光

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: 灮
光 U+5149, 光
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5149
← 先
[U+5148] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 兊 →
[U+514A]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

Stroke order
6 strokes

光 (Kangxi radical 10, 儿+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 火一山 (FMU), four-corner 90211, composition ⿱⺌兀)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 124, character 6
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1350
  • Dae Jaweon: page 262, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 266, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+5149

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 光
alternative forms
 
㫕
灮
炗
炚
炛
㫕
灮
炗
炚
炛
烡
𠈑
𤉭
𤎫
𤐥

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 光
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script

j23048

j23049

j23050

j23051

j23052

j23053

j23054

j23055

j23056

j23057

j23058

j23059

j23060

j23061

j23062

Bronze inscriptions

b14861

b14862

b14863

b14864

b14865

b14866

b14867

b14868

b14869

b14870

b14871

b14872

b14873

b14874

b14875

b14876

b14877

b14878

b14879

b14880

b14881

b14882

Small seal script

s07367

Transcribed ancient scripts

L32956

L32957

L32958

L32959

L32960

L32961

L32962

L10093

L10094

L10095

L10096

L10097

L10098

L10099

L10100

L10101

L10102

L10103

L10104

L10105

L10106

L10107

L10108

L10109

L10110

L10111

L10112

L10113

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (光) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
光 *kʷaːŋ, *kʷaːŋs
灮 *kʷaːŋ
洸 *kʷaːŋ, *qʷaːŋ
桄 *kʷaːŋ, *kʷaːŋs
胱 *kʷaːŋ
垙 *kʷaːŋ
輄 *kʷaːŋ
恍 *kʷaːŋ, *qʰʷaːŋʔ
茪 *kʷaːŋ
侊 *kʷaːŋ, *kʷraːŋ
晃 *ɡʷaːŋʔ
幌 *ɡʷaːŋʔ
榥 *ɡʷaːŋʔ
滉 *ɡʷaːŋʔ
觥 *kʷraːŋ
駫 *kʷeːŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 火 (“fire”) + 卩 (“kneeling person”) – fire over a person's head, emphasizing the shining of light (Shuowen).

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hwaŋ (“shine; bright; yellow”). Cognate with 黃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “yellow”), 曠 (OC *kʰʷaːŋs, “bright; well-lit”), Burmese ဝင်း (wang:, “bright”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note: guǎng - "only".
Note:
  • kng/kuiⁿ - vernacular;
  • kong/koang - literary.
Note:
  • geng1 - vernacular;
  • guang1 - literary.
  • Wu
    • Note:
    • 1kuan - used in 光火;
    • 1kuaan - all other senses.
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 光
    Mandarin Beijing /kuɑŋ⁵⁵/
    Harbin /kuaŋ⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /kuɑŋ²¹/
    Jinan /kuaŋ²¹³/
    Qingdao /kuaŋ²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /kuaŋ²⁴/
    Xi'an /kuaŋ²¹/ ～頭
    /kuaŋ²⁴/ 副詞
    Xining /kuɔ̃⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /kuɑŋ⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /kuɑ̃³¹/
    Ürümqi /kuɑŋ⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /kuaŋ⁵⁵/
    Chengdu /kuaŋ⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /kuaŋ⁵⁵/
    Kunming /kuã̠⁴⁴/
    Nanjing /kuaŋ³¹/
    Hefei /kuɑ̃²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /kuɒ̃¹¹/
    Pingyao /kuɑŋ¹³/
    /kuə¹³/ ～油油
    Hohhot /kuɑ̃³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /kuɑ̃⁵³/
    Suzhou /kuɑ̃⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /kuɑŋ³³/
    Wenzhou /kuɔ³³/
    Hui Shexian /ko³¹/
    Tunxi /kau¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /kuan³³/
    Xiangtan /kɔn³³/
    Gan Nanchang /kuɔŋ⁴²/
    Hakka Meixian /kuoŋ⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /koŋ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /kwɔŋ⁵³/
    Nanning /kɔŋ⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /kwɔŋ⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kɔŋ⁵⁵/
    /kŋ̍⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kuoŋ⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kuaŋ⁵⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /kuaŋ³³/
    /kɯŋ³³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /kuaŋ²³/
    /kue²³/
    Rime
    Character 光
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 唐 (102)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 古黃切
    Baxter kwang
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kwɑŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kʷɑŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kuɑŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kwaŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/kuɑŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/kuɑŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kwɑŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		guāng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gwong1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 光
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		guāng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kwang ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kʷˁaŋ/
    English light, brightness

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 光
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 4506
    Phonetic
    component         		光
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kʷaːŋ/
    Notes 灮隸變

    Definitions[edit]

    光

    1. light; beam; ray (Classifier: 束 m; 道 m)
      燈光／灯光  ―  dēngguāng  ―  lamplight
      聚光燈／聚光灯  ―  jùguāngdēng  ―  spotlight
      一束光透過門縫射進來。 [MSC, trad.]
      一束光透过门缝射进来。 [MSC, simp.]
      Yī shù guāng tòuguò ménféng shè jìnlái. [Pinyin]
      A beam of light shone through the door.
      1. (specifically, physics) ray (Classifier: 條／条)
    2. glory; pride
      臺灣之光／台湾之光  ―  Táiwān zhī guāng  ―  the pride of Taiwan; someone who has brought glory to Taiwan
    3. bright
    4. time
    5. shiny; smooth
    6. scenery; sight
    7. to make bare; to be naked
      光著腳走路／光着脚走路  ―  guāngzhe jiǎo zǒulù  ―  to walk barefoot
      我光著呢。／我光着呢。  ―  Wǒ guāngzhe ne.  ―  I'm not decent.
    8. only
      別光吃肉，吃點蔬菜吧。 [MSC, trad.]
      别光吃肉，吃点蔬菜吧。 [MSC, simp.]
      Bié guāng chī ròu, chī diǎn shūcài ba. [Pinyin]
      Don't eat only meat. Eat some vegetables.
    9. Particle used after verbs to show exhaustion or completion; until none is left
      賣光了／卖光了  ―  mài guāng le  ―  completely sold out
      我已經用光了所有的錢。 [MSC, trad.]
      我已经用光了所有的钱。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ yǐjīng yòngguāng le suǒyǒu de qián. [Pinyin]
      I've already used up all of my money.
    10. Used in polite expressions.
    11. a surname
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (light):
    Dialectal synonyms of 光 (“light”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 光
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 光
    Mandarin Beijing 光, 亮兒 †
    Taiwan 光
    Jinan 光, 亮兒 †
    Xi'an 光, 亮 †
    Wuhan 光
    Chengdu 光
    Guilin 光
    Yangzhou 光
    Hefei 光
    Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 光
    Dagudi (Maliba) 光
    Reshuitang (Longling) 光
    Mae Salong (Lancang) 光
    Mae Sai (Tengchong) 光
    Cantonese Guangzhou 光
    Hong Kong 光
    Yangjiang 光
    Beihai 光
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 光
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 光, 亮
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 光
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 光
    Móng Cái 光
    Bangkok (Guangfu) 光
    Gan Nanchang 光
    Hakka Meixian 光, 亮
    Shanghang 光
    Bangkok (Jiexi) 光
    Jin Taiyuan 光, 亮 †
    Min Bei Jian'ou 光
    Min Dong Fuzhou 光
    Min Nan Xiamen 光
    Chaozhou 光
    Shantou 光
    Jieyang 光
    Bangkok (Teochew) 光
    Chiang Mai (Teochew) 光
    Hat Yai (Teochew) 光
    Pontianak (Teochew) 光
    Puxian Min Putian 光
    Wu Suzhou 光
    Wenzhou 光
    Xiang Changsha 亮, 光
    Xiangxiang 光
    Shuangfeng 光
    Note † - beam or lamplight
    Dialectal synonyms of 亮 (“bright”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 明, 亮
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 亮, 光亮
    Mandarin Beijing 亮
    Taiwan 亮
    Yantai (Muping) 亮
    Jinan 亮
    Xi'an 亮
    Yinchuan 亮
    Wuhan 亮, 光
    Chengdu 亮
    Guiyang 亮
    Guilin 亮
    Yangzhou 亮
    Nanjing 亮
    Hefei 亮
    Cantonese Guangzhou 光
    Hong Kong 光
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 皓
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 光
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 皓
    Taishan 皓
    Kaiping (Chikan) 光
    Dongguan 光, 皓
    Yangjiang 光
    Nanning 光
    Danzhou 光
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 光
    Gan Nanchang 亮
    Pingxiang 光
    Hakka Meixian 光
    Xingning 光
    Huiyang 光
    Huidong (Daling) 光
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 光
    Wuhua (Huacheng) 光
    Heyuan (Bendihua) 光
    Wengyuan 光
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 光
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 光
    Liannan 光
    Jiexi 光
    Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 光
    Changting 光
    Wuping 光
    Wuping (Yanqian) 光
    Wuping (Pingyu) 光
    Liancheng 光
    Ninghua 光
    Yudu 光
    Ningdu 光
    Ruijin 光
    Shicheng 光
    Shangyou (Shexi) 光
    Tonggu (Sandu) 光
    Ganzhou (Panlong) 光
    Dayu 光
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 光
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 光
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 光
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 光
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 光
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 光
    Hong Kong 光
    Mengshan (Xihe) 光
    Luchuan 光
    Senai (Huiyang) 光
    Huizhou Jixi 亮
    Jin Taiyuan 亮
    Min Bei Jian'ou 光
    Min Dong Fuzhou 光
    Changle 光
    Fuqing 光
    Yongtai 光
    Gutian 光
    Fu'an 光
    Ningde 光
    Shouning 光
    Zhouning 光
    Fuding 光
    Min Nan Xiamen 光
    Quanzhou 光
    Zhangzhou 光
    Taipei 光
    Kaohsiung 光
    Yilan 光
    Changhua (Lukang) 光
    Taichung 光
    Taichung (Wuqi) 光
    Tainan 光
    Taitung 光
    Hsinchu 光
    Penghu (Magong) 光
    Penang (Hokkien) 光
    Manila (Hokkien) 光
    Chaozhou 光
    Shantou 光, 亮
    Jieyang 光
    Bangkok (Teochew) 光
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 光
    Leizhou 光
    Wenchang 光
    Haikou 光
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 亮
    Wu Shanghai 亮
    Suzhou 亮
    Hangzhou 亮
    Wenzhou 光
    Xiang Changsha 亮, 光
    Shuangfeng 亮, 光
    Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)
    Antonyms[edit]
    • (bright): 暗 (àn), 黑 (hēi)
    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (光):
    • → Japanese: 光(こう) (kō)
    • → Korean: 광(光) (gwang)
    • → Vietnamese: quang (光)

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Rime
    Character 光
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 唐 (102)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 古曠切
    Baxter kwangH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kwɑŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kʷɑŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kuɑŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kwaŋH/
    Li
    Rong         		/kuɑŋH/
    Wang
    Li         		/kuɑŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kwɑŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		guàng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gwong3
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 光
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 4517
    Phonetic
    component         		光
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		桄
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kʷaːŋs/

    Definitions[edit]

    光

    1. ‡ to color

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    光

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    光
    ひかり
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
    English Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia

    ⟨pi1kari⟩ → */pʲikari/ → /ɸikari/ → /hikari/

    From Old Japanese.

    Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 光る (hikaru, “to shine, to glitter, to gleam”).[1][2]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    光(ひかり) • (hikari)  (counter 筋)

    1. a physically perceived light:
      1. a light, beam, illumination
      2. a gleam, glow, ray
      3. a glimmer, shine, sparkle
        ダイヤモンドの光(ひかり)
        daiyamondo no hikari
        a diamond's glitter / shine / twinkling
      4. a luster/lustre, polish, sheen
    2. a metaphorical light:
      1. glory, influence, power
      2. a glimmer, gleam
        前(ぜん)途(と)に光(ひかり)を失(うしな)う
        zento ni hikari o ushinau
        to lose light regarding the future → future prospects grow dim
        解(かい)決(けつ)への道(みち)に光(ひかり)を投(な)げかける
        kaiketsu e no michi ni hikari o nagekakeru
        to shed light on the way to a solution
      3. positive aspect
        インターネット時(じ)代(だい)の光(ひかり)
        intānetto jidai no hikari
        the positive aspect of the internet age
      4. a displaying, putting on airs
      5. a vision, eyesight
    3. (optics) relating to light or vision: optical, photo-
      光(ひかり)ファイバー
      hikari faibā
      optical fiber
    4. (colloquial) Short for 光り物 (hikarimono): sashimi with some of the silver-colored skin left
    Quotations[edit]

    For quotations using this term, see Citations:光.

    Synonyms[edit]
    Antonyms[edit]
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Idiom[edit]

    1. 蛍(ほたる)の光(ひかり)窓(まど)の雪(ゆき) (hotaru no hikari mado no yuki, “firefly's dim light, snow reflected on the window → diligent study”)
    Descendants[edit]
    • → Okinawan: 光 (fikari)

    Proper noun[edit]

    光(ひかり) • (Hikari) 

    1. a placename, such as that of a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture
    2. one of the bullet train services running on the 東海道 (Tōkaido) or 山陽 (San'yō) shinkansen
    3. a surname
    4. a female given name

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    光
    ひか(る)
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Nominalization of the verb 光る (hikaru, “to shine, to glitter, to gleam”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Proper noun[edit]

    光(ひかる) • (Hikaru) 

    1. a male given name
    2. a female given name

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    光
    こう
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    /kʷau/ → /kʷɔː/ → /kɔː/ → /koː/

    From Middle Chinese 光 (MC kwang).

    Compare modern Mandarin 光 (guāng), Hakka 光 (kông), and Min Nan 光 (kong).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Affix[edit]

    光(こう) • (kō) ←くわう (kwau)?

    1. light, gleam, shine
    2. gleaming, shining
    3. scenery
    4. glory, honor/honour, pride
    5. enlightening
    6. exhaust, run out
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Proper noun[edit]

    光(こう) • (Kō) ←くわう (kwau)?

    1. a male or female given name

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 光 (MC kwang).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 과ᇰ (Yale: kwàng)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 빗〮 (Yale: pís) 과ᇰ (Yale: kwàng)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    光 (eumhun 빛 광 (bit gwang))

    1. Hanja form? of 광 (“light; shine, lustre”). [noun]
    2. Hanja form? of 광 (“light”). [affix]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

    Okinawan[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    光

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    光
    ふぃちゃい
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Cognate with Japanese 光(ひかり) (hikari).

    The stem form of verb 光(ふぃちゃ)ゆん (fichayun, “to shine, gleam”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    光(ふぃちゃい) (fichai) 

    1. light
    2. lush, polish, sheen
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    光
    ふぃかり
    Grade: 2

    Borrowed from Japanese 光(ひかり) (hikari).

    Doublet of 光 (fichai) above.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    光(ふぃかり) (fikari) 

    1. light
    2. (rare, obsolete) authority, power, influence, honor
    Derived terms[edit]

    References[edit]


    Old Japanese[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 光る (pi1karu, “to shine, to glitter, to gleam”).[1][2]

    Noun[edit]

    光 (pi1kari) (kana ひかり)

    1. a light

    Quotations[edit]

    For quotations using this term, see Citations:光.

    Descendants[edit]

    • Japanese: 光 (hikari)

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    光: Hán Nôm readings: quang

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=光&oldid=75969365"