtǔbùfú)
- 水土保持 (shuǐtǔ bǎochí)
- 水土流失 (shuǐtǔ liúshī)
- 沃土 (wòtǔ)
- 泥土 (nítǔ)
- 混凝土
- 淨土/净土 (jìngtǔ)
- 無土栽培/无土栽培
- 紅土/红土 (hóngtǔ)
- 老土 (lǎotǔ)
- 脾土 (pî-thó͘) (Min Nan)
- 赤土 (Chìtǔ)
- 鏟土機/铲土机 (chǎntǔjī)
- 陶土 (táotǔ)
- 黃土崗/黄土岗 (Huángtǔgǎng)
- 黏土 (niántǔ)
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: dù
- Wade–Giles: tu4
- Yale: dù
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duh
- Palladius: ду (du)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tu⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Middle Chinese: duX
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*l'aːʔ/
Definitions
[edit]土
- † Alternative form of 杜 (dù, “root”)
- 迨天之未陰雨、徹彼桑土、綢繆牖戶。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Dài tiān zhī wèi yīnyǔ, chè bǐ sāngdù, chóumóu yǒuhù. [Pinyin]
- Before the sky was dark with rain,
I gathered the roots of the mulberry tree,
And bound round and round my window and door.
迨天之未阴雨、彻彼桑土、绸缪牖户。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † An ancient river
Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄔㄚˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: chǎ
- Wade–Giles: chʻa3
- Yale: chǎ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chaa
- Palladius: ча (ča)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʰä²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
[edit]土
- † Only used in 土苴 (chǎzhǎ).
Etymology 4
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: tú
- Wade–Giles: tʻu2
- Yale: tú
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twu
- Palladius: ту (tu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
[edit]土
Etymology 5
[edit]For pronunciation and definitions of 土 – see 士 (“unmarried male; bachelor; man; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 士). |
References
[edit]- “土”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00740
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00831-001
- “Entry #192”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: つ (tsu)
- Kan-on: と (to, Jōyō)
- Kan’yō-on: ど (do, Jōyō)
- Kun: つち (tsuchi, 土, Jōyō)
- Nanori: ひじ (hiji)
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
土 |
つち Grade: 1 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
地 |
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1][2]
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Idioms
[edit]- 土を踏む (tsuchi o fumu, “tread on the ground → enter a foreign country”)
Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
土 |
と Grade: 1 |
kan'on |
Short form of the ateji spelling 土耳古 (Toruko).
Proper noun
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
土 |
ど Grade: 1 |
kan'yōon |
Ultimately from Middle Chinese 土 (MC duX).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- earth, soil
- land, ground, territory
- earth (one of the five elements)
- Short for 土曜日 (doyōbi): Saturday
References
[edit]- ^ “土・地”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 土 (MC thuX).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 통〯 (Yale: thwǒ) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] | ᄒᆞᆰ (Yale: hòlk) | 토〮 (Yale: thwó) |
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [tʰo̞]
- Phonetic hangul: [토]
Hanja
[edit]- hanja form? of 토 (“earth; soil”) [affix]
- hanja form? of 토 (“Short for 토요일(土曜日) (toyoil, “Saturday”).”)
Compounds
[edit]- 국토 (國土, gukto, “national territory”)
- 본토 (本土, bonto)
- 영토 (領土, yeongto, “territory”)
- 척토 (瘠土, cheokto, “barren soil”)
- 토기 (土器, togi, “earthenware”)
- 토대 (土臺, todae)
- 토성 (土星, Toseong, “Saturn”)
- 토양 (土壤, toyang)
- 토요일 (土曜日, Toyoil)
- 토종 (土種, tojong, “native species”)
- 토지 (土地, toji)
- 풍토 (風土, pungto)
- 향토 (鄕土, hyangto, “local; rural”)
- 황토 (黃土, hwangto)
References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [4]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]土: Hán Việt readings: thổ (
土: Nôm readings: thổ[1][2][4], độ[2], thuở[2]
Compounds
[edit]References
[edit]- CJK Unified Ideographs block
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