利

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利 U+5229, 利
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5229
← 刨
[U+5228] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 刪 →
[U+522A]
利 U+F9DD, 利
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DD
← 隆
[U+F9DC] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 吏 →
[U+F9DE]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
7 strokes

Han character[edit]

利 (Kangxi radical 18, 刀+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 竹木中弓 (HDLN), four-corner 22900, composition ⿰禾刂)

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 138, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1932
  • Dae Jaweon: page 313, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 329, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+5229

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 利

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 利
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
利-oracle.svg 利-bronze.svg 利-silk.svg 利-seal.svg 利-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (利) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
犁 *riːl, *ril
黎 *riːl
莉 *riːl, *r'il, *r'i
黧 *riːl
鯬 *riːl, *ril
筣 *riːl, *ri
蔾 *riːl, *ril
藜 *riːl
邌 *riːl
瓈 *riːl
鵹 *rel
棃 *ril
梨 *ril
蟍 *ril
蜊 *ril
鑗 *ril
利 *rids
痢 *rids
浰 *riːns

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 禾 (“grain”) + 刀 (“knife”) – to reap grain (禾) with a knife (刀).

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ri:t (“to reap, scrape, shave, cut, sever”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007); cognate to Mizo rîit (“to scrap with a hoe”), Western Gurung [script needed] (wriqba, “to scratch”), Burmese ရိတ် (rit, “to cut, reap, mow shave”)

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: lê - sense “sharp” only.
Note:
  • lāi - vernacular;
  • lī - literary.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 利
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 來 (37)
    Final (韻) 脂 (15)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 力至切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/liɪH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/liH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ljɪH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/liH/
    Li
    Rong         		/liH/
    Wang
    Li         		/liH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/liH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		lì
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		lei6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 利
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		lì
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ lijH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*C.ri[t]-s/
    English sharp; profit

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 利
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 7898
    Phonetic
    component         		利
    Rime
    group         		至
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		利
    Old
    Chinese         		/*rids/

    Definitions[edit]

    利

    1. benefit; advantage
    2. profit
      薄利多銷 / 薄利多销  ―  bólìduōxiāo  ―  small profits but quick returns
    3. (finance) interest
      高利貸 / 高利贷  ―  gāolìdài  ―  usury; high-interest loan
    4. to benefit; to be beneficial to
    5. favourable; successful
    6. sharp; sharp-edged
    7. A surname​.
      利希慎 [Cantonese]  ―  lei6 hei1 san6 [Jyutping]  ―  Lee Hysan (Hong Kong businessman involved in opium trade)

    Synonyms[edit]

    Dialectal synonyms of 快 (“sharp; sharp-edged”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 鋒利
    Mandarin Beijing 快
    Taiwan 利
    Jinan 快
    Xi'an 快
    Wuhan 快
    Chengdu 快
    Yangzhou 快
    Hefei 快
    Cantonese Guangzhou 利
    Hong Kong 利
    Yangjiang 利
    Gan Nanchang 快
    Hakka Meixian 利
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 利
    Pingtung (Neipu, S. Sixian) 利
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong, Hailu) 利
    Taichung (Dongshi, Dabu) 利
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin, Raoping) 利
    Yunlin (Lunbei, Zhao'an) 利
    Jin Taiyuan 快
    Min Bei Jian'ou 利
    Min Dong Fuzhou 利
    Min Nan Xiamen 利
    Chaozhou 利
    Wu Suzhou 快
    Wenzhou 快
    Xiang Changsha 快
    Shuangfeng 快

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 利

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    利

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. profit, benefit

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    利
    り
    Grade: 4
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 利 (lijH, “profit”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    利(り) • (ri) 

    1. profit, benefit, advantage

    Antonyms[edit]

    Verb[edit]

    利(り)する • (ri suru) suru (stem 利(り)し (ri shi), past 利(り)した (ri shita))

    1. to benefit

    Conjugation[edit]

    Conjugation of "利する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
    Stem forms
    Imperfective (未然形) 利し りし ri shi
    Continuative (連用形) 利し りし ri shi
    Terminal (終止形) 利する りする ri suru
    Attributive (連体形) 利する りする ri suru
    Hypothetical (仮定形) 利すれ りすれ ri sure
    Imperative (命令形) 利せよ¹
    利しろ²         		りせよ¹
    りしろ²         		ri seyo¹
    ri shiro²
    Key constructions
    Passive 利される りされる ri sareru
    Causative 利させる
    利さす         		りさせる
    りさす         		ri saseru
    ri sasu
    Potential 利できる りできる ri dekiru
    Volitional 利しよう りしよう ri shiyō
    Negative 利しない りしない ri shinai
    Negative continuative 利せず りせず ri sezu
    Formal 利します りします ri shimasu
    Perfective 利した りした ri shita
    Conjunctive 利して りして ri shite
    Hypothetical conditional 利すれば りすれば ri sureba
    ¹ Written imperative

    ² Spoken imperative

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    利 (eumhun 이로울 리 (iroul ri), South Korea 이로울 이 (iroul i))

    1. Hanja form? of 리 (“benefit”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Old Korean[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    • 刂 (*-i) (gugyeol abbreviation)
    • 伊 (*-i)
    • 次 (*-i) (semantically adapted phonogram, potential variant)

    Particle[edit]

    利 (*-i)

    1. and (connecting particle for nouns)
      • mid-6th century, Wooden Tablet #221 from Seongsan Sanseong, Haman:
        人次人嗚
        many people [lit. people and people] lamented
      • c. 965, 均如 (Gyunyeo), “隨喜功德歌 (Suhuigongdeok-ga)”, in 均如傳 (Gyunyeo-jeon) [Works of Gyunyeo]:
        佛伊衆生毛叱所只
        so that there is no [more] "Buddha and the sentient beings"
      • 10th century, Interpretive jeomto gugyeol glosses to Volume 20 of the Jinbon Avatamsaka Sutra:
        一切諸佛刂菩薩
        Each and every Buddha and bodhisattva

    Usage notes[edit]

    利 (*-i) was used to denote particularly intimate connections between nouns, compared to 果 (*-kwa) which had a more general use. The particle was totally extinct by the fifteenth century, and has no known Middle Korean reflex.

    The sixth-century attestation given above is the reading of the tablet by linguist Lee Seungjae, who is the only person so far to have interpreted the text. It is possible that future interpreters will analyze 次 differently.

    See also[edit]

    • 果 (*-kwa, “and; with”, comitative case marker)

    References[edit]

    • 박진호 (Bak Jin-ho) (2007), “Hyangga haedok-gwa gugeo munbeopsa [Hyangga interpretations and the history of Korean grammar]”, in Gugeohak, volume 51, pages 313–338
    • 이승재 (Lee Seungjae) (2017) Mokgan-e girokdoen Godae Han'gugeo [The Old Korean Language Inscribed on Wooden Tablets)], Ilchogak, →ISBN

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    利: Hán Việt readings: lợi[1][2][3]
    利: Nôm readings: lời[1][2][3][4], lợi[1][2][3], rời[1][2], rơi[1], ráy[1], lì[3]

    1. chữ Hán form of lợi (“profit”).
    2. Nôm form of lời (“profit; interest”).

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (2004).
    4. ^ Hồ (1976).
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