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年

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 秊, ヰ, and 𡕒
年 U+5E74, 年
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5E74
← 平
[U+5E73] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 幵 →
[U+5E75]
年 U+F98E, 年
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F98E
← 轢
[U+F98D] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 憐 →
[U+F98F]

Translingual

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Stroke order
6 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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年 (Kangxi radical 51, 干+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 人手 (OQ), four-corner 80500, composition ⿱𠂉㐄 or ⿻午⿱一丨 or ⿻午丄)

Derived characters

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Additional Derived Characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 340, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9168
  • Dae Jaweon: page 648, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 37, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+5E74

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 年
alternative forms
秂
秊
䄹
𰨝
𠡦
秂
秊
䄹
𰨝
𠡦
𠦅
𠦚
䄭
𦼌
𠬋
𠫺
 

Glyph origin

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Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *niːŋ): semantic 禾 (“wheat; grain”) + phonetic 人 (OC *njin). Originally meaning "harvest", it later came to mean "year". In the oracle bone script and early bronze inscriptions, it was originally written like 秂.

In bronze inscriptions after the Western Zhou period, a stroke was often added to 人 to give 千 (OC *sn̥ʰiːn), which still acted as a phonetic component, thus getting (秊). The current form is inherited from the clerical script, where libian (隸變) has occurred.

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ni(ŋ~k) (“year”).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • ning2 - vernacular;
  • neng2 - literary.
Note:
  • nî - vernacular;
  • liân - literary.
Note: hin5 - Chaoyang (in some compounds).
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: hi5 / nieng5
      • Sinological IPA: /hi²²/, /nieŋ²²/
Note:
  • hi5 - vernacular;
  • nieng5 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 年
Mandarin Beijing /nian³⁵/
Harbin /nian²⁴/
Tianjin /nian⁴⁵/
Jinan /ȵiã⁴²/
Qingdao /niã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /nian⁴²/
Xi'an /niã²⁴/
Xining /ȵiã²⁴/
Yinchuan /nian⁵³/
Lanzhou /ȵiɛ̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi /ȵian⁵¹/
Wuhan /niɛn²¹³/
Chengdu /ȵian³¹/
Guiyang /nian²¹/
Kunming /niɛ̃³¹/
Nanjing /lien²⁴/
Hefei /liĩ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /nie¹¹/
Pingyao /ȵie̞¹³/
Hohhot /nie³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ȵi²³/
Suzhou /ȵiɪ¹³/
Hangzhou /ȵiẽ̞²¹³/
Wenzhou /ȵi³¹/
Hui Shexian /ne⁴⁴/
Tunxi /ȵiɛ⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ȵiẽ¹³/
Xiangtan /ȵiẽ¹²/
Gan Nanchang /ȵiɛn⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /ŋian¹¹/
Taoyuan /ŋien¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /nin²¹/
Nanning /nin²¹/
Hong Kong /nin²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lian³⁵/
/ni³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /nieŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /niŋ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /nĩ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /nin³¹/
/hi³¹/
Rime
Character 年
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 泥 (8)
Final (韻) 先 (85)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 奴顚切
Baxter nen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/nen/
Pan
Wuyun 		/nen/
Shao
Rongfen 		/nɛn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/nɛn/
Li
Rong 		/nen/
Wang
Li 		/nien/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/nien/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		nián
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		nin4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 年
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		nián
Middle
Chinese 		‹ nen ›
Old
Chinese 		/*C.nˁi[ŋ]/
English harvest; year

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 年
Reading # 1/1
No. 9482
Phonetic
component 		秊
Rime
group 		眞
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*niːŋ/
Notes 同秊

Definitions

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年

  1. year (in generic contexts)
    明年  ―  míngnián  ―  next year
    2012年  ―  2012 nián  ―  the year of 2012
  2. harvest
    豐年／丰年  ―  fēngnián  ―  year with a good harvest
  3. annual
    年報／年报  ―  niánbào  ―  annual report
  4. age
    年滿二十／年满二十  ―  nián mǎn èrshí  ―  to reach twenty years of age
    延年益壽／延年益寿  ―  yánniányìshòu  ―  to prolong life
  5. period of life
    童年  ―  tóngnián  ―  childhood
  6. period (in history)
    清朝末年  ―  Qīngcháo mònián  ―  last years of the Qing dynasty
  7. Chinese New Year
    過年／过年  ―  guònián  ―  to spend the Chinese New Year
  8. things for the Chinese New Year
    年糕  ―  niángāo  ―  nian gao
    年貨／年货  ―  niánhuò  ―  New Year purchases
  9. Classifier for years.
    兩年前／两年前 [Cantonese]  ―  loeng5 nin4 cin4 [Jyutping]  ―  two years ago
  10. a surname
    年羹堯／年羹尧  ―  Nián Gēngyáo  ―  Nian Gengyao

Usage notes

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  • Although 年 is the generic term for year, years of age are typically expressed in 歲／岁 (suì), a separate system based on the duodecennial orbital period of Jupiter. Ages in 歲／岁 (suì) are traditionally reckoned using the Chinese lunar calendar, beginning with 1 at the moment of birth and increasing not during birthdays but at the Chinese New Year.

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 年 (“year”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 年, 歲, 載
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 年, 載
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 年
Singapore 年
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 年
Central Plains Mandarin Xining 年
Southwestern Mandarin Wuhan 年
Guilin 年
Cantonese Guangzhou 年
Hong Kong 年
Taishan 年
Singapore (Guangfu) 年
Gan Nanchang 年
Lichuan 年
Pingxiang 年
Hakka Miaoli (N. Sixian) 年
Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian) 年
Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian) 年
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 年
Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) 年
Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) 年
Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) 年
Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) 年
Eastern Min Fuzhou 年
Southern Min Xiamen 冬
Quanzhou 冬
Zhangzhou 年, 冬
Zhao'an 年, 冬
New Taipei (Tamsui) 年, 冬
New Taipei (Pingxi) 年, 冬
Kaohsiung 年, 冬
Kaohsiung (Cijin) 年
Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) 年, 冬
Yilan (Luodong) 年
Yilan (Toucheng) 年
Changhua (Yongjing) 年, 冬
Tainan 年, 冬
Tainan (Anping) 年, 冬
Chiayi 年, 冬
Chiayi County (Dongshi) 年
Pingtung (Baoli, Checheng) 年
Penghu (Xiyu) 年, 冬
Penang (Hokkien) 年
Singapore (Hokkien) 年
Jieyang 年
Haifeng 年
Singapore (Teochew) 年
Leizhou 年
Haikou 年
Wu Wenzhou 年

See also

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Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (年):
  • → Japanese: 年(ねん) (nen)
  • → Korean: 년(年) (nyeon)
  • → Vietnamese: niên (年)

Others:

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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年

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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  • Go-on: ねん (nen, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: でん (den)
  • Kun: とし (toshi, 年, Jōyō)、とせ (tose, 年)、よわい (yowai, 年)←よはひ (yofafi, 年, historical)、みのり (minori, 年)
  • Nanori: ね (ne)

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
年
ねん
Grade: 1
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 年 (nen, “year”). Compare modern Mandarin reading nián, Hakka ngièn, Cantonese nin4.

Pronunciation

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Counter

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年(ねん) • (-nen) 

  1. years
Derived terms
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v • d • e
Japanese counter/suffix: 年 (ねん, nen, "years")
NumberKanjiKanaRomaji
1一年いちねんichinen
2二年にねんninen
3三年さんねんsannen
4四年よねんyonen
5五年ごねんgonen
6六年ろくねんrokunen
7七年ななねん、しちねんnananen, shichinen
8八年はちねんhachinen
9九年きゅうねん、くねんkyūnen, kunen
10十年じゅうねんjūnen
11十一年じゅういちねんjūichinen
12十二年じゅうにねんjūninen
13十三年じゅうさんねんjūsannen
20二十年にじゅうねんnijūnen
21二十一年にじゅういちねんnijūichinen
100百年ひゃくねんhyakunen
1,000千年せんねんsennen
10,000一万年いちまんねんichimannen
100,000,000一億年いちおくねんichiokunen
0０年、零年ゼロねん、れいねんzeronen, reinen
?何年なんねんnannen

Noun

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年(ねん) • (nen) 

  1. a year
    年(ねん)に一(いち)度(ど)
    nen ni ichido
    once a year

Suffix

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年(ねん) • (-nen) 

  1. a grade, a school year
    彼(かれ)は中(ちゅう)学(がく) ２(に)年(ねん)だ。
    Kare wa chūgaku ni-nen da.
    He's in the second year in junior high school.
    • 1984 February 15, Motoka Murakami, “１(いち)年(ねん)１(いち)組(くみ)の六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)と嵐(らん)子(こ)の巻(まき) [Class-1 Freshmen, Musashi and Ranko]”, in 六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)の剣(けん) [Musashi’s Sword], volume 13 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, pages 142–144:
      な、なんだおまえら⁉
      Na, nan da o-maera⁉
      Wh-Who the hell are you!?
      １(いち)年(ねん) １(いち)組(くみ)っ‼ 夏(なつ)木(き)六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)ぃ‼
      Ichi-nen ichi-kumi'‼ Natsuki Musashī‼
      Class-1 freshman!! Musashi Natsuki!!
      同(おな)じく轟(とどろき)嵐(らん)子(こ)！
      Onajiku Todoroki Ranko!
      Same here, Ranko Todoroki!
  2. a year
    2008(にせんはち)年(ねん)に橋(はし)を建(けん)設(せつ)し始(はじ)めるようだ。
    Nisenhachi-nen ni hashi o kensetsu shi hajimeru yō da.
    It seems like they will start constructing the bridge in (the year) 2008.
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
年
とし
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
歳

⟨to2si⟩ → /tosi/ → /toɕi/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *təsi. Originally referred to grain, particularly rice, and by extension, the year's harvest.[2]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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年(とし) • (toshi) 

  1. (obsolete) grain, particularly rice
  2. (obsolete) a grain harvest, a grain crop
  3. a year
  4. age
  5. (specifically) used to describe the age of someone who should not do things inappropriate for their age
    Synonym: いいとし (ii toshi)
    歳(とし)なので
    toshi nanode
    because one is no longer young
Derived terms
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Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
年
とせ
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

/to2se/ → /tose/

From Old Japanese.[2] Likely a shift in pronunciation from 年(とし) (toshi).

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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年(とせ) • (-tose) 

  1. (obsolete) used to count years
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, poem 880:
      , text [2]:
      阿麻社迦留(あまざかる)、比奈尓伊都(ひなにいつ)等世(とせ)、周麻比都都(すまひつつ)、美夜故能提夫利(みやこのてぶり)、和周良延尓家利(わすらえにけり)
      Amazakaru, hina ni itsu tose, sumahitsutsu, miyako no teburi, wasuraenikeri
      While living five years in the far-remote countryside, I wound up forgetting the manners of the capital
Derived terms
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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 年 (MC nen).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

年 (eumhun 해 년 (hae nyeon), word-initial (South Korea) 해 연 (hae yeon))

  1. hanja form? of 년/연 (“year”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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年: Hán Việt readings: niên[1][2][3]
年: Nôm readings: năm[1][2][3][4], nên[1][2][3], niên[1][2][4], niền[2]

  1. chữ Hán form of niên (“year”)
  2. chữ Nôm form of năm (“year”)

Compounds

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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hồ (1976).
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