語

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See also: 语
語 U+8A9E, 語
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8A9E
← 誝
[U+8A9D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 誟 →
[U+8A9F]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
14 strokes

Han character[edit]

語 (radical 149, 言+7, 14 strokes, cangjie input 卜口一一口 (YRMMR), four-corner 01661, composition ⿰言吾)

Derived characters[edit]

Related characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1163, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35533
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1628, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3974, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+8A9E

Chinese[edit]

trad. 語
simp. 语

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 語
Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script
語-bronze-spring.svg 語-bronze-warring.svg 語-silk.svg 語-slip.svg 語-seal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (五) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
吾 *ŋraː, *ŋaː
衙 *ŋraː, *ŋa, *ŋaʔ
鼯 *ŋaː
浯 *ŋaː
珸 *ŋaː
郚 *ŋaː
齬 *ŋaː, *ŋa, *ŋaʔ
鯃 *ŋaː
娪 *ŋaː
梧 *ŋaː
峿 *ŋaː
五 *ŋaːʔ
伍 *ŋaːʔ
寤 *ŋaːs
啎 *ŋaːs
晤 *ŋaːs
悟 *ŋaːs
逜 *ŋaːs
窹 *ŋaːs
捂 *ŋaːs
鋙 *ŋa, *ŋaʔ
語 *ŋaʔ, *ŋas
圄 *ŋaʔ
敔 *ŋaʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋaʔ, *ŋas): semantic 言 + phonetic 吾 (OC *ŋraː, *ŋaː).

Etymology[edit]

Compare Tibetan ངག (ngag, “speech”).

According to Schuessler (2007), 言 (OC *ŋan, “to speak; speech; talk”) is 語 (OC *ŋaʔ) with a nominal n-suffix.

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • General Taiwanese:
    • gí/gú - vernacular;
    • gú - literary.
  • (Teochew)
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 語
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
    Final (韻) 魚 (22)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 魚巨切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ŋɨʌX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ŋiɔX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ŋiɔX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ŋɨə̆X/
    Li
    Rong         		/ŋiɔX/
    Wang
    Li         		/ŋĭoX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ŋi̯woX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		yǔ
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		jyu5
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 語
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		yǔ
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ngjoX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ŋ(r)aʔ/
    English speak

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 語
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 13159
    Phonetic
    component         		五
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		語
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ŋaʔ/

    Definitions[edit]

    語

    1. to speak; to say
    2. (of an animal) to chirp; to hoot
    3. speech; language
    4. (linguistics) spoken language (contrary to written language 文)
    5. expression; words
    6. saying; proverb; set phrase
    7. movement or signal which transmits information
    8. chirping; tweet

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 語

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Rime
    Character 語
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
    Final (韻) 魚 (22)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 牛倨切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ŋɨʌH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ŋiɔH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ŋiɔH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ŋɨə̆H/
    Li
    Rong         		/ŋiɔH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ŋĭoH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ŋi̯woH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		yù
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		jyu6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 語
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		yù
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ngjoH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ŋ(r)aʔ-s/
    English tell

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 語
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 13165
    Phonetic
    component         		五
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		御
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ŋas/

    Definitions[edit]

    語

    1. † to tell; to inform

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (語):
    • → Japanese: 語(ご) (go)
    • → Korean: 어 (語, eo)
    • → Vietnamese: ngữ (語)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    語

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    語
    ご
    Grade: 2
    goon
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
    English Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia

    From Middle Chinese 語 (MC ŋɨʌX).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    語(ご) • (go) 

    1. (linguistics) a word, term
      Synonyms: 言葉 (kotoba), 単語 (tango)
    2. a proverb
      Synonyms: 諺 (kotowaza), 成句 (seiku)

    Derived terms[edit]

    Derived terms

    Suffix[edit]

    語(ご) • (-go) 

    1. language of, -ese, -ish
      日(に)本(ほん)語(ご) ― nihongo ― Japanese
      英(えい)語(ご) ― eigo ― English
      スペイン語(ご) ― supeingo ― Spanish

    Derived terms[edit]

    Derived terms

    Affix[edit]

    語(ご) • (go) 

    1. talk, speak
    2. word, language, term
    3. Short for 物語 (monogatari): story, tale, narrative

    Derived terms[edit]

    Derived terms

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 語 (MC ŋɨʌX).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅌᅥᆼ〯 (Yale: ngě)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 말〯ᄉᆞᆷ〮 (Yale: mǎlsóm) 어〯 (Yale: ě)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ʌ̹(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangeul: [어(ː)]
      • Long vowel distinction only applies at the initial position. Most speakers no longer distinguish vowel length at any position.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    語 (eumhun 말씀 어 (malsseum eo))

    1. Hanja form? of 어 (“language of; -ese; -ish”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    語: Hán Việt readings: ngữ[1][2][3]
    語: Nôm readings: ngỡ[1][2][3][4], ngửa[1][2][3][4], ngữ[1][2][3], ngứa[1][3], ngợ[3][4], gỡ[1]

    1. Hán tự form of ngữ (“language”).
    2. Nôm form of ngỡ (“to think that”).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hồ (1976).
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