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午

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 牛 and 干
午 U+5348, 午
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5348
← 升
[U+5347] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 卉 →
[U+5349]

Translingual

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Stroke order
4 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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午 (Kangxi radical 24, 十+2, 4 strokes, Cangjie input 人十 (OJ) or 難人十 (XOJ), four-corner 80400, composition ⿱𠂉十 or ⿰丿干)

Derived characters

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Additional Derived Characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 156, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2703
  • Dae Jaweon: page 354, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 406, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5348

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 午
alternative forms 仐
𰅭
𨾟

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 午
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (午) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
卸 *sŋjaːs
汻 *hŋaːŋʔ
滸 *hŋaːʔ
午 *ŋaːʔ
仵 *ŋaːʔ
旿 *ŋaːʔ
忤 *ŋaːs
迕 *ŋaːs
杵 *ŋ̊ʰjaʔ
籞 *ŋaʔ
蘌 *ŋaʔ
篽 *ŋaʔ
禦 *ŋaʔ, *ŋas
許 *hŋaʔ
御 *ŋas

Pictogram (象形) – a pestle (now written 杵). Unrelated to 干. See the central component of 舂 and 秦 in their original version.

Etymology 1

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Norman (1985) proposed connection with Austroasiatic; Ferlus (2013) noted a "[g]ood correspondence" between Proto-Vietic *m-ŋəːʔ (whence Vietnamese ngựa) and Old Chinese reconstructions like *m-qʰˁaʔ (Baxter-Sagart) and *ᵀs.ŋaʔ (Ferlus). Also compare Proto-Hlai *hŋaːʔ (“horse”), Proto-Kra *ŋja C (“horse”).

Alternatively, Smith (2011) proposed 午 (OC *ŋaːʔ)'s cognacy with 啎 (OC *ŋaːs) "to meet head on" and 御 (OC *ŋas) "to meet in (battle)" and suggested that "the moon at its full phase opposes the sun directly in the sky, meaning *ŋaaʔ 午 is probably to be glossed, given *-ʔ , ‘facing stage’". Schuessler (2007) regarded 午 (OC ŋâh) "to go against" as a mere graphic variant of 啎 and thus deemed the sense "to go against" distinct from the "earthly branch" sense.

Pronunciation

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Note: huo - only in 晌午.
Note:
  • ngó͘/gó͘ — literary;
  • ngō͘ — popular (俗) variant;
  • gō͘ — chiefly in 午時.
Note:
  • u/wu/ou - literary;
  • ng - vernacular, used in 端午 and 午時.
Rime
Character 午
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 疑古切
Baxter nguX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋuoX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋuoX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋoX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋɔX/
Li
Rong 		/ŋoX/
Wang
Li 		/ŋuX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ŋuoX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		wǔ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ng5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 午 午
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		wǔ wǔ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ nguX › ‹ nguX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[m].qʰˁaʔ/ /*m-qʰˁaʔ/
English 7th earthly branch resist; cross-wise

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 午
Reading # 1/1
No. 13169
Phonetic
component 		午
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		五
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋaːʔ/

Definitions

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午

  1. the seventh of the twelve earthly branches
    1. (archaic, astrology) the seventh year of the Jovian orbital cycle
    2. (archaic) the fifth month of the Chinese calendar
    3. (historical) the double hour from 11 am to 1 pm
      午時／午时  ―  wǔshí  ―  11:00 to 13:00
      1. (precisely) noon
        午睡  ―  wǔshuì  ―  siesta (literally, “noon nap”)
      2. the middle of a period of time
        午夜  ―  wǔyè  ―  midnight
    4. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) the south
      子午線／子午线  ―  zǐwǔxiàn  ―  line of longitude (literally, “north-south line”)
    5. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) the horse (according to the Chinese zodiac)
      典午  ―  diǎnwǔ  ―  Grand Marshal (an important official post during the Han dynasty); major (a low-level officer who handled military affairs within a commandery); literally, “supervisor of horses”
  2. (alt. form 迕) in a criss-cross manner; to cross each other
  3. a surname
  4. archaic form of 忤 (wǔ)
Coordinate terms
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Chinese earthly branches: 地支 (dìzhī)edit
Hypernyms
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Compounds

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Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions of 午 – see 舞 (“to dance; dance; dancing; etc.”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 舞).
Notes:

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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午

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. noon

Readings

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  • Go-on: ご (go, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: ご (go, Jōyō)
  • Kun: うま (uma, 午)

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
午
うま
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

From 馬(うま) (uma, “horse”).

Pronunciation

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Proper noun

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午(うま) • (Uma) 

  1. the Horse, the seventh of the twelve Earthly Branches
    Hypernyms: 十二支, 地支
    Coordinate terms: 子, 丑, 寅, 卯, 辰, 巳, 午, 未, 申, 酉, 戌, 亥

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
午
ご
Grade: 2
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 午 (nguX).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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午(ご) • (go) 

  1. (rare) noon
Derived terms
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Proper noun

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午(ご) • (Go) 

  1. the Horse, the seventh of the twelve Earthly Branches
    Hypernyms: 十二支, 地支
    Coordinate terms: 子, 丑, 寅, 卯, 辰, 巳, 午, 未, 申, 酉, 戌, 亥

References

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Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 午 (MC nguX).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅌᅩᆼ〯 (Yale: ngwǒ)

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [o̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [오(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

午 (eumhun 낮 오 (nat o))

  1. hanja form? of 오 (“noon; daytime”) [affix]

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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午: Hán Việt readings: ngọ[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8], ngũ[5][6][8]
午: Nôm readings: ngỏ[1][2][4][6][7][8], ngõ[1][2][3][4][8], ngủ[1][2], ngó[1], ngộ[2], ngỡ[2], ngọ[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of Ngọ (“seventh of the twelve earthly branches”)
    Hypernyms: 地支, 十二支
    Coordinate terms: 子, 丑, 寅, 卯, 辰, 巳, 午, 未, 申, 酉, 戌, 亥
  2. chữ Nôm form of ngó (“to take a peek; to have a quick look”)
  3. chữ Nôm form of ngỏ (“to open”)
  4. chữ Nôm form of ngõ (“lane; alley; bystreet”)
  5. chữ Nôm form of ngủ (“to sleep”)

Compounds

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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hồ (1976).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Thiều Chửu (1942).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Bonet (1899).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Génibrel (1898).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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