幸

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See also: 倖, 㚔, 羍, and 辛

Translingual[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Pictogram (象形) of a picture of handcuffs.

幸 is used to represent handcuffs in 報.

Another theory considers it as a picture of two men, one being upside down, thus dead. The surviving one being lucky to be still alive.

References[edit]

  • Richard Sears (accessed 2014-02-22), “幸 etymology”, in Chinese Etymology[1] (in Mandarin/English)

Han character[edit]

幸 (radical 51 干+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 土廿十 (GTJ), four-corner 40401, composition ⿱土𢆉)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 341, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9176
  • Dae Jaweon: page 649, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 434, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+5E78

Chinese[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

simp. and trad.
 幸

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 幸
Mandarin Beijing /ɕiŋ⁵¹/
Harbin /ɕiŋ⁵³/
Tianjin /ɕiŋ⁵³/
Jinan /ɕiŋ²¹/
Qingdao /ɕiŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ɕiŋ³¹²/
Xi'an /ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Xining /ɕiə̃²¹³/
Yinchuan /ɕiŋ¹³/
Lanzhou /ɕĩn¹³/
Ürümqi /ɕiŋ²¹³/
Wuhan /ɕin³⁵/
Chengdu /ɕin¹³/
Guiyang /ɕin²¹³/
Kunming /ɕĩ¹/
Nanjing /ɕin⁴⁴/
Hefei /ɕin⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /ɕiəŋ⁴⁵/
Pingyao /ɕiŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /ɕĩŋ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ɦiŋ²³/
Suzhou /ɦin³¹/
Hangzhou /ɦin¹³/
Wenzhou /ɦɛ³⁵/
Hui Shexian /ɕiʌ̃²²/
Tunxi /xɛ²⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ɕin⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /ɕin⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /ɕin²¹/
Hakka Meixian /hen⁵³/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɐŋ²²/
Nanning /hɐŋ²²/
Hong Kong /hɐŋ²²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /hiŋ²²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /hɛiŋ²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /xaiŋ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /heŋ³⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /heŋ³³/
Rime
Character 幸
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 耕 (117)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 胡耿切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɦˠɛŋX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɦᵚæŋX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ɣɐŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ɦəɨjŋX/
Li
Rong		 /ɣɛŋX/
Wang
Li		 /ɣæŋX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ɣæŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 hèng
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 幸
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 xìng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ hɛngX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[ɡ]ˤreŋʔ/
English fortunate

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 幸
Reading # 1/1
No. 13881
Phonetic
component		 幸
Rime
group		 耕
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 幸
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡreːŋʔ/

Noun[edit]

幸

  1. luck
  2. favor, favour

Adjective[edit]

幸

  1. fortunate; lucky

Adverb[edit]

幸

  1. luckily; fortunately

Etymology 2[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of 幸 – see 倖.
(This character, 幸, is the simplified form of 倖.)
Notes:

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

See also:
幸

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
幸
こう
Grade: 3
on'yomi

/kau/ → /kɔː/ → /koː/

From Middle Chinese 幸 ‎(hɛngX, literally “lucky, fortunate, auspicious”). The kan'on, so a later borrowing.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

幸 ‎(hiragana こう, romaji kō)

  1. good luck, good fortune; happiness
  2. an appearance by the emperor or a retired emperor
Usage notes[edit]

The good fortune and happiness senses are generally considered as overlapping.

Synonyms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
幸
しあわせ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

The 連用形 ‎(ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 為合わす, 仕合わす ‎(shiawasu, “to put together well; to work together well”, lower bigrade, with continuative form ending in -e), itself a compound of Old Japanese verbs 為 ‎(su, “to do, to make something be a certain way”) + 合わす ‎(awasu, “to join together, to fit together”).[2][1]

Often spelled 幸せ with the final せ to indicate the reading.

Pronunciation[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Adjective[edit]

幸 ‎(-na inflection, hiragana しあわせ, romaji shiawase, historical hiragana しあはせ)

  1. happy
  2. fortunate, lucky
Conjugation[edit]
Inflection of "幸な"
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 幸だろ しあわせだろ shiawase daro
Continuative (連用形) 幸で しあわせで shiawase de
Terminal (終止形) 幸だ しあわせだ shiawase da
Attributive (連体形) 幸な しあわせな shiawase na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 幸なら しあわせなら shiawase nara
Imperative (命令形) 幸であれ しあわせであれ shiawase de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 幸ではない
幸じゃない		 しあわせではない
しあわせじゃない		 shiawase de wa nai
shiawase ja nai
Informal past 幸だった しあわせだった shiawase datta
Informal negative past 幸ではなかった
幸じゃなかった		 しあわせではなかった
しあわせじゃなかった		 shiawase de wa nakatta
shiawase ja nakatta
Formal 幸です しあわせです shiawase desu
Formal negative 幸ではありません
幸じゃありません		 しあわせではありません
しあわせじゃありません		 shiawase de wa arimasen
shiawase ja arimasen
Formal past 幸でした しあわせでした shiawase deshita
Formal negative past 幸ではありませんでした
幸じゃありませんでした		 しあわせではありませんでした
しあわせじゃありませんでした		 shiawase de wa arimasen deshita
shiawase ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 幸で しあわせで shiawase de
Conditional 幸なら（ば） しあわせなら（ば） shiawase nara(ba)
Provisional 幸だったら しあわせだったら shiawase dattara
Volitional 幸だろう しあわせだろう shiawase darō
Adverbial 幸に しあわせに shiawase ni
Degree 幸さ しあわせさ shiawasesa

Noun[edit]

幸 ‎(hiragana しあわせ, romaji shiawase, historical hiragana しあはせ)

  1. a moment when circumstances come together: fate, opportunity (used to indicate both good and bad instances)
  2. happiness
  3. good fortune, good luck
  4. circumstances, the flow of events
Synonyms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
幸
さいわい
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

/sakipapi/ → /sakiɸaɸi/ → /sakiwahi/ → /sakiwai/ → /saiwai/

Derived from sakiwai below.[2][1]

More often spelled as 幸い with the final い to indicate the reading.

Pronunciation[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Adjective[edit]

幸 ‎(-na inflection, hiragana さいわい, romaji saiwai, historical hiragana さいはひ)

  1. very fortunate and happy, especially as bestowed by gods, spirits, buddhas, or other entities
  2. favorable, ideal (often used in polite constructions)
    お返事 (へんじ)をいただければ幸 (さいわ)いです。
    Ohenji o itadakereba saiwai desu.
    It would be favorable if I could have your reply. → I would greatly appreciate your reply.
Conjugation[edit]
Inflection of "幸な"
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 幸だろ さいわいだろ saiwai daro
Continuative (連用形) 幸で さいわいで saiwai de
Terminal (終止形) 幸だ さいわいだ saiwai da
Attributive (連体形) 幸な さいわいな saiwai na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 幸なら さいわいなら saiwai nara
Imperative (命令形) 幸であれ さいわいであれ saiwai de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 幸ではない
幸じゃない		 さいわいではない
さいわいじゃない		 saiwai de wa nai
saiwai ja nai
Informal past 幸だった さいわいだった saiwai datta
Informal negative past 幸ではなかった
幸じゃなかった		 さいわいではなかった
さいわいじゃなかった		 saiwai de wa nakatta
saiwai ja nakatta
Formal 幸です さいわいです saiwai desu
Formal negative 幸ではありません
幸じゃありません		 さいわいではありません
さいわいじゃありません		 saiwai de wa arimasen
saiwai ja arimasen
Formal past 幸でした さいわいでした saiwai deshita
Formal negative past 幸ではありませんでした
幸じゃありませんでした		 さいわいではありませんでした
さいわいじゃありませんでした		 saiwai de wa arimasen deshita
saiwai ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 幸で さいわいで saiwai de
Conditional 幸なら（ば） さいわいなら（ば） saiwai nara(ba)
Provisional 幸だったら さいわいだったら saiwai dattara
Volitional 幸だろう さいわいだろう saiwai darō
Adverbial 幸に さいわいに saiwai ni
Degree 幸さ さいわいさ saiwaisa

Adverb[edit]

幸 ‎(hiragana さいわい, romaji saiwai, historical hiragana さいはひ)

  1. fortunately, luckily, happily
    幸 (さいわい)、怪我 (けが)はなかった。
    saiwai, kega wa nakatta.
    Luckily, no one was hurt.
Usage notes[edit]

When used as an adverb without a particle, this term usually comes at the start of the sentence. It also appears used with advervial particles に ‎(ni) and と ‎(to), or, perhaps more commonly, in an adverbial construction as 幸なことに.

Noun[edit]

幸 ‎(hiragana さいわい, romaji saiwai, historical hiragana さいはひ)

  1. very good fortune and happiness, especially as bestowed by gods, spirits, buddhas, or other entities
  2. an occurrence of good luck or good fortune
  3. (derivation unknown) the tail and back fins of a carp or other fish, as used in cooking
Synonyms[edit]

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
幸
さきわい
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

/sakipapi/ → /sakiɸaɸi/ → /sakiwahi/ → /sakiwai/

The 連用形 ‎(ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 幸う ‎(sakiwau, “to meet with good fortune; to prosper”), itself a compound of 幸 (saki below, “good fortune, happiness”) + 這う, 延う ‎(hau, “to spread out widely”).[2]

Pronunciation[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Noun[edit]

幸 ‎(hiragana さきわい, romaji sakiwai, historical hiragana さきはひ)

  1. (obsolete) an occurrence of good luck or good fortune
  2. (obsolete) good luck or good fortune itself
Usage notes[edit]

Obsolete in modern Japanese, replaced by saiwai above.

Synonyms[edit]

Etymology 5[edit]

Kanji in this term
幸
さき
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.[2] Possibly cognate with 先 ‎(saki, “tip, point; future, ahead”) from the idea of [favorable] future. Possibly also related to sachi / satsu below.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

幸 ‎(hiragana さき, romaji saki)

  1. (obsolete) good luck, good fortune; happiness
    c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 18, poem 4095)
    大夫能 許己呂於毛保由 於保伎美能 美許登佐吉乎 聞者多布刀美
    大夫の 心思ほゆ 大君の 御言の幸を 聞けば貴み
    ますらをの こころおもほゆ おほきみの みことのさきを きけばたふとみ
    Masurawo no | kokoro omohoyu | Ohokimi no | mikoto no saki wo | kikeba tafutomi
    “Such manliness of spirit is brought to mind. How noble to hear of the happiness / good fortune of the words of the emperor...”
Usage notes[edit]

The good fortune and happiness senses are generally considered as overlapping.

Saki in this sense appears to be obsolete in modern Japanese.

Synonyms[edit]

Etymology 6[edit]

Kanji in this term
幸
さちわい
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

/sat͡ɕipapi/ → /sat͡ɕiɸaɸi/ → /sat͡ɕiwahi/ → /sat͡ɕiwai/

The 連用形 ‎(ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 幸う ‎(sachiwau, “to meet with good fortune; to prosper”), itself a compound of 幸 (sachi below, “good fortune, happiness”) + 這う, 延う ‎(hau, “to spread out widely”).[2]

Pronunciation[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Noun[edit]

幸 ‎(hiragana さちわい, romaji sachiwai, historical hiragana さちはひ)

  1. (obsolete, rare) an occurrence of good luck or good fortune
  2. (obsolete, rare) good luck or good fortune itself
Usage notes[edit]

Obsolete in modern Japanese, replaced by saiwai above. In historical Japanese, sachiwai appears to be a rarer variant of sakiwai above.

Synonyms[edit]

Etymology 7[edit]

Kanji in this term
幸
さち
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.[2] Possibly cognate with Korean 살 (sal, “arrow”). Possibly also related with saki above.

The kanji may have originally been applied to this word for the source Chinese term's associations with good fortune.

This is the standalone form of satsu below. Possibly derived as the fusion of satsu and Old Japanese emphatic nominalizing particle い: */satu i/ → /sati/ → /sat͡ɕi/

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

幸 ‎(-na inflection, hiragana さち, romaji sachi)

  1. very fortunate and happy
Conjugation[edit]
Inflection of "幸な"
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 幸だろ さちだろ sachi daro
Continuative (連用形) 幸で さちで sachi de
Terminal (終止形) 幸だ さちだ sachi da
Attributive (連体形) 幸な さちな sachi na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 幸なら さちなら sachi nara
Imperative (命令形) 幸であれ さちであれ sachi de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 幸ではない
幸じゃない		 さちではない
さちじゃない		 sachi de wa nai
sachi ja nai
Informal past 幸だった さちだった sachi datta
Informal negative past 幸ではなかった
幸じゃなかった		 さちではなかった
さちじゃなかった		 sachi de wa nakatta
sachi ja nakatta
Formal 幸です さちです sachi desu
Formal negative 幸ではありません
幸じゃありません		 さちではありません
さちじゃありません		 sachi de wa arimasen
sachi ja arimasen
Formal past 幸でした さちでした sachi deshita
Formal negative past 幸ではありませんでした
幸じゃありませんでした		 さちではありませんでした
さちじゃありませんでした		 sachi de wa arimasen deshita
sachi ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 幸で さちで sachi de
Conditional 幸なら（ば） さちなら（ば） sachi nara(ba)
Provisional 幸だったら さちだったら sachi dattara
Volitional 幸だろう さちだろう sachi darō
Adverbial 幸に さちに sachi ni
Degree 幸さ さちさ sachisa

Noun[edit]

幸 ‎(hiragana さち, romaji sachi)

  1. (archaic) a hunting implement; the spirit of a hunting implement
  2. a bounteous catch (for fishing), amply caught game (for hunting); food (specifically animal protein caught in the wild: fish or game)
  3. good fortune, good luck; happiness

Etymology 8[edit]

Kanji in this term
幸
さつ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.[2] Possibly cognate with Korean 살 (sal, “arrow”). Possibly also related with saki above.

The kanji may have originally been applied to this word for the source Chinese term's associations with good fortune.

This is the bound form of sachi above. This form is only ever used in compounds. Possibly the original form.

Pronunciation[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Prefix[edit]

幸 ‎(hiragana さつ, romaji satsu-)

  1. (obsolete) hunting, for hunting
    幸 (さつ)矢 (や)、幸 (さつ)弓 (ゆみ)、幸 (さつ)人 (ひと)
    satsuya, satsuyumi, satsuhito
    a hunting arrow, a hunting bow, a hunter

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

幸 • ‎(haeng) (hangeul 행, revised haeng, McCune-Reischauer haeng)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

幸 (hạnh, may)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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