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御

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 禦
御 U+5FA1, 御
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5FA1
← 徠
[U+5FA0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 徢 →
[U+5FA2]

Translingual

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Han character

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御 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+8 in traditional Chinese and Korean, 彳+9 in mainland China and Japanese, 11 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 12 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 竹人人一中 (HOOML), four-corner 27220, composition ⿰彳卸)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 368, character 23
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10157
  • Dae Jaweon: page 693, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 832, character 16
  • Unihan data for U+5FA1

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (午) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
卸 *sŋjaːs
汻 *hŋaːŋʔ
滸 *hŋaːʔ
午 *ŋaːʔ
仵 *ŋaːʔ
旿 *ŋaːʔ
忤 *ŋaːs
迕 *ŋaːs
杵 *ŋ̊ʰjaʔ
籞 *ŋaʔ
蘌 *ŋaʔ
篽 *ŋaʔ
禦 *ŋaʔ, *ŋas
許 *hŋaʔ
御 *ŋas

Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋas): phonetic 午 (OC *ŋaːʔ, “pestle”) + semantic 卩 (“kneeling person”) – utilize; govern. Bronze inscriptions added 彳 and 止 to emphasize action.

Etymology 1

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trad. 御
simp. # 御
alternative forms
馭／驭
𡕺 ancient
衘
䘖
䘘 nonstandard
馭／驭
𡕺 ancient
衘
䘖
䘘 nonstandard
䢩
𢕜
𢓷
𢓦
𰆍
𢔬
𧗨
𧗪
𠉳
𠊏
𢖡
𠨙
𭰚
𱦐
 

Sino-Tibetan. Schuessler (2007) compared 御 to Burmese မောင်း (maung:, “drive away, threaten”) and မောင်း (maung:, “driving”).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • ghe6 - "to ride";
  • ghe7 - "imperial".
Rime
Character 御
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 魚 (22)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 牛倨切
Baxter ngjoH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋɨʌH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋiɔH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋiɔH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋɨə̆H/
Li
Rong 		/ŋiɔH/
Wang
Li 		/ŋĭoH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ŋi̯woH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jyu6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 御 御
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yù yù
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ngjoX › ‹ ngjoH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*m-[qʰ](r)aʔ/ /*[ŋ](r)a-s/
English ward off; withstand drive a chariot (loan)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 御
Reading # 1/1
No. 13181
Phonetic
component 		午
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		御
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋas/

Definitions

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御

  1. (prefix) royal, imperial
  2. to manage; to govern; to control
  3. to drive a chariot or carriage; to ride (on an animal or a vehicle drawn by animals)
  4. driver of a carriage
  5. alternative form of 禦 (yù, “to defend against”)

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Definitions

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御

  1. (literary, obsolete) to meet, greet and welcome (someone)
    alt. forms: 迓 (yà)

Etymology 3

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For pronunciation and definitions of 御 – see 禦 (“to defend”).
(This character is the simplified form of 禦).
Notes:

Japanese

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Kanji

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御

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. an honorific prefix, indicates respect, your[1]
  2. royal, imperial, godly
  3. control
  4. govern
  5. protect

Readings

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As variant kanji of 禦:

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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    Kanji in this term
    御
    お
    Grade: S
    kun'yomi

    /oɴ/ → /o/

    Shift from on- below.[2][3]

    Already apparent since the 14th century.

    Pronunciation

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    Prefix

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    御(お) • (o-) 

    1. (attaches to nouns)
      1. (honorific) used to respectfully refer to something that belongs to or is related to the listener or a third party
        すみません、お帽子(ぼうし)が…。 ― Sumimasen, o-bōshi ga…. ― Excuse me, your hat...
      2. (honorific, often with 様(さま) (-sama) or さん (-san)) used to respectfully refer to a person or group
        お子(こ)さん ― o-ko-san ― (your) child(ren)
      3. (polite) adds refinement
        お茶(ちゃ) ― o-cha ― tea
    2. (attaches to verbs in continuative form or nouns denoting actions)
      1. (honorific, with ください (kudasai)) used to respectfully issue a command or request
        お座(すわ)りください。 ― O-suwari kudasai. ― Please do sit.
      2. (honorific, with だ (da), です (desu)) used to respectfully express the progressive aspect (see いる (iru))
        どちらにお住(す)まいですか。 ― Dochira ni o-sumai desu ka. ― Where do you live?
      3. (honorific, with になる (ni naru)) used to respectfully describe the actions of another
        いつお帰(かえ)りになりますか。 ― Itsu o-kaeri ni narimasu ka. ― When will you be coming back?
      4. (humble, with する (suru), 致(いた)す (itasu), etc.) used to humbly describe one's own actions that affect someone else
        お客(きゃく)様(さま)をお迎(むか)えします。 ― O-kyaku-sama o o-mukae shimasu. ― I shall welcome the guests.
      5. (dated, with なさい (nasai)) used to form imperative expressions for use with those of lower status
        • 1914, 夏目漱石 [Natsume Sōseki], chapter 13, in こゝろ [Kokoro], 下 先生と遺書 [Sensei's Testament]:
          私(わたくし)が外(そと)から声(こえ)を掛(か)けると、「おはいんなさい」と答(こた)えるのはきっと奥(おく)さんでした。
          Watakushi ga soto kara koe o kakeru to, “O-hain nasai” to kotaeru no wa kitto Oku-san deshita.
          When I would call from outside, it was almost always Oku-san who replied, "Come in."
      6. short for お (o-) なさい (nasai); used to form imperative expressions for use with those of lower status
        おだまり。 ― O-damari. ― Be quiet.
        支(し)度(たく)をおし。 ― Shitaku o o-shi. ― Get yourself ready.
    3. (attaches to adjectives)
      1. (polite) adds refinement
        おはようございます。 ― O-hayō gozaimasu. ― Good morning. (literally, “It is early.”)
      2. (honorific) used to show respect to the person to whom the adjective applies
        お忙(いそが)しいでしょう。 ― O-isogashii deshō. ― You must be so busy.
    4. (dated, attaches to female names) 阿, 於: used to affectionately refer to a woman or girl
      • 1914, 夏目漱石 [Natsume Sōseki], chapter 16, in こゝろ [Kokoro], 中 両親と私 [My Parents and I]:
        突(とつ)然(ぜん)「お光(みつ)お前(まえ)にも色(いろ)々(いろ)世(せ)話(わ)になったね」などと優(やさ)しい言(こと)葉(ば)を出(だ)す時(とき)もあった。
        Totsuzen “O-Mitsu o-mae ni mo iroiro sewa ni natta ne” nado to yasashii kotoba o dasu toki mo atta.
        There were also times where he'd suddenly say such kind things as, "O-Mitsu, you've done so much for me."
    Usage notes
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    See also: Honorific speech in Japanese

    Not to be confused with 大(おお) (ō-, “great”), which is a less-commonly used prefix.

    Almost exclusively written in hiragana, to disambiguate with the heteronyms below.

    Generally prefixed to native Japanese words (read with kun'yomi), as in 御(お)水(みず) (o-mizu, “(honorific) water”), with 御(ご) (go-) below used for Sino-Xenic words (read with on'yomi). However, there are numerous exceptions, such as お弁(べん)当(とう) (o-bentō, “(honorific) bento”) and お電(でん)話(わ) (o-denwa, “(honorific) phone”). For 外(がい)来(らい)語(ご) (gairaigo, “(non-Sino-Xenic) foreign loanwords”), this prefix is seldom used, but it is somewhat preferred in the jargon of a few kinds of industry, such as おビール (o-bīru, “(honorific) beer”).

    Usage varies between speakers, situations, and gender – more polite speech, especially by women, features more use of this prefix, while blunt speech, especially by men, uses it less or not at all (words where the prefix has become mandatory are replaced by blunter terms that do not have the prefix). In rare cases, a prefixed term has become impolite, as in 御(お)前(まえ) (omae, “you (familiar or derogatory)”).

    Derived terms
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    Derived terms

    Etymology 2

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      Kanji in this term
      御
      おん
      Grade: S
      kun'yomi

      /oɸomʉ/ → /owomʉ/ → /oːɴ/ → /oɴ/

      Early-Late Middle Japanese shift from ōn- below.[2]

      Pronunciation

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      Prefix

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      御(おん) • (on-) 

      1. indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)
      Derived terms
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      Derived terms

      Etymology 3

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        Kanji in this term
        御
        おおん
        Grade: S
        kun'yomi
        Alternative spelling
        大御
        Kanji in this term
        御
        おおむ
        Grade: S
        kun'yomi
        Alternative spelling
        大御

        ⟨opomi1⟩ → */opomʲɨ/*/əpəmʲɨ/ → /oɸomʉ/ → /owoɴ/ → /oːɴ/

        First attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE), as man'yōgana form 於保无 (opomu- → ōmu-) within 於保无太加良 (opomutakara → ōmutakara, “people”, as a kun reading of 人民).

        Shift from Old Japanese 大御 (⟨opomi1⟩ → ōmi-, prefix of maximum honorific).

        Both ōmu- and ōn- readings likely existed in free variation until the development of the ん (n) grapheme.

        Pronunciation

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        Prefix

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        御(おおん) or 御(おおむ) • (ōn- or ōmu-) ←おほん (ofon-) or おほむ (ofomu-)?

        1. (obsolete) indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)
        Derived terms
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        Etymology 4

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          Kanji in this term
          御
          み
          Grade: S
          kun'yomi
          Alternative spellings
          美
          深

          ⟨mi1⟩ → */mʲi/ → /mi/

          From Old Japanese.

          Cognate with 霊(み), 神(み) (mi, “spirit, god”), as this prefix was originally used to refer to gods and other spiritually important things. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

          Pronunciation

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          Prefix

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          御(み) • (mi-) 

          1. (honorific, archaic) added to gods and other spiritually important things
          2. (honorific, archaic) added to nouns to indicate godlike respect
          3. 美, 深: (honorific, archaic) added to placenames to emphasize beauty
          Derived terms
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          Derived terms

          Usage notes

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          See also: Honorific speech in Japanese

          Primarily used or religious words, pertaining to gods or the emperor, as in 御(み)輿(こし) (mikoshi, “portable shrine”). However, in this context it is often replaced by its homophone 神(み) (mi-, “god”), and a further 御(お) (o-) may be added, as in 御(お)神(み)輿(こし) (omikoshi). The mi- prefix has also been merged into the readings of other kanji, such as 宮(みや) (miya, “imperial palace”).

          Etymology 5

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            Kanji in this term
            御
            ご
            Grade: S
            goon

            From Middle Chinese 御 (MC ngjoH).

            The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.

            Pronunciation

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            Prefix

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            御(ご) • (go-) 

            1. (honorific) used to respectfully refer to something that belongs to or is related to the listener or a third party
              ご意(い)見(けん) ― go-iken ― (your esteemed) opinion
              ご両(りょう)親(しん) ― go-ryōshin ― (your) parents
            2. (attaches to nouns denoting actions)
              1. (honorific) used to respectfully describe the actions of another
                • 1914, 夏目漱石 [Natsume Sōseki], chapter 13, in こゝろ [Kokoro], 下 先生と遺書 [Sensei's Testament]:
                  そうして向(むこ)うの室(へや)の前(まえ)へ行(い)って、こっちから「ご勉(べん)強(きょう)ですか」と聞(き)くのです。
                  Sōshite mukō no heya no mae e itte, kotchi kara “Go-benkyō desu ka” to kiku no desu.
                  Then I would go over to her room and ask, "Are you studying?" myself.
              2. (humble, with する (suru), 致(いた)す (itasu), etc.) used to humbly describe one's own actions that affect someone else
                ご案(あん)内(ない)いたします。 ― Go-annai itashimasu. ― I shall show you around.
            3. (polite) adds refinement
              ご飯(はん) ― go-han ― cooked rice
              御(ご)馳(ち)走(そう) ― go-chisō ― feast
            Usage notes
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            See also: Honorific speech in Japanese
            • This term is often spelled in kana.
            • Chiefly attaches to Sino-Japanese words (漢語(かんご) (kango)).
            • May also be used with modern foreign borrowings.
              本(ほん)日(じつ)はニコニコ動(どう)画(が)に御(ご)アクセス頂(いただ)き、ありがとうございます。
              Honjitsu wa Nikoniko Dōga ni go-akusesu-itadaki, arigatō gozaimasu.
              Thank you for accessing Niconico today.
            • Also appears with a limited number of native words such as ごゆっくり (go-yukkuri) and ごもっとも (go-mottomo).
            • In many cases the prefixed form has been so common that the base word is no longer used in isolation, as in 御(ご)飯(はん) (go-han, “rice”) — the form ×飯(*はん) (*han) is not used alone (though the reading is of course used in other compounds, such as 炊飯(すいはん) (suihan, “cooking (of) rice”)).
            Derived terms
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            Derived terms

            Etymology 6

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              Kanji in this term
              御
              ご
              Grade: S
              goon

              Short form of 御(ご)前(ぜん) (gozen, “noble person”).

              Pronunciation

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              Suffix

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              御(ご) • (-go) 

              1. (honorific) indicates that the [word] is familiar to the speaker and slightly honorific
              Derived terms
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              Derived terms

              Noun

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              御(ご) • (go) 

              1. (obsolete, archaic, honorific) a lady
                suffixed to the given name, via genitive particle の (no):
                伊(い)勢(せ)の御(ご) ― Ise no Go ― Lady Ise
              2. (obsolete, archaic, honorific) form of address to a woman or a court lady: my Lady
                used in the plural form 御達 (gotachi)
              Derived terms
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              Etymology 7

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                Kanji in this term
                御
                ぎょ
                Grade: S
                kan'on
                Alternative spelling
                馭

                From Middle Chinese 御 (MC ngjoH).

                The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

                Pronunciation

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                Noun

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                御(ぎょ) • (gyo) ←ぎよ (gyo)?

                1. equestrianism, horseriding
                2. a coachman
                3. (by extension) serving nearby (to an aristocrat, etc.)
                Derived terms
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                Affix

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                御(ぎょ) • (gyo) ←ぎよ (gyo)?

                1. control (a machine, etc.)
                2. govern, rule
                3. servant
                4. alternative spelling of 禦 (gyo): defend, protect

                Etymology 8

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                  Kanji in this term
                  御
                  ぎょ
                  Grade: S
                  kan'on

                  From Middle Chinese 御 (MC ngjoH).

                  The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

                  Pronunciation

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                  Prefix

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                  御(ぎょ) • (gyo-) ←ぎよ (gyo-)?

                  1. prefixed to make an honorific kanji compound, especially used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the emperor and/or the equivalents
                  Derived terms
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                  Suffix

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                  御(ぎょ) • (-gyo) ←ぎよ (-gyo)?

                  1. suffixed to make an honorific kanji compound which means the action belongs or is related to the emperor and/or the equivalents
                  Derived terms
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                  References

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                  1. ^ “御”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
                  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
                  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

                  Korean

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                  Hanja

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                  御 • (eo, a) (hangeul 어, 아, revised eo, a, McCune–Reischauer ŏ, a, Yale e, a)

                  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

                  Old Japanese

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                  Etymology

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                  Cognate with 霊, 神 (mi1, “spirit, god”), as this prefix was originally used to refer to gods and other spiritually important things.

                  Prefix

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                  御 (mi1-) (kana み)

                  1. (honorific) added to gods and other spiritually important things
                  2. (honorific) added to nouns to indicate godlike respect
                  3. (honorific) added to placenames to emphasize beauty

                  Derived terms

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                  Descendants

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                  • Japanese: 御, 美, 深 (mi-)

                  Vietnamese

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                  Han character

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                  御: Hán Nôm readings: ngự, ngợ, ngừ, ngừa

                  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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