語

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See also: 语
語 U+8A9E, 語
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8A9E
← 誝
[U+8A9D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 誟 →
[U+8A9F]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
14 strokes

Han character[edit]

語 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+7, 14 strokes, cangjie input 卜口一一口 (YRMMR), four-corner 01661, composition ⿰訁吾)

Derived characters[edit]

Related characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1163, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35533
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1628, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3974, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+8A9E

Chinese[edit]

trad. 語
simp. 语

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 語
Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (五) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
吾 *ŋraː, *ŋaː
衙 *ŋraː, *ŋa, *ŋaʔ
鼯 *ŋaː
浯 *ŋaː
珸 *ŋaː
郚 *ŋaː
齬 *ŋaː, *ŋa, *ŋaʔ
鯃 *ŋaː
娪 *ŋaː
梧 *ŋaː
峿 *ŋaː
五 *ŋaːʔ
伍 *ŋaːʔ
寤 *ŋaːs
啎 *ŋaːs
晤 *ŋaːs
悟 *ŋaːs
逜 *ŋaːs
窹 *ŋaːs
捂 *ŋaːs
鋙 *ŋa, *ŋaʔ
語 *ŋaʔ, *ŋas
圄 *ŋaʔ
敔 *ŋaʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋaʔ, *ŋas): semantic 言 + phonetic 吾 (OC *ŋraː, *ŋaː).

Etymology[edit]

Compare Tibetan ངག (ngag, “speech”), Burmese ညာ (nya, “to lie, to tell an untruth”), and Burmese ကြော်ငြာ (krau-ngra, “to shout, to advertise”).

According to Schuessler (2007), 言 (OC *ŋan, “to speak; speech; talk”) is 語 (OC *ŋaʔ) with a nominal n-suffix.

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • General Taiwanese:
    • gí/gú - vernacular;
    • gú - literary.
  • (Teochew)
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 語
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
    Final (韻) 魚 (22)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 魚巨切
    Baxter ngjoX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ŋɨʌX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ŋiɔX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ŋiɔX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ŋɨə̆X/
    Li
    Rong         		/ŋiɔX/
    Wang
    Li         		/ŋĭoX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ŋi̯woX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		yǔ
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		jyu5
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 語
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		yǔ
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ngjoX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ŋ(r)aʔ/
    English speak

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 語
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 13159
    Phonetic
    component         		五
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		語
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ŋaʔ/

    Definitions[edit]

    語

    1. to speak; to say
    2. (of an animal) to chirp; to hoot
    3. speech; language
    4. (linguistics) spoken language (contrary to written language 文)
    5. expression; words
    6. saying; proverb; set phrase
    7. movement or signal which transmits information
    8. chirping; tweet

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 語

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Rime
    Character 語
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
    Final (韻) 魚 (22)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 牛倨切
    Baxter ngjoH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ŋɨʌH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ŋiɔH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ŋiɔH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ŋɨə̆H/
    Li
    Rong         		/ŋiɔH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ŋĭoH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ŋi̯woH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		yù
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		jyu6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 語
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		yù
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ngjoH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ŋ(r)aʔ-s/
    English tell

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 語
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 13165
    Phonetic
    component         		五
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		御
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ŋas/

    Definitions[edit]

    語

    1. † to tell; to inform

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (語):
    • → Japanese: 語(ご) (go)
    • → Korean: 어(語) (eo)
    • → Vietnamese: ngữ (語)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    語

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    語
    ご
    Grade: 2
    goon
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
    English Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia

    From Middle Chinese 語 (MC ŋɨʌX).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    This entry needs audio files. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record some and upload them. (For audio required quickly, visit WT:APR.)

    Noun[edit]

    語(ご) • (go) 

    1. (linguistics) a word, term
      Synonyms: 言葉 (kotoba), 単語 (tango)
    2. a proverb
      Synonyms: 諺 (kotowaza), 成句 (seiku)

    Derived terms[edit]

    Derived terms

    Suffix[edit]

    語(ご) • (-go) 

    1. language of, -ese, -ish
      日(に)本(ほん)語(ご) ― nihongo ― Japanese
      英(えい)語(ご) ― eigo ― English
      スペイン語(ご) ― supeingo ― Spanish

    Derived terms[edit]

    Derived terms

    Affix[edit]

    語(ご) • (go) 

    1. talk, speak
    2. word, language, term
    3. Short for 物語 (monogatari): story, tale, narrative

    Derived terms[edit]

    Derived terms

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 語 (MC ŋɨʌX).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅌᅥᆼ〯 (Yale: ngě)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 말〯ᄉᆞᆷ〮 (Yale: mǎlsóm) 어〯 (Yale: ě)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɘ(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [어(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    語 (eumhun 말씀 어 (malsseum eo))

    1. Hanja form? of 어 (“language of; -ese; -ish”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    語: Hán Việt readings: ngữ[1][2][3]
    語: Nôm readings: ngỡ[1][2][3][4], ngửa[1][2][3][4], ngữ[1][2][3], ngứa[1][3], ngợ[3][4], gỡ[1]

    1. chữ Hán form of ngữ (“language”).
    2. Nôm form of ngỡ (“to think that”).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hồ (1976).
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=語&oldid=72006510"