する
See also: ずる
Japanese
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 為る (obsolete) |
From Old Japanese root verb す (su, “to do”).[1][2] Cognate with Okinawan すん (sun).
As with all verbs, during the Middle Japanese stage in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal or sentence-ending form”) was gradually lost as the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) came to be used for both the attributive and terminal grammatical roles, realigning the conjugations.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of する
| Plain | する | する | [sùrú] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | して | して | [shìté] |
| Perfective | した | した | [shìtá] |
| Negative | しない | しない | [shìnáí] |
| Negative perfective | しなかった | しなかった | [shìnáꜜkàttà] |
| Hypothetical conditional | すれば | すれば | [sùréꜜbà] |
| Past conditional | したら | したら | [shìtáꜜrà] |
| Imperative | しろ せよ |
しろ せよ |
[shìró] [séꜜyò] |
| Volitional | しよう | しよー | [shìyóꜜò] |
| Desiderative | したい | したい | [shìtáí] |
| Formal | します | します | [shìmáꜜsù] |
| Formal negative | しません | しません | [shìmáséꜜǹ] |
| Formal volitional | しましょう | しましょー | [shìmáshóꜜò] |
| Formal perfective | しました | しました | [shìmáꜜshìtà] |
| Continuative | し しに |
し しに |
[shì] [shì ní] |
| Negative continuative | せず せずに |
せず せずに |
[séꜜzù] [séꜜzù nì] |
| Passive | される | される | [sàrérú] |
| Causative | させる さす |
させる さす |
[sàsérú] [sàsú] |
| Potential | できる | できる | [dèkíꜜrù] |
Verb
[edit]する • (suru) transitive or intransitive suru (stem し (shi), past した (shita))
- (transitive)
- to do; to perform an action
- 何をしていますか？
- Nani o shite imasu ka?
- What are you doing?
- 何をしていますか？
- to act as; to play a role of
- 私が司会をする。
- Watashi ga shikai o suru.
- I'll be the anchorman.
- 私が司会をする。
- to render; to make become (used as the suppletive causative form of なる (naru))
- (to be in a specified state; to have a specified quality) to be
- 怖い目つきをする
- kowai metsuki o suru
- to have an intimidating glare
- いい子にしなさいね。
- Ii ko ni shinasai ne.
- Be a good boy.
- 怖い目つきをする
- to wear (accessories)
- ネクタイをする
- nekutai o suru
- wear a necktie.
- ネクタイをする
- to decide; to choose or to make a judgment
- まあ、これでよしとしよう。
- Mā, kore de yoshi to shiyō.
- Alright, let's go with that.
- 出場を取りやめにする
- shutsujō o toriyame ni suru
- to decide to quit the competition
- まあ、これでよしとしよう。
- (informal) to do it; to have sex
- Synonyms: see Thesaurus:性交する
- to do; to perform an action
- (intransitive)
- to exist; to come up (of inanimate objects)
- to exist (in someone or something) (of a specified state; of a specified quality)
- がっしりした骨組み
- gasshiri shita honegumi
- a rigid structure
- がっしりした骨組み
- to be worth; to have the value of
- 五億円もする絵
- go-oku en mo suru e
- a painting worth 500 million yen
- 美味しいけど、結構する
- oishii kedo, kekkō suru
- delicious, but quite pricey
- 五億円もする絵
- to pass; to elapse (of time)
- 一年もすれば忘れるだろう。
- Ichinen mo sureba wasureru darō.
- It will surely be forgotten after one year.
- 一年もすれば忘れるだろう。
- (auxiliary)
- "Adverb + する", forming predicates or attributives from adverbs.
- "Verbal noun + emphatic particle (e.g. は, も, こそ, さえ) + する ", emphasizing the verb.
- 雪は降りはしたが積もらなかった。
- Yuki wa furi wa shita ga tsumoranakatta.
- It did snow, but the snow did not pile up.
- 雪は降りはしたが積もらなかった。
- "Volitional form of verb + と + する": to be about to; to incline to
- 日が沈もうとしている。
- Hi ga shizumō to shite iru.
- The sun is about to set.
- 日が沈もうとしている。
- "に / と + する", to give a condition or standpoint, either real or hypothetical: if / since; assuming that / now that
- 習作とすれば上々の出来だ。
- Shūsaku to sureba jōjō no deki da.
- It is of considerably good quality, if one considers it practice writing.
- 親としては心配するのは当然だ。
- Oya to shite wa shinpai suru no wa tōzen da.
- It's inevitable to worry about that if you were the parent.
- どんなに急いだにしても間に合わなかっただろう。
- Donna ni isoida ni shite mo ma ni awanakatta darō.
- It would never have been done in time no matter how hard we had worked.
- 習作とすれば上々の出来だ。
- (humble) "御/御 + verbal noun + する", a humble form of the verb.
Usage notes
[edit]- The verb する (suru, “to do”) is seldom written in kanji (為る).
- It is common to use する (suru) after certain nouns to indicate that the noun is being done; this is highly productive, meaning many nouns can be used as verbs in this way. Some examples are:
- Most verbal nouns are Sino-Japanese words (usually two-kanji), but some are of native (和語 (wago)) or foreign origin (外来語 (gairaigo)). Most verbal nouns can be separated from the ending する (suru) by inserting を (o, object particle); in addition to 日本語を勉強する (Nihongo o benkyō suru, “to study Japanese”) you can say 日本語の勉強をする (Nihongo no benkyō o suru, “to do the studying of Japanese”). (You cannot say *日本語を勉強をする (Nihongo o benkyō o suru, literally “to [do studying]verb Japanese”), despite Korean 일본어를 공부를 하다 (ilboneo-reul gongbu-reul hada). Modern Japanese cannot have multiple direct objects.) However, some verbal nouns are bound to the ending する (suru) and treated as single words in dictionaries:
- Such verbs can be thought of as morphologically instead of syntactically derived. Sometimes further shape changes may take place:
- For some verbs the する (suru) optionally changes to す (su), with type 1 (godan) conjugation: 訳する (yakusuru, “to translate”) usually appears in the shape 訳す (yakusu) and favors the forms 訳さない (yakusanai) over 訳しない (yakushinai), 訳そう (yakusō) over 訳しよう (yakushiyō), etc.
- For some verbs the する (suru) is voiced as ずる (zuru), then optionally changes to じる (jiru) with type 2 (ichidan) conjugation: 感ずる (kanzuru) → 感じる (kanjiru, “to feel”), 信ずる (shinzuru) → 信じる (shinjiru, “to believe”). When they are not changed to type 2 conjugation, they make passive and causative forms ending in -zerareru/-zesaseru: the passive form of “to believe” is 信ぜられる (shinzerareru) if not 信じられる (shinjirareru), but never *信ざれる (shinzareru). Most of these are derived from single Sino-Japanese kanji ending in a nasal (-m, -n, -ng) in Middle Chinese, but not all kanji ending in a nasal in Middle Chinese voice the following する (suru) to ずる (zuru); compare 感ずる (kanzuru) → 感じる (kanjiru, “to feel”) with 関する (kansuru, “to concern”). Furthermore, the voicing also occurs for some kanji whose Japanese reading ends in a long sound erroneously traced back to Middle Chinese -ng: 報ずる (hōzuru) → 報じる (hōjiru, “to report”), 投ずる (tōzuru) → 投じる (tōjiru, “to throw”), as well as some native stems: 重んずる (omonzuru) → 重んじる (omonjiru, “to hold in high esteem”), 甘んずる (amanzuru) → 甘んじる (amanjiru, “to content oneself with”), etc.
- The potential form of する (suru) is the suppletive verb できる (dekiru). Verbal nouns that are not bound to the する (suru) can form potential forms by changing the する (suru) to できる (dekiru) directly: 理解できる (rikai dekiru, “to be able to understand”).
- In headlines and enumeration of events, the ending する (suru) can be dropped, leaving the verbal noun at the end of the sentence provided that it is not bound:
- 実験に成功 — 世界初
- Jikken ni seikō — sekai-hatsu
- Successful experiments — world first
- 空港にやっと到着。
- Kūkō ni yatto tōchaku.
- Finally at the airport.
- 実験に成功 — 世界初
- See also Category:Japanese suru verbs.
Conjugation
[edit]| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | さ・し・せ* | sa shi se* | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | し | shi | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | する | suru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | する | suru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | すれ | sure | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | せよ¹ しろ² |
seyo¹ shiro² | |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | される | sareru | |
| Causative | させる さす |
saseru sasu | |
| Potential | できる | dekiru | |
| Volitional | しよう | shiyō | |
| Negative | しない | shinai | |
| Negative continuative | せず | sezu | |
| Formal | します | shimasu | |
| Perfective | した | shita | |
| Conjunctive | して | shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | すれば | sureba | |
* The sa- imperfective occurs in Kansai dialect and in certain set phrases, and forms the base of the passive and causative conjugations sareru, saseru, and sasu. The se- imperfective occurs in Classical Japanese and in other set phrases, and forms the base of the negative continuative conjugation sezu. The shi- imperfective is most common in Tokyo-standard everyday modern Japanese for forming the base of the negative conjugation shinai.
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | せ | se | |
| Continuative (連用形) | し | si | |
| Terminal (終止形) | す | su | |
| Attributive (連体形) | する | suru | |
| Realis (已然形) | すれ | sure | |
| Imperative (命令形) | せよ | seyo | |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | せず | sezu | |
| Contrasting conjunction | すれど | suredo | |
| Causal conjunction | すれば | sureba | |
| Conditional conjunction | せば | seba | |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | しき | siki | |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | しけり | sikeri | |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | しつ | situ | |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | しぬ | sinu | |
| Perfect-continuative tense | せり したり |
seri sitari | |
| Volitional | せむ | semu | |
¹ Archaic form, now mostly used in set phrases, written language and formal speech. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synonyms
[edit]- (to do): 致す (itasu) (humble)
- (to do): やる (yaru) (colloquial)
- (to do): なす (nasu) (somewhat archaic, usage is more limited)
- (to do): 行う (okonau, “to carry out”)
- (used to make a verb): 〜る (-ru), a much less productive suffix for turning a noun into a verb
See also
[edit]- す (su)
Etymology 2
[edit]Reading for various kanji spellings.
Verb
[edit]Various verbs deriving from senses similar to “to slide” or “to rub”:
- 刷る, 摺る: to print something (from the way the paper would be placed on the printing block and rubbed)
- 掏る: to pick someone's pocket (possibly from the way a pickpocket must slide along unnoticed;[5] compare English slick)
- 擦る, 摩る, 磨る, 擂る: to slide, to rub, to chafe, to strike (as in a match, by rubbing); to lose or waste money
- 剃る: irregular reading for 剃る (soru, “to shave”)
References
[edit]- ^ “為”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Uwano, Zendo (31 October 2002), “見島方言の用言のアクセント調査報告 [A Report on the Accentual Surveys of Verbs and Adjectives in the Mishima Dialect]”, in 環太平洋の「消滅に瀕した言語」にかんする緊急調査研究 [Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim][2], →ISSN, archived from the original on 25 September 2022
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
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