幸
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Contents
Translingual[edit]
Han character[edit]
幸 (radical 51 干+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 土廿十 (GTJ), four-corner 40401, composition ⿱土𢆉)
Derived characters[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 341, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9176
- Dae Jaweon: page 649, character 9
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 434, character 8
- Unihan data for U+5E78
Chinese[edit]
Glyph origin[edit]
Characters in the same phonetic series (幸) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
---|---|
Old Chinese | |
幸 | *ɡreːŋʔ |
倖 | *ɡreːŋʔ |
婞 | *ɡeːŋʔ |
涬 | *ɡeːŋʔ |
緈 | *ɡeːŋʔ |
悻 | *ɡeːŋʔ |
睪 | *neb, *laːɡ, *kuː |
Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意): 屰 (“opposite”) + 夭 (“death”) – lucky to be alive; fortunate.
Etymology 1[edit]
simp. and trad. |
幸 |
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Pronunciation[edit]
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄥˋ
- Wade-Giles: hsing4
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shinq
- IPA (key): /ɕiŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: hang6
- Yale: hahng
- Cantonese Pinyin: hang6
- Guangdong Romanization: heng6
- IPA (key): /hɐŋ²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Min Nan
-
Dialectal data▼
Variety | Location | 幸 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕiŋ⁵¹/ |
Harbin | /ɕiŋ⁵³/ | |
Tianjin | /ɕiŋ⁵³/ | |
Jinan | /ɕiŋ²¹/ | |
Qingdao | /ɕiŋ⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /ɕiŋ³¹²/ | |
Xi'an | /ɕiŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Xining | /ɕiə̃²¹³/ | |
Yinchuan | /ɕiŋ¹³/ | |
Lanzhou | /ɕĩn¹³/ | |
Ürümqi | /ɕiŋ²¹³/ | |
Wuhan | /ɕin³⁵/ | |
Chengdu | /ɕin¹³/ | |
Guiyang | /ɕin²¹³/ | |
Kunming | /ɕĩ¹/ | |
Nanjing | /ɕin⁴⁴/ | |
Hefei | /ɕin⁵³/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕiəŋ⁴⁵/ |
Pingyao | /ɕiŋ³⁵/ | |
Hohhot | /ɕĩŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ɦiŋ²³/ |
Suzhou | /ɦin³¹/ | |
Hangzhou | /ɦin¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /ɦɛ³⁵/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /ɕiʌ̃²²/ |
Tunxi | /xɛ²⁴/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /ɕin⁵⁵/ |
Xiangtan | /ɕin⁵⁵/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /ɕin²¹/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /hen⁵³/ |
Taoyuan | ||
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hɐŋ²²/ |
Nanning | /hɐŋ²²/ | |
Hong Kong | /hɐŋ²²/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /hiŋ²²/ |
Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /hɛiŋ²⁴²/ | |
Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /xaiŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Shantou (Min Nan) | /heŋ³⁵/ | |
Haikou (Min Nan) | /heŋ³³/ |
Rime | |
---|---|
Character | 幸 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
Final (韻) | 耕 (117) |
Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
Openness (開合) | Open |
Division (等) | II |
Fanqie | 胡耿切 |
Reconstructions | |
Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ɦˠɛŋX/ |
Pan Wuyun |
/ɦᵚæŋX/ |
Shao Rongfen |
/ɣɐŋX/ |
Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ɦəɨjŋX/ |
Li Rong |
/ɣɛŋX/ |
Wang Li |
/ɣæŋX/ |
Bernard Karlgren |
/ɣæŋX/ |
Expected Mandarin Reflex |
hèng |
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
---|---|
Character | 幸 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
xìng |
Middle Chinese |
‹ hɛngX › |
Old Chinese |
/*[ɡ]ˤreŋʔ/ |
English | fortunate |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; |
Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
---|---|
Character | 幸 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
No. | 13881 |
Phonetic component |
幸 |
Rime group |
耕 |
Rime subdivision |
0 |
Corresponding MC rime |
幸 |
Old Chinese |
/*ɡreːŋʔ/ |
Definitions[edit]
幸
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
For pronunciation and definitions of 幸 – see 倖 (“to visit; to inspect; to dote on; to spoil; etc.”). (This character, 幸, is the simplified form of 倖.) |
Notes:
|
Etymology 3[edit]
For pronunciation and definitions of 幸 – see 㚔. (This character, 幸, is a variant form of 㚔.) |
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
- Goon: ぎょう (gyō)←ぎやう (gyau, historical)
- Kan’on: こう (kō, Jōyō)←かう (kau, historical)
- Kun: しあわせ (shiawase, 幸せ, Jōyō)←しあはせ (siafase, historical); さいわい (saiwai, 幸い, Jōyō)←さいはひ (saifafi, historical); さきわい (sakiwai, 幸い)←さきはひ (sakifafi, historical); さき (saki); さちわい (sachiwai, 幸い)←さちはひ (satifafi, historical); さち (sachi, 幸, Jōyō); さつ (satsu)
- Nanori: ゆき (yuki); よし (yoshi)
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
幸 |
こう Grade: 3 |
on’yomi |
/kau/ → /kɔː/ → /koː/
From Middle Chinese 幸 (hɛngX, literally “lucky, fortunate, auspicious”). The kan'on, so a later borrowing.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Usage notes[edit]
The good fortune and happiness senses are generally considered as overlapping.
Synonyms[edit]
- (good fortune): 幸福 (kōfuku); 幸い (saiwai); 幸 (sachi)
- (happiness): 仕合せ, 幸せ (しあわせ, shiawase)
- (imperial appearance): 行幸, 御行, 御幸 (みゆき, miyuki); 御幸 (gokō)
Etymology 2[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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幸 |
しあわせ Grade: 3 |
kun’yomi |
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 為合わす, 仕合わす (shiawasu, “to put together well; to work together well”, lower bigrade, with continuative form ending in -e), itself a compound of Old Japanese verbs 為 (su, “to do, to make something be a certain way”) + 合わす (awasu, “to join together, to fit together”).[2][1]
Often spelled 幸せ with the final せ to indicate the reading.
Pronunciation[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Adjective[edit]
幸 (-na inflection, hiragana しあわせ, rōmaji shiawase, historical hiragana しあはせ)
Conjugation[edit]
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 幸だろ | しあわせだろ | shiawase daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 幸で | しあわせで | shiawase de |
Terminal (終止形) | 幸だ | しあわせだ | shiawase da |
Attributive (連体形) | 幸な | しあわせな | shiawase na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 幸なら | しあわせなら | shiawase nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 幸であれ | しあわせであれ | shiawase de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 幸ではない 幸じゃない |
しあわせではない しあわせじゃない |
shiawase de wa nai shiawase ja nai |
Informal past | 幸だった | しあわせだった | shiawase datta |
Informal negative past | 幸ではなかった 幸じゃなかった |
しあわせではなかった しあわせじゃなかった |
shiawase de wa nakatta shiawase ja nakatta |
Formal | 幸です | しあわせです | shiawase desu |
Formal negative | 幸ではありません 幸じゃありません |
しあわせではありません しあわせじゃありません |
shiawase de wa arimasen shiawase ja arimasen |
Formal past | 幸でした | しあわせでした | shiawase deshita |
Formal negative past | 幸ではありませんでした 幸じゃありませんでした |
しあわせではありませんでした しあわせじゃありませんでした |
shiawase de wa arimasen deshita shiawase ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 幸で | しあわせで | shiawase de |
Conditional | 幸なら(ば) | しあわせなら(ば) | shiawase nara (ba) |
Provisional | 幸だったら | しあわせだったら | shiawase dattara |
Volitional | 幸だろう | しあわせだろう | shiawase darō |
Adverbial | 幸に | しあわせに | shiawase ni |
Degree | 幸さ | しあわせさ | shiawasesa |
Noun[edit]
幸 (hiragana しあわせ, rōmaji shiawase, historical hiragana しあはせ)
- a moment when circumstances come together: fate, opportunity (used to indicate both good and bad instances)
- happiness
- good fortune, good luck
- circumstances, the flow of events
Synonyms[edit]
- (fate): 運命 (unmei)
- (opportunity): 機会 (kikai)
- (happiness): 幸福 (kōfuku)
- (good fortune): 幸い (saiwai), 幸運 (kōun)
- (circumstances): 経緯 (ikisatsu)
Etymology 3[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
幸 |
さいわい Grade: 3 |
kun’yomi |
/sakipapi/ → /sakiɸaɸi/ → /sakiwahi/ → /sakiwai/ → /saiwai/
Derived from sakiwai below.[2][1]
More often spelled as 幸い with the final い to indicate the reading.
Pronunciation[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Adjective[edit]
幸 (-na inflection, hiragana さいわい, rōmaji saiwai, historical hiragana さいはひ)
- very fortunate and happy, especially as bestowed by gods, spirits, buddhas, or other entities
- favorable, ideal (often used in polite constructions)
- お返事をいただければ幸いです。
- Ohenji o itadakereba saiwai desu.
- It would be favorable if I could have your reply. → I would greatly appreciate your reply.
- お返事をいただければ幸いです。
Conjugation[edit]
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 幸だろ | さいわいだろ | saiwai daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 幸で | さいわいで | saiwai de |
Terminal (終止形) | 幸だ | さいわいだ | saiwai da |
Attributive (連体形) | 幸な | さいわいな | saiwai na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 幸なら | さいわいなら | saiwai nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 幸であれ | さいわいであれ | saiwai de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 幸ではない 幸じゃない |
さいわいではない さいわいじゃない |
saiwai de wa nai saiwai ja nai |
Informal past | 幸だった | さいわいだった | saiwai datta |
Informal negative past | 幸ではなかった 幸じゃなかった |
さいわいではなかった さいわいじゃなかった |
saiwai de wa nakatta saiwai ja nakatta |
Formal | 幸です | さいわいです | saiwai desu |
Formal negative | 幸ではありません 幸じゃありません |
さいわいではありません さいわいじゃありません |
saiwai de wa arimasen saiwai ja arimasen |
Formal past | 幸でした | さいわいでした | saiwai deshita |
Formal negative past | 幸ではありませんでした 幸じゃありませんでした |
さいわいではありませんでした さいわいじゃありませんでした |
saiwai de wa arimasen deshita saiwai ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 幸で | さいわいで | saiwai de |
Conditional | 幸なら(ば) | さいわいなら(ば) | saiwai nara (ba) |
Provisional | 幸だったら | さいわいだったら | saiwai dattara |
Volitional | 幸だろう | さいわいだろう | saiwai darō |
Adverbial | 幸に | さいわいに | saiwai ni |
Degree | 幸さ | さいわいさ | saiwaisa |
Adverb[edit]
幸 (hiragana さいわい, rōmaji saiwai, historical hiragana さいはひ)
- fortunately, luckily, happily
- 幸、怪我はなかった。
- Saiwai, kega wa nakatta.
- Luckily, no one was hurt.
- 幸、怪我はなかった。
Usage notes[edit]
When used as an adverb without a particle, this term usually comes at the start of the sentence. It also appears used with advervial particles に (ni) and と (to), or, perhaps more commonly, in an adverbial construction as 幸なことに.
Noun[edit]
幸 (hiragana さいわい, rōmaji saiwai, historical hiragana さいはひ)
- very good fortune and happiness, especially as bestowed by gods, spirits, buddhas, or other entities
- an occurrence of good luck or good fortune
- (derivation unknown) the tail and back fins of a carp or other fish, as used in cooking
Synonyms[edit]
- (favorable occurrence): 幸せ (shiawase)
- (happiness): 幸せ (shiawase), 幸福 (kōfuku)
- (fish tail and back fins): 尾鰭 (ohire)
Etymology 4[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
幸 |
さきわい Grade: 3 |
kun’yomi |
/sakipapi/ → /sakiɸaɸi/ → /sakiwahi/ → /sakiwai/
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 幸う (sakiwau, “to meet with good fortune; to prosper”), itself a compound of 幸 (saki below, “good fortune, happiness”) + 這う, 延う (hau, “to spread out widely”).[2]
Pronunciation[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Noun[edit]
幸 (hiragana さきわい, rōmaji sakiwai, historical hiragana さきはひ)
Usage notes[edit]
Obsolete in modern Japanese, replaced by saiwai above.
Synonyms[edit]
Etymology 5[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
幸 |
さき Grade: 3 |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese.[2] Possibly cognate with 先 (saki, “tip, point; future, ahead”) from the idea of [favorable] future. Possibly also related to sachi / satsu below.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- (obsolete) good luck, good fortune; happiness
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 18, poem 4095)
- 大夫能 許己呂於毛保由 於保伎美能 美許登佐吉乎 聞者多布刀美
- 大夫の 心思ほゆ 大君の 御言の幸を 聞けば貴み
- ますらをの こころおもほゆ おほきみの みことのさきを きけばたふとみ
- Masurawo no | kokoro omohoyu | Ohokimi no | mikoto no saki wo | kikeba tafutomi
- “Such manliness of spirit is brought to mind. How noble to hear of the happiness / good fortune of the words of the emperor...”
- 大夫能 許己呂於毛保由 於保伎美能 美許登佐吉乎 聞者多布刀美
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 18, poem 4095)
Usage notes[edit]
The good fortune and happiness senses are generally considered as overlapping.
Saki in this sense appears to be obsolete in modern Japanese.
Synonyms[edit]
Etymology 6[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
幸 |
さちわい Grade: 3 |
kun’yomi |
/sat͡ɕipapi/ → /sat͡ɕiɸaɸi/ → /sat͡ɕiwahi/ → /sat͡ɕiwai/
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 幸う (sachiwau, “to meet with good fortune; to prosper”), itself a compound of 幸 (sachi below, “good fortune, happiness”) + 這う, 延う (hau, “to spread out widely”).[2]
Pronunciation[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Noun[edit]
幸 (hiragana さちわい, rōmaji sachiwai, historical hiragana さちはひ)
- (obsolete, rare) an occurrence of good luck or good fortune
- (obsolete, rare) good luck or good fortune itself
Usage notes[edit]
Obsolete in modern Japanese, replaced by saiwai above. In historical Japanese, sachiwai appears to be a rarer variant of sakiwai above.
Synonyms[edit]
Etymology 7[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
幸 |
さち Grade: 3 |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese.[2] Possibly cognate with Korean 살 (sal, “arrow”). Possibly also related with saki above.
The kanji may have originally been applied to this word for the source Chinese term's associations with good fortune.
This is the standalone form of satsu below. Possibly derived as the fusion of satsu and Old Japanese emphatic nominalizing particle い: */satu i/ → /sati/ → /sat͡ɕi/
Pronunciation[edit]
Adjective[edit]
幸 (-na inflection, hiragana さち, rōmaji sachi)
Inflection[edit]
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 幸だろ | さちだろ | sachi daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 幸で | さちで | sachi de |
Terminal (終止形) | 幸だ | さちだ | sachi da |
Attributive (連体形) | 幸な | さちな | sachi na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 幸なら | さちなら | sachi nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 幸であれ | さちであれ | sachi de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 幸ではない 幸じゃない |
さちではない さちじゃない |
sachi de wa nai sachi ja nai |
Informal past | 幸だった | さちだった | sachi datta |
Informal negative past | 幸ではなかった 幸じゃなかった |
さちではなかった さちじゃなかった |
sachi de wa nakatta sachi ja nakatta |
Formal | 幸です | さちです | sachi desu |
Formal negative | 幸ではありません 幸じゃありません |
さちではありません さちじゃありません |
sachi de wa arimasen sachi ja arimasen |
Formal past | 幸でした | さちでした | sachi deshita |
Formal negative past | 幸ではありませんでした 幸じゃありませんでした |
さちではありませんでした さちじゃありませんでした |
sachi de wa arimasen deshita sachi ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 幸で | さちで | sachi de |
Conditional | 幸なら(ば) | さちなら(ば) | sachi nara (ba) |
Provisional | 幸だったら | さちだったら | sachi dattara |
Volitional | 幸だろう | さちだろう | sachi darō |
Adverbial | 幸に | さちに | sachi ni |
Degree | 幸さ | さちさ | sachisa |
Noun[edit]
- (archaic) a hunting implement; the spirit of a hunting implement
- a bounteous catch (for fishing), amply caught game (for hunting); food (specifically animal protein caught in the wild: fish or game)
- good fortune, good luck; happiness
Etymology 8[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
幸 |
さつ Grade: 3 |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese.[2] Possibly cognate with Korean 살 (sal, “arrow”). Possibly also related with saki above.
The kanji may have originally been applied to this word for the source Chinese term's associations with good fortune.
This is the bound form of sachi above. This form is only ever used in compounds. Possibly the original form.
Pronunciation[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Prefix[edit]
幸 (hiragana さつ, rōmaji satsu-)
- (obsolete) hunting, for hunting
- 幸矢、幸弓、幸人
- satsuya, satsuyumi, satsuhito
- a hunting arrow, a hunting bow, a hunter
- 幸矢、幸弓、幸人
References[edit]
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
幸 • (haeng) (hangeul 행, revised haeng, McCune-Reischauer haeng)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading しあわ-せ
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading さいわ-い
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading さいは-ひ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading さきわ-い
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading さきは-ひ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading さき
- Japanese kanji with kun reading さちわ-い
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading さちは-ひ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading さち-
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- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading こう
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