信

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See also: 㐰 and 伩
信 U+4FE1, 信
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FE1
← 俠
[U+4FE0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 俢 →
[U+4FE2]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order

Han character[edit]

信 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人卜一口 (OYMR), four-corner 20261, composition ⿰亻言)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 105, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 707
  • Dae Jaweon: page 224, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 165, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4FE1

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 信
Small seal script

s01702

s01703

Transcribed ancient scripts

L36438

L36439

L36440

L36441

L36442

L21999

L22000

L22001

L22002

L22003

L22004

L22005

L22006

L22007

L22008

L22009

L22010

L22011

L22012

L22013

L22014

L22015

L22016

L22017

L22018

L22019

L22020

L22021

L22022

L22023

L22024

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Ideogrammic compound (會意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *hljins): phonetic 人 (OC *njin, “person”) + semantic 言 (“word”).

Etymology 1[edit]

simp. and trad.
 信
2nd round simp. 伩
alternative forms 㐰
孞

Schuessler (2007) reconstructs the Old Chinese minimally as *sin and suggests possible derivation from 允 (OC *winʔ, “to trust; to be true”).

Alternatively, Sagart and Baxter (2012) reconstruct *s-niŋ-s (*s-ni[ŋ]-s in Baxter and Sagart, 2014) and suggest a derivation from 仁 (OC *niŋ, “kind”) with the prefix *s-, probably used to increase its valency.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: Erhuayin chiefly for "message" sense.
Note: lhin1* - “letter”.
Note:
  • sing3/sêng3 - literary (sêng3 - Jieyang);
  • siang3 - vernacular.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 信
    Mandarin Beijing /ɕin⁵¹/
    Harbin /ɕin⁵³/
    Tianjin /ɕin⁵³/
    Jinan /ɕiẽ²¹/
    Qingdao /siə̃⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /sin³¹²/
    Xi'an /ɕiẽ⁴⁴/
    Xining /ɕiə̃²¹³/
    Yinchuan /ɕiŋ¹³/
    Lanzhou /ɕĩn¹³/
    Ürümqi /ɕiŋ²¹³/
    Wuhan /ɕin³⁵/
    Chengdu /ɕin¹³/
    Guiyang /ɕin²¹³/
    Kunming /ɕĩ²¹²/
    Nanjing /sin⁴⁴/
    Hefei /ɕin⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /ɕiəŋ⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /ɕiŋ³⁵/
    Hohhot /ɕĩŋ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /ɕiŋ³⁵/
    Suzhou /sin⁵¹³/
    Hangzhou /ɕin⁴⁴⁵/
    Wenzhou /saŋ⁴²/
    Hui Shexian /siʌ̃³²⁴/
    Tunxi /sin⁴²/
    Xiang Changsha /sin⁵⁵/
    Xiangtan /sin⁵⁵/
    Gan Nanchang /ɕin⁴⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /sin⁵³/
    Taoyuan /sin⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /søn³³/
    Nanning /ɬɐn³³/
    Hong Kong /søn³³/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /sin²¹/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /sɛiŋ²¹²/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /seiŋ³³/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /siŋ²¹³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /tin³⁵/
    Rime
    Character 信
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 心 (16)
    Final (韻) 眞 (43)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 息晉切
    Baxter sinH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/siɪnH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/sinH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/sjenH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/sinH/
    Li
    Rong         		/siĕnH/
    Wang
    Li         		/sĭĕnH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/si̯ĕnH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		xìn
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		san3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 信
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		xìn
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ sinH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*s-ni[ŋ]-s/
    English truthful

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 信
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 13849
    Phonetic
    component         		信
    Rime
    group         		眞
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		信
    Old
    Chinese         		/*hljins/
    Notes 金文或從人從口，
    本指操信符傳言之信使，
    故表可信，或從言身聲

    Definitions[edit]

    信

    1. true; accurate; verifiable
    2. truly; indeed
    3. trustworthy
    4. to believe; to trust in something
      我才不信呢。  ―  Wǒ cái bù xìn ne.  ―  I don't believe it/you.
      信任  ―  xìnrèn  ―  to trust
    5. to believe in (a faith); to be religious in
      我父親信佛教。／我父亲信佛教。  ―  Wǒ fùqīn xìn fójiào.  ―  My father is a Buddhist. (lit. My father believes in Buddhism.)
    6. trust; confidence; faith
      因信稱義／因信称义  ―  yīn xìn chēngyì  ―  to be justified by faith
    7. at will
      信口雌黃／信口雌黄  ―  xìnkǒu cíhuáng  ―  to make irresponsible remarks (lit. to correct someone with at will)
    8. letter (written communication) (Classifier: 封 m c mn)
    9. message; information; news
      信息  ―  xìnxī  ―  message
    10. evidence
      信物  ―  xìnwù  ―  token, keepsake
    11. courier; messenger
    12. Short for 信州 (Xìnzhōu).
    13. (mineralogy) Short for 信石 (xìnshí, “arsenolite”).
    14. a surname: Xin
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (true):
    • (to believe):
    Dialectal synonyms of 相信 (“to believe”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 相信
    Mandarin Beijing 信
    Taiwan 相信
    Tianjin 信
    Tangshan 信
    Cangzhou 信
    Baoding 信
    Shijiazhuang 信
    Hulunbuir (Hailar) 相信
    Harbin 相信
    Shenyang 相信, 信
    Yantai (Muping) 信
    Qingdao 信
    Jinan 信
    Luoyang 信
    Wanrong 信
    Zhengzhou 信
    Xi'an 相信, 信
    Yinchuan 相信, 信
    Lanzhou 相信
    Xining 相信, 信服, 信
    Ürümqi 信, 相信
    Wuhan 相信, 信
    Chengdu 相信, 信, 信實
    Chongqing 信
    Guiyang 相信, 信
    Kunming 相信, 信
    Guilin 相信
    Liuzhou 相信, 信
    Xuzhou 相信, 信
    Yangzhou 相信, 信
    Nanjing 相信
    Hefei 相信, 信
    Nantong 相信, 信
    Malaysia 相信
    Singapore 相信
    Cantonese Guangzhou 相信, 信
    Hong Kong 相信, 信
    Yangjiang 相信, 信
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 信
    Singapore (Guangfu) 信
    Gan Nanchang 相信, 信
    Pingxiang 信
    Hakka Meixian 相信
    Yudu 相信
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 相信
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 相信
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 相信
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 相信
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 相信
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 相信
    Huizhou Jixi 相信
    Jin Taiyuan 相信, 信
    Xinzhou 相信, 信
    Linhe 相信, 信
    Jining 相信
    Hohhot 相信, 信
    Zhangjiakou 相信
    Handan 相信, 信
    Min Bei Jian'ou 相信
    Min Dong Fuzhou 相信, 信用, 信
    Min Nan Xiamen 相信
    Quanzhou 相信
    Zhangzhou 相信
    Tainan 相信
    Penang (Hokkien) 相信
    Singapore (Hokkien) 相信
    Manila (Hokkien) 相信
    Chaozhou 相信
    Jieyang 相信
    Singapore (Teochew) 相信
    Leizhou 信
    Haikou 相信
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 相信
    Wu Shanghai 相信
    Shanghai (Chongming) 相信
    Suzhou 相信
    Danyang 相信
    Hangzhou 相信
    Ningbo 相信
    Wenzhou 相信, 信
    Jinhua 相信
    Xiang Changsha 信
    Loudi 信
    Shuangfeng 相信, 信
    • (to believe in a faith): 信仰 (xìnyǎng)
    • (letter):
    Dialectal synonyms of 信 (“letter”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 書, 函, 書札, 書函, 便紙 Korea
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 信, 函, 書信, 信件, 信函, 信札, 函件, 書函, 書簡, 書牘, 書札
    Mandarin Beijing 信
    Taiwan 信
    Yantai (Muping) 信
    Jinan 信
    Luoyang 信
    Wanrong 信
    Xi'an 信
    Yinchuan 信
    Lanzhou 信
    Xining 信
    Ürümqi 信
    Wuhan 信
    Chengdu 信
    Guiyang 信
    Guilin 信
    Liuzhou 信
    Xuzhou 信
    Yangzhou 信
    Nanjing 信
    Hefei 信
    Malaysia 信
    Singapore 信
    Dagudi (Maliba) 信
    Reshuitang (Longling) 信
    Mae Salong (Lancang) 信
    Mae Sai (Tengchong) 信
    Cantonese Guangzhou 信
    Hong Kong 信
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 信
    Macau 信
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 信
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 信
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 信
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 信
    Foshan 信
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 信
    Foshan (Shunde) 信
    Foshan (Sanshui) 信
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 信
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 信
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 信
    Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 信
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 信
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 信
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 信
    Taishan 信
    Kaiping (Chikan) 信
    Enping (Niujiang) 信
    Heshan (Yayao) 信
    Dongguan 信
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 信
    Shaoguan 信
    Yunfu 信
    Yangjiang 信
    Xinyi 信
    Lianjiang 信
    Beihai 信
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 信
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 信
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 信
    Singapore (Guangfu) 信
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 信
    Móng Cái 信
    Gan Nanchang 信
    Lichuan 信
    Pingxiang 信
    Hakka Meixian 信
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 信
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 信
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 信
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 信
    Wuhua (Shuizhai) 信
    Wuhua (Huacheng) 信
    Wuhua (Changbu) 信
    Wuhua (Mianyang) 信
    Conghua (Lütian) 信
    Luhe 信仔
    Yudu 信
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 信仔
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 信仔
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 信仔
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 信
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 信仔, 信
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 批, 信
    Hong Kong 信
    Huizhou Jixi 信
    Jin Taiyuan 信
    Xinzhou 信
    Min Bei Jian'ou 信
    Songxi 信
    Jianyang 信
    Min Dong Fuzhou 批
    Gutian 批
    Pingnan 批, 信
    Ningde 批
    Zhouning 批
    Fuding 信
    Matsu 批
    Singapore (Fuqing) 批
    Min Nan Xiamen 批, 批信
    Quanzhou 批, 批信
    Yongchun 批
    Zhangzhou 批, 批信
    Zhao'an 批
    Taipei 批
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 批
    Kaohsiung 批
    Yilan 批
    Changhua (Lukang) 批
    Taichung 批
    Taichung (Wuqi) 批
    Tainan 批, 批信
    Taitung 批
    Hsinchu 批
    Kinmen 批
    Penghu (Magong) 批
    Penang (Hokkien) 批
    Singapore (Hokkien) 批, 批信
    Manila (Hokkien) 批
    Longyan 信
    Datian 信
    Chaozhou 信, 批 international incoming letters
    Bangkok (Teochew) 信, 家批 dated
    Singapore (Teochew) 信, 批
    Batam (Teochew) 信
    Leizhou 信
    Wenchang 信 domestic, 批 international
    Haikou 信
    Singapore (Hainanese) 信, 批
    Puxian Min Putian 批
    Xianyou 批
    Fuding (Aoyao) 批
    Min Zhong Yong'an 信
    Shaxian 信
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 信
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 信
    Wu Shanghai 信
    Shanghai (Chongming) 信
    Suzhou 信
    Danyang 信
    Ningbo 信
    Wenzhou 信
    Jinhua 信
    Xiang Changsha 信
    Loudi 信
    Shuangfeng 信
    • (message):
    • (information):
    • (evidence):

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    simp. and trad.
    		 信

    Via 假借 (jiǎjiè, “borrowing”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    信

    1. Alternative form of 申 (shēn, “to express; to state”)
    2. Alternative form of 伸 (shēn, “to extend”)
    3. Alternative form of 身 (“body”)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    信

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Noun[edit]

    信(しん) • (shin) 

    1. trust, faith
      信(しん)を置(お)く、信(しん)を得(え)る
      shin o oku, shin o eru
      to put one's trust (in something), to gain someone's trust

    Related terms[edit]

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    信 (eumhun 믿을 신 (mideul sin))

    1. Hanja form? of 신 (“believe; trust”).

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    信: Hán Nôm readings: tín, tin

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    References[edit]

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