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利

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
利 U+5229, 利
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5229
← 刨
[U+5228] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 刪 →
[U+522A]
利 U+F9DD, 利
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DD
← 隆
[U+F9DC] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 吏 →
[U+F9DE]

Translingual

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Stroke order
7 strokes

Han character

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利 (Kangxi radical 18, 刀+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 竹木中弓 (HDLN), four-corner 22900, composition ⿰禾刂)

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 138, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1932
  • Dae Jaweon: page 313, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 329, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+5229

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 利

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 利
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (利) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
犁 *riːl, *ril
黎 *riːl
莉 *riːl, *r'il, *r'i
黧 *riːl
鯬 *riːl, *ril
筣 *riːl, *ri
蔾 *riːl, *ril
藜 *riːl
邌 *riːl
瓈 *riːl
鵹 *rel
棃 *ril
梨 *ril
蟍 *ril
蜊 *ril
鑗 *ril
利 *rids
痢 *rids
浰 *riːns

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 禾 (“grain”) + 刀 (“knife”) – to reap grain (禾) with a knife (刀). See also the variant 𥝢, which appears on top of the character 黎.

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ri:t (“to reap, scrape, shave, cut, sever”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007); cognate to Mizo rîit (“to scrap with a hoe”), Western Gurung [script needed] (wriqba, “to scratch”), Burmese ရိတ် (rit, “to cut, reap, mow shave”).

Pronunciation 1

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Note: lei6-2 - in 貴利／贵利 and as the second syllable in two-character business names.
Note: lê - sense “sharp” only.
Note:
  • lai5 - vernacular;
  • li4 - literary.
Note:
  • lāi - vernacular;
  • lī - literary.
Note:
  • lai7 - vernacular;
  • li6 - literary.
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: lai1 / li7
      • Sinological IPA: /lai³⁵/, /li⁵⁵/
Note:
  • lai1 - vernacular;
  • li7 - literary.
Note:
  • li5 - vernacular;
  • li4 - literary.
    Rime
    Character 利
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 來 (37)
    Final (韻) 脂 (15)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 力至切
    Baxter lijH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/liɪH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/liH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ljɪH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/liH/
    Li
    Rong         		/liH/
    Wang
    Li         		/liH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/liH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		lì
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		lei6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 利
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		lì
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ lijH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*C.ri[t]-s/
    English sharp; profit

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 利
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 7898
    Phonetic
    component         		利
    Rime
    group         		至
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		利
    Old
    Chinese         		/*rids/

    Definitions

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    利

    1. benefit; advantage
    2. profit
      薄利多銷／薄利多销  ―  bólìduōxiāo  ―  small profits but quick returns
    3. (finance) interest
      高利貸／高利贷  ―  gāolìdài  ―  usury; high-interest loan
    4. to benefit; to be beneficial to
    5. favourable; successful
    6. sharp; sharp-edge
    7. a surname
      利希慎 [Cantonese]  ―  lei6 hei1 san6 [Jyutping]  ―  Lee Hysan (Hong Kong opium merchant)

    Synonyms

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    Dialectal synonyms of 快 (“sharp; sharp-edged”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 鋒利, 銳利
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 快
    Taiwan 利
    Singapore 利
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 快
    Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 快
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 快
    Wuhan 快
    Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 快
    Hefei 快
    Cantonese Guangzhou 利
    Hong Kong 利
    Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 快, 利
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 利, 快
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 利, 快
    Taishan 利
    Yangjiang 利
    Gan Nanchang 快
    Hakka Meixian 利
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 利
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 利
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 利
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 利
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 利
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 利
    Hong Kong 快
    Jin Taiyuan 快
    Northern Min Jian'ou 利
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 利
    Southern Min Xiamen 利
    Tainan 利
    Penang (Hokkien) 利
    Chaozhou 利
    Shantou 利
    Jieyang 利
    Wu Shanghai 快
    Suzhou 快
    Wenzhou 快
    Xiang Changsha 快
    Shuangfeng 快

    Descendants

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    Sino-Xenic (利):
    • → Japanese: 利(り) (ri)
    • → Korean: 리/이(利) (ri/i)
    • → Vietnamese: lợi (利)

    Others:

    Pronunciation 2

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    Definitions

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    利

    1. Used in 利市 (“red packets”).
    2. (Cantonese) Used in 老利 (lou5 lai6-2).

    Compounds

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    Further reading

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    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    利

    (Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

    1. profit, benefit

    Readings

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    • Go-on: り (ri, Jōyō)
    • Kan-on: り (ri, Jōyō)
    • Kun: きく (kiku, 利く, Jōyō)、よい (yoi, 利い)、するどい (surudoi, 利い)、とし (toshi, 利し)

    Compounds

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    Etymology

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    Kanji in this term
    利
    り
    Grade: 4
    on'yomi

    From Middle Chinese 利 (MC lijH, “profit”).

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    利(り) • (ri) 

    1. profit, benefit, advantage

    Antonyms

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    Verb

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    利(り)する • (ri suru) suru (stem 利(り)し (ri shi), past 利(り)した (ri shita))

    1. to benefit

    Conjugation

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    Conjugation of "利する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
    Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
    Mizenkei ("imperfective") 利し りし ri shi
    Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 利し りし ri shi
    Shūshikei ("terminal") 利する りする ri suru
    Rentaikei ("attributive") 利する りする ri suru
    Kateikei ("hypothetical") 利すれ りすれ ri sure
    Meireikei ("imperative") 利せよ¹
    利しろ²         		りせよ¹
    りしろ²         		ri seyo¹
    ri shiro²
    Key constructions
    Passive 利される りされる ri sareru
    Causative 利させる
    利さす         		りさせる
    りさす         		ri saseru
    ri sasu
    Potential 利できる りできる ri dekiru
    Volitional 利しよう りしよう ri shiyō
    Negative 利しない りしない ri shinai
    Negative continuative 利せず りせず ri sezu
    Formal 利します りします ri shimasu
    Perfective 利した りした ri shita
    Conjunctive 利して りして ri shite
    Hypothetical conditional 利すれば りすれば ri sureba
    ¹ Written imperative

    ² Spoken imperative

    References

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    1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

    Korean

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    Etymology

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    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

    Pronunciation

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    Hanja

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    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    利 (eumhun 이로울 리 (iroul ri), word-initial (South Korea) 이로울 이 (iroul i))

    1. hanja form? of 리 (“benefit”)

    Compounds

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    Old Korean

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    Alternative forms

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    • 刂 (*-i) (gugyeol abbreviation)
    • 伊 (*-i)
    • 次 (*-i) (semantically adapted phonogram, potential variant)

    Particle

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    利 (*-i)

    1. and (connecting particle for nouns)
      • mid-6th century, Wooden Tablet #221 from Seongsan Sanseong, Haman:
        人次人嗚
        many people [lit. people and people] lamented
      • c. 965, 均如 (Gyunyeo), “隨喜功德歌 (Suhuigongdeok-ga)”, in 均如傳 (Gyunyeo-jeon) [Works of Gyunyeo]:
        佛伊衆生毛叱所只
        so that there is no [more] "Buddha and the sentient beings"
      • 10th century, Interpretive jeomto gugyeol glosses to Volume 20 of the Jinbon Avatamsaka Sutra:
        一切諸佛刂菩薩
        Each and every Buddha and bodhisattva

    Usage notes

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    利 (*-i) was used to denote particularly intimate connections between nouns, compared to 果 (*-kwa) which had a more general use. The particle was totally extinct by the fifteenth century, and has no known Middle Korean reflex.

    The sixth-century attestation given above is the reading of the tablet by linguist Lee Seungjae, who is the only person so far to have interpreted the text. It is possible that future interpreters will analyze 次 differently.

    See also

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    • 果 (*-kwa, “and; with”, comitative case marker)

    References

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    • 박진호 (Bak Jin-ho) (2007) “향가 해독과 국어 문법사 [Hyangga haedok-gwa gugeo munbeopsa, Hyangga interpretations and the history of Korean grammar]”, in Gugeohak, volume 51, pages 313–338
    • 이승재 (Lee Seungjae) (2017) 木簡에 기록된 古代 韓國語 [Mokgan-e girokdoen Godae Han'gugeo, The Old Korean Language Inscribed on Wooden Tablets)], Ilchogak, →ISBN

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    利: Hán Việt readings: lợi[1][2][3]
    利: Nôm readings: lời[1][2][3][4], lợi[1][2][3], rời[1][2], rơi[1], ráy[1], lì[3], rị, lệ

    1. chữ Hán form of lợi (“profit”).
    2. chữ Nôm form of lời (“profit; interest”)

    References

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    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (2004).
    4. ^ Hồ (1976).
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