御

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See also: 禦
御 U+5FA1, 御
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5FA1
← 徠
[U+5FA0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 徢 →
[U+5FA2]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

御 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+8 in traditional Chinese and Korean, 彳+9 in mainland China and Japanese, 11 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 12 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 竹人人一中 (HOOML), four-corner 27220, composition ⿰彳卸)

Derived characters[edit]

Related characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 368, character 23
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10157
  • Dae Jaweon: page 693, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 832, character 16
  • Unihan data for U+5FA1

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (午) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
卸 *sŋjaːs
汻 *hŋaːŋʔ
滸 *hŋaːʔ
午 *ŋaːʔ
仵 *ŋaːʔ
旿 *ŋaːʔ
忤 *ŋaːs
迕 *ŋaːs
杵 *ŋ̊ʰjaʔ
籞 *ŋaʔ
蘌 *ŋaʔ
篽 *ŋaʔ
禦 *ŋaʔ, *ŋas
許 *hŋaʔ
御 *ŋas

Ideogrammic compound (會意): semantic 彳 + semantic 卸.

Etymology 1[edit]

trad. 御
simp. # 御
alternative forms 𢕜
𢓷
馭／驭
䢩
䘘

Sino-Tibetan. Schuessler (2007) compared 御 to Burmese မောင်း (maung:, “drive away, threaten”) and မောင်း (maung:, “driving”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • ghe6 - "to ride" or "to defend against";
  • ghe7 - "imperial".
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 御
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
    Final (韻) 魚 (22)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 牛倨切
    Baxter ngjoH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ŋɨʌH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ŋiɔH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ŋiɔH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ŋɨə̆H/
    Li
    Rong         		/ŋiɔH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ŋĭoH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ŋi̯woH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		yù
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		jyu6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 御 御
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		yù yù
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ngjoX › ‹ ngjoH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*m-[qʰ](r)aʔ/ /*[ŋ](r)a-s/
    English ward off; withstand drive a chariot (loan)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 御
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 13181
    Phonetic
    component         		午
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		御
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ŋas/

    Definitions[edit]

    御

    1. (prefix) royal, imperial
    2. to manage; to govern; to control
    3. to drive a chariot or carriage; to ride (on an animal or a vehicle drawn by animals)
    4. driver of a carriage
    5. Alternative form of 禦 (yù, “to defend against”)

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 御 – see 禦 (“to defend”).
    (This character, 御, is the simplified form of 禦.)
    Notes:

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    御

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. royal, imperial, godly
    2. an honorific prefix, indicates respect, your
    3. emphasises beauty
    4. control
    5. (replacing 禦) hold back

    Readings[edit]

    As variant kanji of 禦:

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    御
    お
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    /oɴ/ → /o/

    Shift from on- below.[1][2]

    Already apparent since the 14th century.

    Prefix[edit]

    御(お) • (o-) 

    1. indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)
    Usage notes[edit]
    See also: Honorific speech in Japanese

    Not to be confused with 大 (ō-, “great”), which is a less-commonly used prefix.

    Almost exclusively written in hiragana, to disambiguate with the heteronyms below.

    Prefixed to the native Japanese words, as in 御水 (o-mizu, “water”) (words read with kun'yomi). However, there are numerous exceptions such as お弁当 (o-bentō) and お電話 (o-denwa). In old use, prefixed short women's names regardless of the type of reading, for example お菊 (o-Kiku), おしん (o-Shin), お仙 (o-Sen), お妙 (o-Tae), etc. For 外来語 (gairaigo, “(non-Chinese) foreign loan words”), this prefix is seldom used, but somewhat preferred in the jargon of some kinds of industry, as in おビール (o-bīru, “beer”).

    Usage varies between speakers, situations, and gender – more polite speech, especially by women, features more use of this prefix, while blunt speech, especially by men, uses it less or not at all (words where the prefix has become mandatory are replaced by blunter terms that do not have the prefix). In rare cases a prefixed term has become impolite, as in 御前 (omae, “you (familiar or derogatory)”).

    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    御
    おん
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    /oɸomʉ/ → /owomʉ/ → /oːɴ/ → /oɴ/

    Early-Late Middle Japanese shift from ōn- below.[1]

    Prefix[edit]

    御(おん) • (on-) 

    1. indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    御
    おおん
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi
    Kanji in this term
    御
    おおむ
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    ⟨opomi1⟩ → */opomʲɨ/*/əpəmʲɨ/ → /oɸomʉ/ → /owoɴ/ → /oːɴ/

    First attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE), as man'yōgana form 於保无 (opomu- → ōmu-) within 於保无太加良 (opomutakara → ōmutakara, “people”, as a kun reading of 人民).

    Shift from Old Japanese 大御 (⟨opomi1⟩ → ōmi-, prefix of maximum honorific).

    Both ōmu- and ōn- readings likely existed in free variation until the development of the ん (n) grapheme.

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Prefix[edit]

    御(おおん) • (ōn-) ←おほん (ofon)?
    (alternative reading hiragana おおむ, rōmaji ōmu-, historical hiragana おほむ)

    1. (obsolete) indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    御
    み
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    ⟨mi1⟩ → */mʲi/ → /mi/

    From Old Japanese.

    Cognate with 霊, 神 (mi, “spirit, god”), as this prefix was originally used to refer to gods and other spiritually important things.

    Alternative forms[edit]

    • (honorific emphasizing beauty): 美, 深

    Prefix[edit]

    御(み) • (mi-) 

    1. (honorific, archaic) added to gods and other spiritually important things
    2. (honorific, archaic) added to nouns to indicate godlike respect
    3. (honorific, archaic) added to placenames to emphasize beauty
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Usage notes[edit]

    See also: Honorific speech in Japanese

    Primarily for the religious words, pertaining to gods or the emperor, as in 御輿 (mikoshi, “portable shrine”). However, in this context it is often replaced by 神 ("god", also pronounced mi-), and then a further 御 (​o-) may be added, as in 御神輿 (o-mikoshi). The mi- prefix also became merged into other kanji, as in 宮 (miya, “imperial palace”).

    Etymology 5[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    御
    ご
    Grade: S
    goon

    From Middle Chinese 御 (MC ngjoH).

    The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.

    Prefix[edit]

    御(ご) • (go-) 

    1. indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)
    Usage notes[edit]
    See also: Honorific speech in Japanese

    Prefixed to the Sino-Japanese words, as in 御主人 (goshujin, “husband”).

    While in general this prefix is optional, in many cases it is so commonly used that the base word can no longer be used in isolation, as in 御飯 (gohan, “rice”) – the form ×飯 (*han) is not used alone, though it can be used as parts of compounds (such as 炊飯, suihan, “rice cooking”), and the character can be read in isolation as meshi.

    It may also be used with modern foreign borrowings.

    本日(ほんじつ)はニコニコ動画(どうが)に御(ご)アクセス頂(いただ)き、ありがとうございます。
    Honjitsu wa Nikoniko Dōga ni go-akusesu-itadaki, arigatō gozaimasu.
    Thank you for accessing Niconico today.

    ご (go-) also appears with a limited number of native words such as ごゆっくり (go-yukkuri) and ごもっとも (go-mottomo).

    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 6[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    御
    ご
    Grade: S
    goon

    Short form of 御前 (gozen, “noble person”).

    Suffix[edit]

    御(ご) • (-go) 

    1. (honorific) indicates that the [word] is familiar to the speaker and slightly honorific
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Noun[edit]

    御(ご) • (go) 

    1. (obsolete, archaic, honorific) a lady
      suffixed to the given name, via genitive particle の (no):
      伊(い)勢(せ)の御(ご) ― Ise no Go ― Lady Ise
    2. (obsolete, archaic, honorific) form of address to a woman or a court lady: my Lady
      used in the plural form 御達 (gotachi)
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 7[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    御
    ぎょ
    Grade: S
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 御 (MC ngjoH).

    The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

    Alternative forms[edit]

    • (horseriding, coachman): 馭

    Noun[edit]

    御(ぎょ) • (gyo) 

    1. equestrianism, horseriding
    2. a coachman
    3. (by extension) serving nearby (to an aristocrat, etc.)
    Derived terms[edit]

    Prefix[edit]

    御(ぎょ) • (gyo-) 

    1. prefixed to make an honorific kanji compound, especially used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the emperor and/or the equivalents
    Derived terms[edit]

    Suffix[edit]

    御(ぎょ) • (-gyo) 

    1. suffixed to make an honorific kanji compound which means the action belongs or is related to the emperor and/or the equivalents
    Derived terms[edit]

    Affix[edit]

    御(ぎょ) • (gyo) 

    1. control (a machine, etc.)
    2. govern, rule
    3. servant
    4. Alternative spelling of 禦 (gyo): defend, protect

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
    2. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    御 • (eo, a) (hangeul 어, 아, revised eo, a, McCune–Reischauer ŏ, a, Yale e, a)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Old Japanese[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    Cognate with 霊, 神 (mi1, “spirit, god”), as this prefix was originally used to refer to gods and other spiritually important things.

    Prefix[edit]

    御 (mi1-) (kana み)

    1. (honorific) added to gods and other spiritually important things
    2. (honorific) added to nouns to indicate godlike respect
    3. (honorific) added to placenames to emphasize beauty

    Derived terms[edit]

    Derived terms

    Descendants[edit]

    • Japanese: 御, 美, 深 (mi-)

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    御: Hán Nôm readings: ngự, ngợ, ngừ, ngừa

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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