疑

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疑 U+7591, 疑
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7591
← 疐
[U+7590] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 疒 →
[U+7592]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

疑 (Kangxi radical 103, 疋+9, 14 strokes, cangjie input 心大弓戈人 (PKNIO), four-corner 27481, composition ⿰𠤕⿱龴疋)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 768, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 22007
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1178, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2751, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+7591

Chinese[edit]

trad. 疑
simp. # 疑
2nd round simp. ⿰忄以

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 疑
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
礙 *ŋɯːs
儗 *ŋɯːs, *hŋɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
懝 *ŋɯːs, *ŋɯɡ
譺 *ŋrɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
癡 *ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ
疑 *ŋɯ
嶷 *ŋɯ, *ŋɯɡ
觺 *ŋɯ
擬 *ŋɯʔ
薿 *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯɡ
凝 *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs
疑 (yí) from the Mawangdui manuscripts, Western Han.

Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意): 大 or 文 (“standing human figure”) + 夂 (“tilted head with open mouth”) + 丨 (“cane”) – a man with a cane looking around with his mouth wide open, not know where to go – to be confused; to doubt. Compare: 欠 and 既, both showing the "open-mouth" component but on a seated figure. In the oracle bone script and bronze inscriptions, 彳 or 辵 = 彳 + 止 (“foot; toes”) was often added to indicate travelling or movement.

Various components were added later, e.g. 牛 in the bronze script of Western Zhou, 子 in the Qin-style scripts including the proto-clerical script, and 乙 in the early clerical script of Western Han. Meanwhile the main graphical element showing a standing figure eventually became 𠤕 or sometimes 矣 as in the Chu-style script (shown in the table). The Chu also added a 心 (“heart”) component indicating "the mind".

The Shuowen, in which headwords were written in the Qin-style seal script, interpreted the character as “a child standing on an obstructed road to compare the paths”: semantic 子 (“child”) + semantic 止 (“to be obstructed”) + semantic 匕 (“to compare”) + phonetic 矢 (OC *hliʔ). Duan Yucai's commentary on Shuowen offered an alternative interpretation, pointing out that 矢 was unlikely to have a the phonetic component: semantic 子 (“child”) + semantic 𠤕 (“uncertain”) + phonetic 止 (OC *kjɯʔ). However, it is unlikely that any of the currently extant components had once indicated the pronunciation. Zhengzhang (2003) conjectured that the 子 was a corruption of 牛 (OC *ŋʷɯ) that had been the phonetic component.

The current form is derived from the Qin–Han clerical scripts, where on the right-hand side the elements 子 + 止 or 子 + 乙 have recombined into 龴 + 疋.

Etymology[edit]

Perhaps related to 礙 (OC *ŋɯːs, “to obstruct”) (Schuessler, 2007); Cf. Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ʔ/N-g(r)ak (“to block; to obstruct”) (STEDT, provisional).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 疑
Mandarin Beijing /i³⁵/
Harbin /i²⁴/
Tianjin /i⁴⁵/
Jinan /i⁴²/
Qingdao /i⁴²/
Zhengzhou /i⁴²/
Xi'an /ni²⁴/
Xining /ji²⁴/
Yinchuan /i⁵³/
Lanzhou /i⁵³/
Ürümqi /i⁵¹/
Wuhan /ni²¹³/
Chengdu /ȵi³¹/
Guiyang /ni²¹/ 老
/i²¹/ 新
Kunming /ni³¹/
Nanjing /i²⁴/
Hefei /zz̩⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /i¹¹/
Pingyao /ȵi¹³/
Hohhot /i³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ȵi²³/
Suzhou /ȵi¹³/
Hangzhou /ȵi²¹³/
Wenzhou /ȵi³¹/
Hui Shexian /ni⁴⁴/
Tunxi /ȵi⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ȵi¹³/
Xiangtan /ȵi¹²/
Gan Nanchang /ȵi⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /ŋi¹¹/
Taoyuan /ŋi¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ji²¹/
Nanning /ni²¹/
Hong Kong /ji²¹/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /gi³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ŋi⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ŋi²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /gi⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /ŋi³¹/
Rime
Character 疑
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 語其切
Baxter ngi
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋɨ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋɨ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋie/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋɨ/
Li
Rong 		/ŋiə/
Wang
Li 		/ŋĭə/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ŋi/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yí
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ji4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 疑
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yí
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ngi ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ŋ](r)ə/ (< uvular)
English doubt

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 疑
Reading # 1/1
No. 14894
Phonetic
component 		疑
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		疑
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋɯ/
Notes 甲金文象人行道回顧遲疑狀，
金文或加牛聲後訛爲子，
非矢聲

Definitions[edit]

疑

  1. to doubt; to question
    Antonym: 信
    1. doubtful
    2. question; query
  2. to suspect
    1. suspicious
  3. 62nd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "doubt, unconfidence" (𝍃)
  4. as if
  5. (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 疑 (MC ngi)

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

疑

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. doubt
  2. suspect

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

疑 • (ui, eung) (hangeul 의, 응, revised ui, eung, McCune–Reischauer ŭi, ŭng, Yale uy, ung)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

疑: Hán Nôm readings: nghi

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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