過

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See also: 过
過 U+904E, 過
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-904E
← 遍
[U+904D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 遏 →
[U+904F]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
過-order.gif
Japanese 過
Simplified 过
Traditional 過

Alternative forms[edit]

Note that the box in the upper part of 咼 differs in simplified Chinese – in simplified Chinese fonts it is on the left, while in Japanese and traditional Chinese it is on the right (as seen in the Kangxi dictionary).

Han character[edit]

過 (Kangxi radical 162, 辵+8 in Chinese, 辵+9 in Japanese, 11 strokes in Chinese, 12 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 卜月月口 (YBBR), four-corner 37302, composition ⿺辶咼)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1261, character 22
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39002
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1753, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3849, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+904E

Chinese[edit]

trad. 過
simp. 过
alternative forms 𬨨

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 過
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script
過-bronze.svg 過-silk.svg 過-slip.svg 過-seal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (冎) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
碢 *l'oːl
腡 *ɡ·roːl, *kʷroːl
過 *kloːl, *kloːls
渦 *kloːl, *qloːl
鍋 *kloːl
楇 *kloːl, *ɡloːls
瘑 *kloːl
緺 *koːl, *kroːl, *kʷroːl
堝 *kloːl
濄 *kloːl, *qloːl
鐹 *kloːlʔ, *kloːls
薖 *kʰloːl
簻 *kʰloːl, *kr'oːl
禍 *ɡloːlʔ
窩 *qloːl
萵 *qloːl
檛 *kr'oːl
膼 *kr'oːl
蝸 *kroːl, *kʷroːl
媧 *kroːl, *kʷroːl
騧 *kroːl, *kʷroːl
冎 *kroːlʔ
剮 *kroːlʔ
諣 *qʰroːls, *qʰʷroːls
歄 *kʷroːl
咼 *kʰʷroːl
喎 *kʰʷroːl

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kloːl, *kloːls): semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 咼 (OC *kʰʷroːl).

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-ka-j (“to go, to stride”) (STEDT). Related to 跨 (OC *kʰʷraː, *kʰʷraːʔ, *kʰʷraːs, *kʰʷaːs, “to pass over”) and 騎 (OC *ɡral, *ɡrals, “to ride”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • guo - verbal or adjectival complement indicating occurrence or completion;
  • guō - used in certain colloquial words;
  • gè - colloquial (“fault”).
  • Cantonese
  • Gan
    • Note:
    • guo1 - limited;
    • guo - verbal or adjectival complement indicating occurrence or completion.
  • Hakka
  • Jin
  • Min Bei
  • Min Dong
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • kè/kèr/kòe - vernacular;
    • kòa - vernacular (limited, e.g. 罪過);
    • kò/kò͘ - literary;
    • ko͘/ko - literary;
    • koa - vernacular.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 過 過
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Initial (聲) 見 (28) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 戈 (95) 戈 (95)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed Closed
    Division (等) I I
    Fanqie 古禾切 古卧切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kwa/ /kwaH/
    Li
    Rong         		/kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
    Wang
    Li         		/kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		guō guò
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gwo1 gwo3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 過 過 過
    Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		guō guō guò
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kwa › ‹ kwa › ‹ kwaH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*Cə.kʷˁaj/ /*kʷˁaj/ /*kʷˁaj-s/
    English tough, fibrous (vegetables) to pass to pass; transgress

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 過 過
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 4362 4371
    Phonetic
    component         		冎 冎
    Rime
    group         		歌 歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		3 3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		戈
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kloːl/ /*kloːls/

    Definitions[edit]

    過

    1. to cross; to pass; to go across; to pass through
      坐這艘船過河很安全。 [MSC, trad.]
      坐这艘船过河很安全。 [MSC, simp.]
      Zuò zhè sōu chuán guò hé hěn ānquán. [Pinyin]
      It is safe to cross the river in this boat.
      請您趕快過安檢，現在已經登機了。 [MSC, trad.]
      请您赶快过安检，现在已经登机了。 [MSC, simp.]
      Qǐng nín gǎnkuài guò ānjiǎn, xiànzài yǐjīng dēngjī le. [Pinyin]
      Please hurry up to pass the security check, it's already boarding time.
      過了百貨公司便向右拐。 [MSC, trad.]
      过了百货公司便向右拐。 [MSC, simp.]
      Guò le bǎihuò gōngsī biàn xiàng yòu guǎi. [Pinyin]
      Turn to the right after passing the department store.
    2. (of time) to pass by; to pass
      時間過得很快。 / 时间过得很快。  ―  Shíjiān guò de hěn kuài.  ―  Time flies quickly.
      過了許多年我們才偶然相逢。 [MSC, trad.]
      过了许多年我们才偶然相逢。 [MSC, simp.]
      Guò le xǔduō nián wǒmen cái ǒurán xiāngféng. [Pinyin]
      Many years were to pass before we crossed our paths again.
    3. to spend time; to live
      過著艱苦的生活 / 过著艰苦的生活  ―  guò zhù jiānkǔ de shēnghuó  ―  to live a hard life.
    4. to go over; to look at carefully; to go through
      我們把這篇稿子再過一遍。 [MSC, trad.]
      我们把这篇稿子再过一遍。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒmen bǎ zhè piān gǎozi zài guò yībiàn. [Pinyin]
      Let's go over the draft once again.
    5. to exceed; to surpass; to be over
    6. to pass an exam
    7. verbal complement
      1. indicating passing by; over; by
      2. indicating a change in direction; over; away
      3. indicating an excess in degree or amount; past; through; by
      4. indicating superiority; better than
      5. indicating that an event has occurred already; ever; already
        你去過中國嗎？ / 你去过中国吗？  ―  Nǐ qù guò Zhōngguó ma?  ―  Have you (ever) been to China?
        你有冇去過香港啊？ [Cantonese, trad.]
        你有冇去过香港啊？ [Cantonese, simp.]
        nei5 jau5 mou5 heoi3 gwo3 hoeng1 gong2 aa3? [Jyutping]
        Have you ever been to Hong Kong?
        你見過我個女朋友未呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
        你见过我个女朋友未呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]
        nei5 gin3 gwo3 ngo5 go3 neoi5 pang4 jau5 mei6 aa3? [Jyutping]
        Have you seen my girlfriend yet?
      6. (Cantonese) indicating repetition of an event; again
        我作文揀錯咗題目，要從頭寫過。 [Cantonese, trad.]
        我作文拣错咗题目，要从头写过。 [Cantonese, simp.]
        ngo5 zok3 man4-2 gaan2 co3 zo2 tai4 muk6, jiu3 cung4 tau4 se2 gwo3. [Jyutping]
        I picked the wrong topic for the essay, so I have to write it all over again.
    8. adjectival complement
      1. (chiefly literary or Cantonese) indicating an excess in degree or amount; more ... than
        佢高過我。 / 佢高过我。 [Guangzhou Cantonese]  ―  keoi5 gou1 gwo3 ngo5. [Jyutping]  ―  He/she is taller than me.
        佢梗係叻過我啦。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
        佢梗系叻过我啦。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]
        keoi5 gang2 hai6 lek1 gwo3 ngo5 laa1. [Jyutping]
        He/she is definitely smarter than me.
      2. indicating that the state has existed in the past
    9. too; excessively
      他們抱怨工資過低。 [MSC, trad.]
      他们抱怨工资过低。 [MSC, simp.]
      Tāmen bàoyuàn gōngzī guò dī. [Pinyin]
      They complained that the wages were too low.
    10. fault; blemish; mistake
      吾過矣！ / 吾过矣！ [Classical Chinese]  ―  Wú guò yǐ! [Pinyin]  ―  I am/was wrong! / I have erred!
    11. to pay a visit; to visit; to call on

    Synonyms[edit]

    Dialectal synonyms of 太 (“too; excessively”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 太, 過於
    Mandarin Beijing 太, 忒
    Taiwan 太
    Tianjin 太, 忒
    Jinan 太, 忒
    Wanrong 太
    Xi'an 太
    Yinchuan 太
    Wuhan 太, 忒
    Chengdu 太
    Guiyang 太
    Guilin 太
    Xuzhou 忒
    Yangzhou 太
    Hefei 太
    Malaysia 太
    Singapore 太
    Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 太
    Cantonese Guangzhou 太, 得滯 >, 過頭 >
    Hong Kong 太, 太過, 得滯 >, 過頭 >
    Taishan 得滯 >
    Dongguan 得滯 >
    Yangjiang 得滯 >
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 太
    Singapore (Guangfu) 太
    Gan Nanchang 太
    Lichuan 太
    Pingxiang 太
    Hakka Meixian 忒
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 太, 過頭 >
    Wuhua (Huacheng) 忒
    Heyuan (Bendihua) 太
    Wengyuan 太
    Liannan 太
    Jiexi 忒
    Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 太, 忒
    Changting 忒
    Wuping 忒
    Wuping (Yanqian) 忒
    Liancheng 忒
    Ninghua 忒
    Yudu 太
    Ningdu 太, 忒
    Tonggu (Sandu) 忒
    Ganzhou (Panlong) 太
    Dayu 太
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 忒
    Pingtung (Neipu, S. Sixian) 忒
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong, Hailu) 忒
    Taichung (Dongshi, Dabu) 忒
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin, Raoping) 忒
    Yunlin (Lunbei, Zhao'an) 忒
    Hong Kong 太, 過頭 >
    Yangxi (Tangkou) 太
    Yangchun (Sanjia) 太
    Xinyi (Sihe) 太
    Xinyi (Qianpai) 太
    Gaozhou (Xindong) 太
    Dianbai (Shalang) 太
    Huazhou (Xin'an) 忒
    Lianjiang (Shijiao) 忒
    Lianjiang (Qingping) 太
    Mengshan (Xihe) 太
    Luchuan 太
    Senai (Huiyang) 過頭 >
    Kuching (Hepo) 過頭
    Huizhou Jixi 太
    Jin Taiyuan 太
    Min Bei Jian'ou 忒
    Jian'ou (Dikou) 忒
    Songxi 忒
    Zhenghe 忒
    Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 忒
    Jianyang 忒
    Wuyishan 忒
    Pucheng (Shibei) 忒
    Min Dong Fuzhou 過, 恰
    Changle 恰
    Lianjiang 恰
    Fuqing 恰
    Pingtan 恰
    Yongtai 恰
    Minqing 恰
    Gutian 恰
    Pingnan 恰
    Luoyuan 恰
    Fu'an 恰
    Ningde 恰
    Xiapu 恰
    Zherong 恰
    Shouning 恰
    Zhouning 恰
    Fuding 恰
    Min Nan Xiamen 傷, 傷過
    Xiamen (Tong'an) 傷
    Quanzhou 傷, 傷過
    Jinjiang 傷, 太
    Nan'an 傷
    Shishi 傷
    Hui'an 傷
    Anxi 傷
    Yongchun 傷
    Dehua 傷
    Zhangzhou 傷, 傷過
    Zhangzhou (Longhai) 傷
    Zhangzhou (Changtai) 傷
    Hua'an 傷
    Nanjing 傷
    Pinghe 傷
    Zhangpu 傷
    Yunxiao 傷
    Zhao'an 傷
    Dongshan 傷
    Taipei 傷
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 傷
    Kaohsiung 傷
    Yilan 傷
    Changhua (Lukang) 傷
    Taichung 傷
    Tainan 傷
    Hsinchu 傷
    Kinmen 傷
    Penghu (Magong) 傷
    Penang (Hokkien) 傷, 太
    Singapore (Hokkien) 傷, 過, 佮
    Manila (Hokkien) 傷, 傷過
    Longyan 蓋
    Zhangping 傷
    Chaozhou 佮
    Shantou 佮, 過
    Jieyang 佮, 過
    Bangkok (Teochew) 佮
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 佮
    Singapore (Teochew) 佮, 過
    Puxian Min Putian 傷
    Xianyou 傷
    Min Zhong Yong'an 太
    Sanyuan 忒
    Shaxian 太
    Wu Shanghai 忒, 過於, 忒煞, 忒以 dated
    Shanghai (Chongming) 忒
    Suzhou 忒
    Hangzhou 忒
    Ningbo 忒
    Wenzhou 忒
    Jinhua 太, 忒
    Xiang Changsha 太
    Shuangfeng 太, 忒
    Note > - after adjective or adverb
    • (to pay a visit):
    edit
    Synonyms of 過

    Usage notes[edit]

    • The past experience particle 過 is negated with 沒／没 (méi), which is placed before the verb.
      我沒去過中國。 / 我没去过中国。  ―  Wǒ méi qù guò Zhōngguó.  ―  I have not been to China.
      • In Cantonese, 未 (mei6) is used instead of 沒.

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 過

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (過):
    • → Japanese: 過(か) (ka)
    • → Korean: 과 (過, gwa)
    • → Vietnamese: quá (過, “too; to exceed”), qua (過, “to cross; through; across”)

    Others:

    • → Proto-Hmong-Mien: *KʷajH (“to cross”)
    • → Proto-Tai: *kwaːᴮ (“to cross over”)
      • Lao: ກວ່າ (kuā, “than; more than”)
      • Shan: ၵႂႃႇ (kwàa, “go; work, run (as an engine)”)
      • Thai: กว่า (gwàa, “than; more than; over; go; overflow; pass”)

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Rime
    Character 過
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 戈 (95)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 古禾切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kuɑ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kuɑ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kuɑ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kwa/
    Li
    Rong         		/kuɑ/
    Wang
    Li         		/kuɑ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kuɑ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		guō
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gwo1
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 過
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 4362
    Phonetic
    component         		冎
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		戈
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kloːl/

    Definitions[edit]

    過

    1. name of a creek
    2. name of an ancient state in modern Shandong
    3. A surname​.

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    過

    1. Alternative form of 輠 (guǒ).
    2. Alternative form of 禍／祸 (huò).

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    過

    (grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. mistake
    2. excess, too much

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    過
    か
    Grade: 5
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 過 (MC kuɑ, kuɑH).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    過(か) • (ka) ←くわ (kwa)?

    1. fault; error; mistake
    2. the past
    3. excess

    Prefix[edit]

    過(か) • (ka-) ←くわ (kwa)?

    1. (chemistry) super-, over-; per

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    過 (eumhun 지날 과 (jinal gwa))

    1. 지날 과; last, past, have been, in time, later.
      • 1.
      • 2.
      • 3.
      • 4.
      • 5.
        • 1.
        • 2.
        • 3.
        • 4.
        • 5.
    2. 허물 과; an error, a fault, a misstep, a slip, a mistake.
    3. 기름통 과; an oil cask, an oilcan.

    過 (eumhun 재앙 화 (jaeang hwa))

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    過: Hán Nôm readings: qua, quá, góa/goá, quớ, quở

    1. chữ Hán form of qua (“to pass; to go over”).
      • 1910, Sơn Hậu Diễn Ca, sheet 1a
        䀡運𡗶㐌挌過頭。
        Xem vận trời đã gác qua đầu.
        Seeing that fate has been set over (my) head.
    2. chữ Hán form of quá (“too (much); over”).
      • circa 15th century, Nguyễn Trãi, Lê triều Nguyễn tướng công Gia huấn ca, Quan Văn Ðường tàng bản (1907), lines 7-8
        𠳒咹涅於朱坤, 拯𢧚多過多言𡭧芇。
        Lời ăn nết ở cho khôn, chẳng nên đa quá đa ngôn chút nào.
        Speak and act like a lady, but speak not too much lest you blunder.
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=過&oldid=65883085"