過

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過 U+904E, 過
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-904E
← 遍
[U+904D]		 CJK Unified Ideographs 遏 →
[U+904F]
See also: 过

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
過-order.gif
Shinjitai 過
Simplified 过
Traditional 過

Alternative forms[edit]

Note that the box in the upper part of 咼 differs in simplified Chinese – in simplified Chinese fonts it is on the left, while in Japanese and traditional Chinese it is on the right.

Han character[edit]

過 (radical 162 辵+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 卜月月口 (YBBR), four-corner 37302, composition ⿺辶咼)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1261, character 22
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39002
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1753, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 6, page 3849, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+904E

Chinese[edit]

trad. 過
simp. 过

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (冎) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
碢 *l'oːl
腡 *ɡ·roːl, *kʷroːl
過 *kloːl, *kloːls
渦 *kloːl, *qloːl
鍋 *kloːl
楇 *kloːl, *ɡloːls
瘑 *kloːl
緺 *koːl, *kroːl, *kʷroːl
堝 *kloːl
濄 *kloːl, *qloːl
鐹 *kloːlʔ, *kloːls
薖 *kʰloːl
簻 *kʰloːl, *kr'oːl
禍 *ɡloːlʔ
窩 *qloːl
萵 *qloːl
檛 *kr'oːl
膼 *kr'oːl
蝸 *kroːl, *kʷroːl
媧 *kroːl, *kʷroːl
騧 *kroːl, *kʷroːl
冎 *kroːlʔ
剮 *kroːlʔ
諣 *qʰroːls, *qʰʷroːls
歄 *kʷroːl
咼 *kʰʷroːl
喎 *kʰʷroːl

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kloːl, *kloːls): semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 咼 (OC *kʰʷroːl).

Alternative forms[edit]

  • 𬨨 (non-standard simplified form, 咼 → 呙)

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • guo - variant in:
    • “verbal or adjectival complement indicating occurrence or completion”;
    • guō - surname.
Note:
  • kè/kèr/kòe - vernacular;
  • kòa - vernacular (limited, e.g. 罪過);
  • kò/kò͘ - literary;
  • ko͘/ko - literary;
  • koa - vernacular.
Rime
Character 過 過
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 戈 (95) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed Closed
Division (等) I I
Fanqie 古禾切 古卧切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kwa/ /kwaH/
Li
Rong		 /kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
Wang
Li		 /kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 guō guò
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 過 過 過
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 guō guō guò
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ kwa › ‹ kwa › ‹ kwaH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*Cə.kʷˤaj/ /*kʷˤaj/ /*kʷˤaj-s/
English tough, fibrous (vegetables) to pass to pass; transgress

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 過 過
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 4362 4371
Phonetic
component		 冎 冎
Rime
group		 歌 歌
Rime
subdivision		 3 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 戈
Old
Chinese		 /*kloːl/ /*kloːls/

Definitions[edit]

過

  1. to cross; to pass; to go across; to pass through
  2. (of time) to pass by; to pass
  3. to spend time; to live
  4. to go over; to look at carefully; to go through
  5. to exceed; to surpass; to be over
  6. to pass an exam
  7. verbal complement
    1. indicating passing by; over; by
    2. indicating a change in direction; over; away
    3. indicating an excess in degree or amount; past; through; by
    4. indicating superiority; better than
    5. indicating completion or that an action has occurred already; ever; already
  8. adjectival complement
    1. (chiefly Cantonese) indicating an excess in degree or amount; more ... than
    2. indicating that the state has existed in the past
  9. too; excessively
  10. fault; blemish; mistake
  11. A surname​.

Usage notes[edit]

Usage notes
  • The past experience particle 過 is negated with 沒／没 (méi), which is placed before the verb.
    我沒去過中國。 / 我没去过中国。  ―  Wǒ méi qù guò Zhōngguó.  ―  I have never been to China.
    • In Cantonese, 未 (mei6) is used instead of 沒.

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 過

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (過):
  • Japanese: 過 (か) (ka)
  • Korean: 과 (過, gwa)
  • Vietnamese: quá (過, “too; to exceed”), qua (過, “to cross; through; across”)

Others:

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

過

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. mistake
  2. excess, too much

Readings[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

過 • (gwa) (hangeul 과, revised gwa, McCune-Reischauer kwa, Yale kwa)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

過 (quá, goá, quớ, qua, quở)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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